国际会计课件

Current cost adjusted model(Current cost/nominal purchasing power) (CCA)
一 CCA ---It is popular in British Commonwealth and European continental countries. Basic idea: 1. 以现行成本为基础确定企业收益。 2. 持有损益计入所有者权益。 C.F. 一般物价水平会计： 财务资本保全——会计收益 现行成本会计： 实物资本保全——经济收益
(2). Income statement items are adjusted to US$ price on December 31 1)Revenues,expenses and income tax ---the adjustment factor is CPI at the end of the year/average CPI (because they constantly occur throughout the year ) 2)cost of goods sold----年末CPI/平均CPI 3)depreciation expense, amortization expense ---年末CPI/CPI at the date when the assets were acquired 4)cash dividends paid at the end of the year are unchanged.
Sol: 1、net monetary items (liabilities) at the beginning of year =740000-350000=390000 Net additions =(1260000-690000)-390000=180000 2. net monetary items should be held at the end of year 110 110 =390000× 100 +180000 ×105 =617571 3. Net monetary gains and losses =617571－570000=47571（gains）
实物资本是指企业的实物资产，反映企业实际具有的生 产能力或经营能力
supplement
资产负债表中，除 非货币性项目用现行 成本计价外，其他所有货币性项目均不 需进行调整。 利润表中，除销售成本、折旧费外，其 他收支项目的金额已经代表了该期间的 现行成本，不需要进行调整，

二、Basic procedure of CCA 1.确定各种资产的现行成本 2.计算成本变动资料，确定持有损益 3.编制按现行成本计价的会计报表
(二) two questions related to goodwill 1. Should it be recognized as an asset on a corporate balance sheet? Determined by: (1) whether it will generate future economic benefits. (2) Whether its historical cost can be reliably computed.
$32 000 ($40 000)

General price level index: January 1, 2012 Average for 2012 December 31, 2012
100 103 110


(1) Please compute net monetary asset/liability position on Jan 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012, then calculate its change 2012. (2) Please compute monetary gain/loss on beginning monetary asset/liability position. (3) Please compute monetary gain/loss on change for 2012. (4) Please compute the net monetary gain/loss, then judge whether the company experienced net monetary loss or gain in 2012.
本的差额
Merchandise: Inventory (CC)– Inventory (HC) Fixed assets: Book value (CC)-- Book value (HC)
三 Evaluation 1. It takes physical approach to measuring wealth and income. 2. Weakness: (1) For certain types of fixed assets,determining current cost can be highly subjective. (2) For other assets,current cost must be difficult to obtain. (3) Corporations in equity-oriented capital markets are opposed to the CCA,since it tends to understate report earnings.
Formula: 1. Net income in CCA=operating income+ realized holding gain+ change in unrealized holding gain 2.Unrealized holding gain---企业期末持有资产的现行成本高于历
supplement
Holding gains and losses
Income statement
Leabharlann Baidu
Financial Capital Maintenance
Holding gains and losses
Balance sheet
Material Capital Maintenance
财务资本是指企业所有者投入企业的货币资本.
Goodwill and intangible assets
一 Goodwill
(一) Definition ---The excess of the value of an ongoing business over the value of identifiable net assets of the business.(一个持续经营企业的总价值超过单个可辨 认资产净值加总的部分） e.g. management, reputation for quality/service, customer/employee loyalty (non-quantifiable factors)
2. Procedure (选择资产负债表日作为不变购买力时期) (1) 将balance sheet items 调整为12月产31日的美元价 格 1）Monetary items---cash,receivables,payables 年初金额： Adjustment factor：年末CPI/年初CPI 年末金额：unchanged 2）Non-monetary items---They must be adjusted to reflected the effect of inflation. Adjustment factor: 年末CPI/购置时CPI
(3) Compute the net monetary gains and losses
Attention: 1）在GPLA下计算货币性项目净额上的购 买力损益是核心问题. 2）GPLA’s procedure:
A 按一般物价水平的变动来调整以历史成本为基 础的财务报表 B 确定货币性项目净额上的购买力损益 C 重编以不变购买力为基础的财务报表
Formula: 1. 年初net monetary item=monetary assets— monetary liabilities 2.期末应当持有的货币性项目净额=年初货币性项目净额 X年末CPI/年初CPI+年内增加额X年末CPI/年内平均 CPI—年内减少额X年末CPI/年内平均CPI 3. Net monetary gains and losses=期末应当持有的货 币性项目净额—期末实际持有的货币性项目净额 4. GPLA basis net income=GPLA net operating income+net monetary gain or(GPLA net operating income-net monetary loss)
史成本的差额
Merchandise: COGS(CC)-- COGS(HC) Fixed assets: Depreciation expense (CC)-- Depreciation expense (HC) 3. Realized holding gain---本期消耗资产的现行成本高于历史成

The monetary assets and liabilities of Cowboy U.S. are as follows:
January 1, 2012 December 31, 2012
Monetary assets Monetary liabilities
$ 25 000 ($ 36 000)
四种计量模式是： 历史成本/名义货币单位---传统计量模式
历史成本/不变购买力货币单位--一般物价水平计量模式 现行成本/名义货币单位---现行成本计量模式 现行成本/不变购买力货币单位---现行成本不变币值会计 物价变动会计模式
1 Main idea: It insists on historical cost principle. It uses price index to convert the historical cost nominal amounts from different time to a common point of time, generally at the balance sheet date. So that all numbers in the financial statements are reported in monetary units of the same purchasing power.
Evaluation: The GPLA model is an improvement on the historical cost model. It converts nominal amounts(from different points of time and with different purchasing power) to a constant purchasing power at a specific point in time. Weakness: It dose not consider the specific price changes in the fixed assets,inventories and other physical assets owned by company.
Chapter 4 Selected financial reporting and disclosure issues in the global context
一.Accounting for changing prices (一).General price level adjusted model (historical cost/constant purchasing power )---一般物价 水平计量模式（GPLA）