宏观经济学习题答案第十三章 习题答案

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宏观经济学第13章 课后练习 参考答案9页

宏观经济学第13章 课后练习 参考答案9页

第十三章课后练习·参考答案 ( P407-408 )1.C2.A3.D4.在均衡产出水平上,总产出等于计划总支出,所以非计划存货投资一定等于零,计划存货投资不一定等于零,主要看企业是否有计划存货投资。

5.边际消费倾向是指增加的收入中用于增加消费的比率。

由于增加的消费只能来自增加的收入,所以边际消费倾向的取值范围为[0,1],通常为(0,1),对单个个人而言,边际消费倾向可以为0或1,但对总体而言,不可能出现等于0或等于1的情况。

平均消费倾向一定是大于零的,但不总是小于1,当收入较低或为零时,消费支出大于收入,此时平均消费倾向大于1,当居民将所有的收入都用于消费时,平均消费倾向等于1,只有当收入较高,居民除消费之外还有剩余时,平均消费倾向才小于1。

6.凯恩斯定律是指不论需求量为多少,经济社会均能以不变的价格提供相应的供给量。

即社会总需求变动时,只会引起产量和收入的变动,使供求相等,而不会引起价格变动。

凯恩斯定律提出的社会经济背景是1929年到1933年的大萧条,工人大批失业,资源大量闲置。

在这种情况下,社会总需求增加时,只会使闲置的资源得到利用,生产增加,而不会使资源的价格上升,从而产品成本和价格大体上能保持不变。

凯恩斯定律只适用于短期,因为在短期中,价格不易变动,当社会总需求变动时,就只引起产量的变动。

(参看课本P381)7. 参见第十二章课后练习的第6题。

简单地说,就是转移支付已经包括在C和I里了。

8. 因为富人的边际消费倾向小于穷人的,当把一部分收入从富人那里转移给穷人时,富人减少的消费小于穷人增加的消费,所以整个社会的总消费或总支出是增加的,根据凯恩斯理论,整个社会的总收入就会得到提高。

9. 因为政府购买支出增加后首先直接引起总支出和总收入等额增加相当于政府购买支出的量,然后收入的增加又引起消费的增加,消费和收入之间的相互作用最终使收入的增加是政府购买支出增加的数倍,形成政府购买支出乘数。

南京财经大学(南京大学第二专业)宏观经济学习题集答案十三章

南京财经大学(南京大学第二专业)宏观经济学习题集答案十三章

十三章简单国民收入决定理论一、名词解释1.均衡产出(收入)与总有效需求相等的产出。

2.自发消费和引致消费自发消费:与收入无关的消费,即收入为0时举债或动用过去的储蓄也必须要有的基本生活消费。

引致消费:由收入带来的消费。

3.边际消费倾向增加的消费与增加的收入的比率。

即增加1单位收入中用于增加消费的比率。

4.边际储蓄倾向储蓄增量对收入增量的比率。

即增加1单位收入中用于增加储蓄的比率。

5.平均消费倾向消费曲线上任一点与原点连线的斜率,表示任一收入水平上消费支出在收入中的比率。

6.平均储蓄倾向储蓄曲线上任一点与原点连线的斜率,表示任一收入水平上储蓄在收入中的比率。

7.投资乘数收入的变化与带来这种变化的投资支出的变化的比率。

8.平衡预算乘数政府收入与支出同时以相等数量增加或减少时国民收入变动与政府收支变动的比率。

其值为1。

二、选择题1.在坐标图上,表示收入和消费关系的45°线意味着(C )。

A.直线上所有的点表示消费等于储蓄B.所有的点表示收入等于储蓄C.所有的点表示消费等于收入D.以上都不正确2.消费曲线位于45°线上方表明,储蓄是(C )。

A.正数B.零C.负数D. 是正数、负数或零不能确定3.边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和(C )。

A.是大于1的正数B.是小于1的正数C.等于1D.等于零4.在边际储蓄倾向等于20%的时候,边际消费倾向等于(B )A.20%B.80%C.30%D.120%5.居民的收支相抵点是消费曲线(C )。

A.与纵轴的交点B.与横轴的交点C.与45°线的交点D.在坐标原点上6.在同一个坐标平面上,总需求曲线位于消费曲线的(A)。

A.上方B.下方C.重合D.位置关系无法确定7.假定其他条件不变,储蓄曲线向下平行移动意味着总需求曲线(A )。

A.向上移动B.向下移动C.不会移动D. 没有影响8.国民收入均衡水平的提高往往被认为是下列何者的增加所引起的(B )。

(完整版)高鸿业《宏观经济学》课后习题答案第十三章习题答案

(完整版)高鸿业《宏观经济学》课后习题答案第十三章习题答案

第十三章 简单国民收入决定理论1.在两部门经济中,均衡发生于( )之时。

A.实际储蓄等于实际投资; B.实际消费加实际投资等于产出值;C.计划储蓄等于计划投资;D.总投资等于企业部门的收入。

解答:C2.当消费函数为c =a +by(a>0,0<b<1),这表明,平均消费倾向( )。

A .大于边际消费倾向;B .小于边际消费倾向;C .等于边际消费倾向;D .以上三种情况都可能。

解答:A3.如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3,投资支出增加60亿元,这将导致均衡收入GDP 增加 ( )。

A . 20亿元;B . 60亿元;C . 180亿元;D . 200亿元。

解答:D4.在均衡产出水平上,是否计划存货投资和非计划存货投资都必然为零?解答:当处于均衡产出水平时,计划存货投资一般不为零,而非计划存货投资必然为零。

这是因为计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分,而均衡产出就是等于消费加计划投资的产出,因此计划存货不一定是零。

计划存货增加时,存货投资就大于零;计划存货减少时,存货投资就小于零。

需要指出的是,存货是存量,存货投资是流量,存货投资是指存货的变动。

在均衡产出水平上,计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分,它不一定是零,但是非计划存货投资一定是零,如果非计划存货投资不是零,那就不是均衡产出了。

比方说,企业错误估计了形势,超出市场需要而多生产了产品,就造成了非计划存货投资。

5.能否说边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向总是大于零而小于1?解答:消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系,又称消费函数。

消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察,一是考察消费支出变动量和收入变动量的关系,这就是边际消费倾向(可以用公式MPC =Δc Δy 或MPC =d c d y表示),二是考察一定收入水平上消费支出量和该收入量的关系,这就是平均消费倾向(可以用公式APC =c y表示)。

边际消费倾向总大于零而小于1,因为一般说来,消费者增加收入后,既不会不增加消费即MPC =Δc Δy=0,也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费,一般情况是一部分用于增加消费,另一部分用于增加储蓄,即Δy=Δc +Δs ,因此,Δc Δy +Δs Δy =1,所以,Δc Δy =1-Δs Δy 。

宏观经济学习题13

宏观经济学习题13

一、单选题(每题备选答案中只有一个是正确的)1.在两部门经济中,均衡发生于()之时.A.实际储蓄等于实际投资B.实际的消费加实际的投资等于产出C.计划储蓄等于计划投资D.总支出等于企业部门的收入2.假设总产出是540美元,消费是460美元,而计划投资是70美元,在该经济中A.计划投资等于计划储蓄 B.存货中包含有非计划投资C.存在非计划储蓄 D.非计划储蓄等于非计划投资3. 四部门经济与三部门经济相比,乘数效应()。

A.将变大B.将变小C.不变D.不一定4.在两部门经济中,如果边际消费倾向是0.50,自发投资增加10元,将导致()A.均衡收入水平有10元的增加 B.均衡收入水平有20元的增加C.自发消费水平有10元的增加 D.投资将增加20元5.总漏出大于总注入而造成的经济不均衡可通过以下哪一项来调整?()A.刺激投资的增加;B. 减少税收;C.A和B;D. 提高边际消费倾向。

6.在均衡的收入水平上,()A.非自愿的存货积累为零;B.计划支出等于实际支出;C.GDP没有变动的趋势; D.上述各项都正确。

7.如果消费函数为C=100+0.8(Y-T),T为定量税,那么政府购买乘数是()A.0.8 B. 1.25 C. 4 D. 58.如果消费函数为C=100+0.8(Y-T),T为定量税,并且税收和政府支出同时增加1美元,则均衡的收入水平将()A.保持不变 B.增加3美元 C.增加1美元 D.下降4美元9.均衡国民收入水平的提高往往被认为是下列何者的增加所引起的( )A.进口 B.意愿的自发支出 C.税率 D.私人储蓄10.如果边际储蓄倾向为0.25,那么自发支出增加10亿美元将使均衡国民收入水平上升()A.2.5亿美元B.10亿美元C.250亿美元D.40亿美元11.假定其他条件不变,厂商投资增加将引起:A.国民收入增加,但消费水平不变B.国民收入增加,并引致消费水平提高C.国民收入增加,但消费水平下降D.国民收入增加,储蓄水平下降12.如果政府购买支出的增加与政府转移支付的减少相同时,收入水平会:A.不变B.增加C.减少D.不确定13.支出乘数的大小:A.与总支出(AE)曲线的斜率正相关B.与总支出曲线的斜率负相关C.与总支出曲线的斜率不相关D.仅与边际消费倾向正相关14.经验表明长期消费函数是一条过原点的直线,所以:A.边际消费倾向小于平均消费倾向B.边际消费倾向等于平均消费倾向C.边际消费倾向大于平均消费倾向D.平均储蓄倾向等于115.下面哪一种情况可以使得国民收入增加得最多?A.政府对高速公路的建设开支增加500亿美元B.政府转移支付增加500亿美元C.个人所得税减少500亿美元D.企业储蓄减少500亿美元二、判断题(T、F)1.根据萨伊定理,供给会自动创造需求,普遍生产过剩的危机不会发生。

宏观经济学第十三章练习

宏观经济学第十三章练习

宏观经济学第⼗三章练习第⼗三章简单国民收⼊决定理论⼀、单项选择题知识点1:国民收⼊相关概念1.消费者储蓄增多⽽消费⽀出减少,则 ( )。

A GDP将下降,但储蓄S将不变B GDP将下降,但储蓄S将上升C GDP和储蓄S都下降D GDP不变,但储蓄S下降2.在社会⽣产能⼒过剩情况下,社会提倡节俭会使()。

A. 储蓄量增加,国民收⼊增加B. 储蓄量增加,国民收⼊减少C. 消费量增加,国民收⼊增加D. 消费量增加,国民收⼊减少3.在两部门经济中,均衡发⽣在()A总⽀出等于企业部门的收⼊B实际储蓄等于实际投资C计划储蓄等于计划投资D实际消费加实际的投资等于产出值4.假定其他条件不变,⼚商投资增加将引起()A消费⽔平下降,国民收⼊增加B消费⽔平提⾼,国民收⼊增加C消费⽔平不变,国民收⼊增加D储蓄⽔平下降,国民收⼊增加5.如果由于计划投资⽀出的减少⽽导致原来GDP的均衡⽔平改变,可以预期()A GDP将下降,但储蓄将不变B GDP将下降但储蓄上升C GDP和储蓄都将下降D GDP不变,储蓄下降6.GDP的均衡⽔平与充分就业的GDP⽔平的关系是()A两者始终相等B除了特殊失衡状态外,GDP均衡⽔平通常就意味着是充分就业时的GDP⽔平C GDP的均衡⽔平不可能是充分就业的GDP⽔平D GDP的均衡⽔平可能是也可能不是充分就业的GDP⽔平7.投资减少导致GDP下降,可以预期()A消费将上升,储蓄下降B消费和储蓄都下降C消费和储蓄都上升D消费下降,储蓄上升8.在两部门经济模型中,若现期GDP⽔平为4000亿,消费者希望从中⽀出2900亿消费,计划投资为1300亿,则可预计()A GDP处于不均衡状态,将下降B GDP处于不均衡状态,将上升C GDP处于均衡⽔平D以上说法都有可能9.简单国民收⼊决定理论涉及的市场有()A、产品市场B、货币市场C、劳动市场D、国际市场10.在短期内,如果居民的可⽀配收⼊等于零,则()A 居民消费⽀出等于零B 居民消费⽀出⼤于零C 企业投资等于零D净出⼝等于零11.在短期内,居民的()有可能⼤于可⽀配收⼊。

宏观经济学习题答案第十三章习题答案

宏观经济学习题答案第十三章习题答案

第十三章 简单国民收入决定理论1•在两部门经济中,均衡发生于 A.实际储蓄等于实际投资; C.计划储蓄等于计划投资; 解答:C 2•当消费函数为c = a + by(a>0,0<b<1),这表明,平均消费倾向 ()。

A.大于边际消费倾向; C.等于边际消费倾向; 解答:AB ・小于边际消费倾向; D ・以上三种情况都可能。

3•如果边际储蓄倾向为 A. 20亿元; C. 180亿元; 解答:D 0・3,投资支出增加 60亿兀,这将导致均衡收入 GDP 增加()。

B. 60亿元;4•在均衡产出水平上,是否计划存货投资和非计划存货投资都必然为零?解答:当处于均衡产出水平时,计划存货投资一般不为零,而非计划存货投资必然为零。

这是因为计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分, 而均衡产出就是等于消费加计划投资的产出, 因此计划存货不一定 是零。

计划存货增加时,存货投资就大于零;计划存货减少时,存货投资就小于零。

需要指出的是,存 货是存量,存货投资是流量,存货投资是指存货的变动。

在均衡产出水平上,计划存货投资是计划投资 的一部分,它不一定是零,但是非计划存货投资一定是零,如果非计划存货投资不是零,那就不是均衡 产出了。

比方说,企业错误估计了形势,超出市场需要而多生产了产品,就造成了非计划存货投资。

5•能否说边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向总是大于零而小于 1?解答:消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系,又称消费函数。

消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察,一是考察消费支出变动量和收入变动量的关系, 这就是边际消费倾向(可以用公式 或MPC =乎表示),二是考察一定收入水平上消费支出量和该收入量的关系,这就是平均消费倾向用公式APC = c 表示)。

边际消费倾向总大于零而小于 1,因为一般说来,消费者增加收入后,既不会不y增加消费即MPC =签=0,也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费,一般情况是一部分用于增加消费,另一部分用于增加储蓄,即 A y = A c + A s ,因此,當+签=1,所以,A C = 1 _ A y 。

宏观经济学课后习题答案

宏观经济学课后习题答案

宏观经济学课后习题答案宏观经济学课后习题宏观经济的基本指标及其衡量、单选题1下⾯各项中,哪⼀项不列⼊ GDP 核算?( C )A 出⼝到国外的⼀批货物 C 政府⽀付给贫困家庭的补助2、在四部门经济中,GDP 的构成包括: A 消费、净投资、政府购买、净出⼝ C 消费、总投资、政府购买、净出⼝3、下列哪⼏项计⼊当年 GDPB 经纪⼈帮助⼆⼿房成交⽽收取的佣⾦D 保险公司收取的家庭财产保险费(C )B 消费、总投资、政府购买、出⼝D 消费、净投资、政府购买、出⼝(D )4、某国⽣产了 9000亿美元产值,但只卖掉了 8500亿美元,还有500亿美元作为(D )计⼊GDP A.重置投资B.净投资C.固定投资D.存货投资5、某飞机制造公司向本国空军出售⼀架飞机与向国外航空公司出售⼀架飞机分别属于⽀出中的:(B ) A.投资和消费 B.政府购买和净出⼝C.政府购买和消费D.消费和净出⼝6、假定甲⼚商为⼄⼚商提供服务应得的报酬是4000元,⼄⼚商为甲⼚商提供服务应得的报酬为3000元,甲⼄商定相互的⽀付互相抵消 3000元,结果甲只收⼄1000元,那么计⼊ GDP 勺是(D )元。

A. 4000B.3000C.1000D.7000 7、国内⽣产总值是下⾯哪⼀项的市场价值( A )。

A 、⼀年内⼀个经济体中⽣产的所有最终商品和劳务B 、⼀年内⼀个经济中交换的所有商品和劳务C 、⼀年内⼀个经济中交换的所有最终商品和劳务D 、⼀年内⼀个经济中的所有交易 8、 G DP 帐户不反映以下哪⼀项交易(B )。

A 、卖掉以前拥有的住房时,付给房地产经纪商B 、购买古玩字画的价钱C 、新建但未销售的住房D 、 9、如果当期价格低于基期价格,那么(C )A 、实际GDP 等于名义 GDP C 、实际GDP ⼤于名义GDPA.购买普通股票 B ?—供应商向制造个⼈电脑的公司出售电脑芯⽚C.购买⼀辆⼆⼿车D.顾客在餐馆⽀付就餐费6%的佣⾦向管道⼯维修管道⽀付的⼯资B 、实际GDP ⼩于名义 GDP D 、不确定10、⼀国的国民⽣产总值⼩于国内⽣产总值,说明该国公民从外国取得的收⼊得的收(B)外国公民从该国取⼊。

人大版宏观经济学原理(第三版)课后答案第13-14章

人大版宏观经济学原理(第三版)课后答案第13-14章

第十三章国民收入的决定:LS——LM模型1.怎样理解IS—LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心?解答:凯恩斯理论的核心是有效需求原理,认为国民收入取决于有效需求,而有效需求原理的支柱是边际消费倾向递减、资本边际效率递减以及心理上的流动偏好这三个心理规律。

这三个心理规律涉及四个变量:边际消费倾向、资本边际效率、货币需求和货币供给。

在这里,凯恩斯通过利率把货币经济和实物经济联系了起来,打破了新古典学派把实物经济和货币经济分开的两分法,认为货币不是中性的,货币市场上的均衡利率会影响投资和收入,而产品市场上的均衡收入又会影响货币需求和利率,这就使产品市场和货币市场相互联系与作用。

但凯恩斯本人并没有用一种模型把上述四个变量联系在一起。

汉森、希克斯这两位经济学家则用IS—LM模型把这四个变量放在一起,构成一个产品市场和货币市场之间的相互作用共同决定国民收入与利率的理论框架,从而使凯恩斯的有效需求理论得到了较为完善的表述。

不仅如此,凯恩斯主义的经济政策(财政政策和货币政策)也是围绕IS—LM模型而展开的,因此可以说,IS—LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心。

IS—LM模型被称为凯恩斯宏观经济学的核心,还在于IS—LM模型在阐明凯恩斯主义经济理论和政策思想方面有很多优点:一是IS—LM模型可清楚直观地表示经济短期波动究竟来自何方,是来自投资支出变动、消费支出变动、政府支出或税收方面因素的变动,还是来自货币供给和需求方面因素的变动。

如果属于前一方面因素引起的变动,则会在IS曲线移动中得到表现;如果属于后一方面因素引起的变动,则会在LM曲线移动中得到表现。

二是IS—LM模型可清楚直观地表现出政府干预经济使用的是财政政策还是货币政策。

如果是财政政策,必然表现在IS曲线的移动上,扩张性财政政策引起IS曲线向右上方移动,紧缩性财政政策引起IS曲线向左下方移动;如果是货币政策,必然表现在LM曲线的移动上,增加货币的扩张政策引起LM曲线向右下方移动,减少货币的紧缩政策引起LM曲线向左上方移动。

宏观经济学第13章课后练习参考答案

宏观经济学第13章课后练习参考答案

第十三章课后练习·参考答案( P407-408 )1.C2.A3.D4.在均衡产出水平上,总产出等于计划总支出,所以非计划存货投资一定等于零,计划存货投资不一定等于零,主要看企业是否有计划存货投资。

5.边际消费倾向是指增加的收入中用于增加消费的比率。

由于增加的消费只能来自增加的收入,所以边际消费倾向的取值范围为[0,1],通常为(0,1),对单个个人而言,边际消费倾向可以为0或1,但对总体而言,不可能出现等于0或等于1的情况。

平均消费倾向一定是大于零的,但不总是小于1,当收入较低或为零时,消费支出大于收入,此时平均消费倾向大于1,当居民将所有的收入都用于消费时,平均消费倾向等于1,只有当收入较高,居民除消费之外还有剩余时,平均消费倾向才小于1。

6.凯恩斯定律是指不论需求量为多少,经济社会均能以不变的价格提供相应的供给量。

即社会总需求变动时,只会引起产量和收入的变动,使供求相等,而不会引起价格变动。

凯恩斯定律提出的社会经济背景是1929年到1933年的大萧条,工人大批失业,资源大量闲置。

在这种情况下,社会总需求增加时,只会使闲置的资源得到利用,生产增加,而不会使资源的价格上升,从而产品成本和价格大体上能保持不变。

凯恩斯定律只适用于短期,因为在短期中,价格不易变动,当社会总需求变动时,就只引起产量的变动。

(参看课本P381)7. 参见第十二章课后练习的第6题。

简单地说,就是转移支付已经包括在C和I里了。

8. 因为富人的边际消费倾向小于穷人的,当把一部分收入从富人那里转移给穷人时,富人减少的消费小于穷人增加的消费,所以整个社会的总消费或总支出是增加的,根据凯恩斯理论,整个社会的总收入就会得到提高。

9. 因为政府购买支出增加后首先直接引起总支出和总收入等额增加相当于政府购买支出的量,然后收入的增加又引起消费的增加,消费和收入之间的相互作用最终使收入的增加是政府购买支出增加的数倍,形成政府购买支出乘数。

任保平《宏观经济学》习题详解(第13章 通货理论)

任保平《宏观经济学》习题详解(第13章 通货理论)

任保平《宏观经济学》第十三章通货理论课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1.通货膨胀、通货收缩、通货紧缩与滞胀这几个概念有何不同?答:(1)通货膨胀最初指因纸币发行量超过商品流通中的实际需要量而引起的货币贬值现象。

纸币流通规律表明,纸币发行量不能超过它象征地代表的金银货币量,一旦超过了这个量,纸币就要贬值,物价就要上涨,从而出现通货膨胀。

通货膨胀只有在纸币流通的条件下才会出现,在金银货币流通的条件下不会出现此种现象。

因为金银货币本身具有价值,作为贮藏手段的职能,可以自发地调节流通中的货币量,使它同商品流通所需要的货币量相适应。

而在纸币流通的条件下,因为纸币本身不具有价值,它只是代表金银货币的符号,不能作为贮藏手段,因此,纸币的发行量如果超过了商品流通所需要的数量,此时,流通中的纸币量比流通中所需要的金银货币量增加了,货币就会贬值,这就是通货膨胀。

在宏观经济学中,通货膨胀主要是指价格和工资的普遍上涨。

通货收缩又称反“通货膨胀”,指消除或减少通货膨胀的过程。

通货紧缩是与通货膨胀相对立的概念,它是指由于货币供应量相对于经济增长和劳动生产率增长等要素减少而引致的有效需求严重不足,一般物价水平持续下跌,货币供应量持续下降和经济衰退等现象。

滞胀又称为萧条膨胀或膨胀衰退,指经济生活中出现了生产停滞、失业增加和物价水平居高不下同时存在的现象,它是通货膨胀长期发展的结果。

长期以来,资本主义国家经济一般表现为:物价上涨时期经济繁荣、失业率较低或下降,而经济衰退或萧条时期的特点则是物价下跌。

宏观经济学答案第十三章简单国民收入决定

宏观经济学答案第十三章简单国民收入决定
1问 问
若此人想在生命周期中能均匀消费,试决定与其预算约束相符合的消 费水平,说明哪个时期以什么规模此人进行储蓄和负储蓄。
2问 问
与上述(1)相反,现在假定不存在借款的可能性,信贷市场不对个 人开放。在此假定下,此人在生命周期中将选择什么样的消费流? 在解答该问题时继续假设(如果可能的话)该人偏好均匀的消费流。
(2)当没有受到流动性约束时, 平稳消费水平为每期45万美元, 比第一期收入要大。现在假设 该人受到流动性约束,则该人 第一期只能消费其全部收入30 万美元。 从第二期开始,假设没有受到 流动性约束时,平稳消费水平 为每期(60+90)/3=50万美元, 小于第二、三期的收入。故流 动性约束的假设对这几期的消 费不产生影响,第二、三、四 期的消费为每期50万美元。
返 回
LOGO 解 答
(1)由于消费者连续两年的可支配收入都是6000美元,根据题中持久 收入的形成公式,第2年的持久收入为6000美元,则消费为 c2=200+0.9yp2=200+0.9×6000=5600(美元)
(2)第3年的持久收入为:yp3=0.7×7000+0.3×6000=6700(美元) 第3年的消费为:c3=200+0.9yp3=200+0.9×6700=6230(美元) 第4年的持久收入为:yp4=0.7×7000+0.3×7000=7000(美元) 第4年的消费为:c4=200+0.9yp4=200+0.9×7000=6500(美元) 由于以后一直维持在7000美元,则第4年以后的持久收入也一直保持在7000美 元,因而消费也将一直保持在6500美元这一水平上。 (3)短期边际消费倾向表明的是消费和当年收入之间的关系,将 持久收入公式代入消费函数,有:

13宏观经济学英文版(多恩布什)课后习题答案全解

13宏观经济学英文版(多恩布什)课后习题答案全解

Chapter 13Solutions to the Problems in the Textbook:Conceptual Problems:1.a. According to the life-cycle theory of consumption, people try to maintain a fairly stable consumption pathover their lifetime. Individuals save during their working years so they can keep up the same consumption stream after they retire. This implies that wealth increases steadily until retirement while consumption remains stable. We should therefore expect the ratio of consumption to accumulated saving (wealth) to decrease over time up to retirement.1.b. After retirement, wealth is used up to finance consumption during the remaining years. Therefore the ratioof consumption to accumulated saving (wealth) increases again after retirement, eventually approaching 1.2.a. Suppose that you and your neighbor both work the same number of years until retirement and you bothhave the same annual income. If your neighbor is in bad health and does not expect to live as long as you do, she will expect to have fewer retirement years in which to use accumulated wealth to finance a steady consumption stream. Your neighbor's goal for retirement saving will not be as high as yours, and compared to you, she will have a higher level of consumption over her working years.Since planned annual consumption (C) is determined by the number of working years (WL), the number of years to live (NL), and income from labor (YL), we get the equation:C = [(WL)/(NL)](YL).WL and YL are the same for you and your neighbor, but NL is smaller for your neighbor. Therefore you will have a lower level of consumption (C).(Note: Students may come up with a variety of different answers. For one, your neighbor, who is in bad health, currently has much larger medical bills than you do. Therefore she may not be able to save as much for retirement, even if she might expect to live as long as you. On the other hand, she may not have large medical bills now, but expects them later, as she gets older. This may induce her to save more now.While such arguments are valid, instructors should point out that the answer should be related to the life-cycle theory.)2.b. If we assume for simplicity that the rate of return on Social Security is the same as the rate of return onprivate saving, then the introduction of a Social Security system based on a trust fund should not have any effect on your level of consumption. Social Security may be considered a form of "forced saving," since you are forced to pay Social Security taxes during your working years and will, in return, receive benefits during your retirement years. However, most likely you would have voluntarily saved as much as the government is now “forcing” you to save with levying a Social Security tax. Therefore your consumption behavior will not change. Still, the levying of a Social Security tax reduces disposable income during your working years, increasing the ratio of consumption to disposable income (the average propensity to consume). If private saving were simply replaced with government saving, national saving would not be affected.In reality, however, the Social Security system is not strictly financed through a trust fund, but largely on a pay-as-you-go basis. The size of the Social Security trust fund was fairly insignificant until the system was amended in 1983. Now the trust fund is increasing and, in effect, contributing to the federal budget surplus. But because of our aging population, predictions are that the Social Security system will experience severe financial difficulties within the next 20-30 years. If the credibility of the system becomes an issue, people may intensify their saving efforts, since they no longer feel they can rely on the1public system to provide for them during retirement. In the past, most of the Social Security taxes were not "saved" but immediately used by the government to finance the benefits of the current retirees. This is why most economists claim that the Social Security system has led to a decrease in the national savings rate and a decrease in the rate of capital accumulation. The magnitude of this decrease, however, has not been clearly established.3.a. If you get a yearly Christmas bonus, you immediately treat it as part of your permanent income and spendit accordingly, that is, ∆C = c(∆Y). In other words, your current consumption will change significantly. 3.b. If you get a Christmas bonus for only this year, you will consider it as transitory income. Since yourpermanent income is hardly affected, you will consume only a small fraction of it and save the rest. In other words, your current consumption will not be significantly affected.4. Gamblers (or thieves) seldom have a very stable income. However, their consumption is determined bytheir permanent income, that is, their expected average lifetime income. Whether they have a large or small income during any given period, their consumption pattern remains relatively stable, since their permanent income is not significantly affected by temporary changes in earnings.5. Both theories, in their own way, try to explain why the short-run mpc is smaller than the long-run mpc.The life-cycle theory attributes the difference to the fact that people prefer a smooth consumption stream over their lifetime. Therefore the average expected lifetime income is the true determinant of current consumption. The permanent income theory suggests that the difference is due to measurement errors.Measured income has two components, that is, permanent and transitory income. But only permanent income is a true determinant of current consumption.6.a. One possible explanation could be that the “baby boomers” were still in their dissaving phase. In otherwords, if households of the baby boom generation still had to buy houses or pay for expenses related to childcare in their late twenties, they may not have been able to save for retirement yet.6.b. If the above explanation is correct, one can expect an increase in saving as these “baby boomers” age,become more financially solvent, and begin to prepare for retirement.7. The ranking from highest to lowest value should be first (a), then (d), and then (b). Clearly, (c) shouldbe lower than (a), but where exactly it ranks after that depends largely on the severeness of the liquidity constraint.8. A series follows a random walk when future changes cannot be predicted from past behavior. In otherwords, it does not have a mean or clear long-run value. Any major change comes about because of random shocks. Hall asserted that changes in current consumption largely come from unanticipated changes in income. According to the life-cycle theory or permanent-income theory, people try to smoothen out their consumption stream in such a way that its expected value is always the same in each period. Therefore, we can express future consumption as the expected value plus some error term, that is, some random value that is unpredictable. This error term is a shock to future income that is spread over the remaining lifetime.Hall supported the permanent-income hypothesis by showing that lagged consumption is the most2significant determinant of future consumption.9. The problem of excess sensitivity means that consumption responds more strongly to predictable changesin current income than the life-cycle theory and permanent-income theories predict. The problem of excess smoothness means that consumption does not respond as strongly to unpredictable changes in current income as these theories predict. However, the existence of these problems does not invalidate the theories.It simply means that the theories can explain consumption behavior only to a certain degree.10. Precautionary (or buffer stock) saving can be explained by uncertainty. It could be uncertainty in regardto one’s life expectancy or one’s time of retirement (af fecting the accumulated saving needed to finance retirement), or uncertainty about future spending needs (which may be caused by a change in family composition or health). Clearly, if we account for such uncertainties, we bring the model much closer to reality. For example, many elderly still continue to save after retirement in anticipation of predicted high medical costs not covered by Medicare.11.a. It is unclear whether an increase in the interest rate leads to an increase or a decrease in saving. On the onehand, as the interest rate increases, the return on saving increases and people may therefore increase their savings effort (due to the substitution effect). On the other hand, a higher return on saving implies that a given future savings goal can now be reached with a smaller savings effort in each year (due to the income effect).11.b. The income effect and the substitution effect generally tend to go in different directions, and the overalloutcome depends on the relative magnitude of these two effects. Until now, empirical evidence has not established a significant sensitivity of saving to changes in the interest rate. This would imply that the income and the substitution effects have about the same magnitude.12.a. According to the Barro-Ricardo hypothesis, it does not matter whether an increase in government spendingis financed by taxation or by issuing debt.12.b. The Barro-Ricardo hypothesis states that people realize that government debt financing by issuing bondssimply postpones taxation. In other words, people know that the government will have to raise taxes in the future to pay back what they have borrowed now. Therefore, expansionary fiscal policy that results in an increase in the budget deficit will no stimulate the economy since it will lead to an increase in saving rather than consumption. People want to be prepared to pay future taxes.12.c. There are two main objections to the Barro-Ricardo hypothesis. One is based on liquidity constraints, thatis, people may want to consume more but may not be able to borrow as much as they like. Therefore, if there is a tax cut, they will consume more, rather than save the tax cut. The other argument is that those people who benefit from a tax cut or an increase in government spending are not the same as those who will have to pay the higher taxes to pay off the debt. This argument assumes that people are not concerned about the welfare of their descendants.Technical Problems:1.a. If income remains constant over time, permanent income equals current income. Your permanent income3this year is YP0 = (1/5)(5*20,000) = 20,000.1.b. Your permanent income next year is YP1 = (1/5)(30,000 + 4*20,000) =1.c. Since C = 0.9YP, your consumption this year is C0 = 0.9*20,000 = 18,000.Your consumption next year is C1 = 0.9*19,000 = 17,100.1.d. In the short run, the mpc = (0.9)(1/5) = 0.18; but in the long run, the mpc = 0.9.1.e. We have already calculated this and next year's permanent income. In each of the coming years you add$30,000 and subtract $20,000, and therefore your permanent income (which is your average over a five year period) will increase by $2,000 each year until it reaches $30,000 after 5 years.YP o = (1/5)(5*20,000) = 20,000YP1 = (1/5)(1*30,000 + 4*20,000) = 22,000YP2 = (1/5)(2*30,000 + 3*20,000) = 24,000YP3 = (1/5)(3*30,000 + 2*20,000) = 26,000YP4 = (1/5)(4*30,000 + 1*20,000) = 28,000YP5 = (1/5)(5*30,000) = 30,000Y30,00028,00026,00024,00022,00020,0000 1 2 3 4 5 time2.a. The person lives for NL = 4 periods and earns a lifetime income ofYL = 30 + 60 + 90 + 0 = 180.Therefore consumption in each period will be C i = (1/4)180 = 45, i = 1, 2, 3, 4.This implies that saving in each period is:S1 = 30 - 45 = - 15; S2 = 60 - 45 = + 15; S3 = 90 - 45 = + 45; S4 = 0 - 45 = - 45.2.b. If liquidity constraints exist and the person cannot borrow in the first period, then she will consume all ofher income, that is, Y1 = C1 = 30.For the remaining three periods the person wants a stable consumption stream. Thus she will consume C(i) = (1/3)(60 + 90 + 0) = 50 in each of the remaining three periods i = 2, 3, 4.42.c. An increase in wealth of only $13 is not enough to offset the difference in consumption patterns betweenperiod 1 and the other periods. Therefore all of the increase in wealth will be consumed in period 1, such that C1 = 43. In the remaining three periods, consumption will be the same as in 2.b.An increase in wealth of $23 will be enough to offset the difference in consumption patterns. Lifetime consumption in each period will now be C i = (1/4)(180 + 23) = 50.75. This means that 20.75 (or almost all of the additional wealth) will be used up in the first period; the remaining 2.25 will be distributed over the next three years.3.a. According to the life-cycle theory and permanent income hypothesis (LC-PIH), the change in consumptionequals the surprise element, that is, ∆C LC-PIH= ε. According to the traditional theory, the change in consumption equals ∆C tr = c(∆YD). Therefore if a fraction λ of the population behaves according to the traditional theory and the other fraction behaves according to LC-PIH, then the total change in consumption is∆C = λ(∆C tr) + (1 - λ)(∆C LC-PIH) = λc(∆YD)+ (1 - λ)cε = (0.7)(0.8)10 + (0.3)ε = 5.6 + (0.3)ε3.b. ∆C = (.3)(.8)10 + (.7)ε = 2.4 + (.7)ε3.c. ∆C = (0)(.8)10 + 1ε = ε4.a. If the real interest rate increases, the opportunity cost of consuming should increase. Therefore, theaverage propensity to save, that is, the fraction of total income that is saved, should increase.4.b. If you only save for retirement and your savings goal is fixed, then you actually will save less. With ahigher interest rate it will take less saving each year to achieve your goal.4.c. The first case (4.a.) describes the substitution effect, whereas the second case (4.b.) describes the incomeeffect. Unless the magnitude of each of these effects is known, we cannot predict the overall effect of this interest rate increase on saving.5. One way to increase saving would be to either privatize or eliminate the Social Security system, so peoplewould have to save for retirement on their own. (Eliminating Social Security is not a very popular measure, but the privatization of Social Security is often discussed.) This would do away with the negative effect on saving that comes from the pay-as-you-go nature of financing Social Security. Another way might be to make it more difficult to borrow. The U.S. tax system encourages people (and firms) to borrow rather than save.5Additional Problems:1. As a share of GDP, how large is consumption compared to the other three main components.Would you expect consumption's share to increase or decrease in a recession?Consumption expenditures are roughly two thirds of total GDP, which is higher than the other three components (investment, government purchases, and net exports) taken together. The ratio of consumption to GDP, however, does not always remain constant. In a recession, for example, when income is below trend, we should expect the consumption-to-GDP ratio to increase, while in a boom, when income is above trend, we should expect the ratio to decrease. The reason is that current consumption is based on permanent rather than current income and when current income is greater than permanent income, the ratio of consumption to income (the apc) goes down. This argument is reinforced by the concept of automatic stability. When GDP falls, personal disposable income falls by less and thus consumption does not fall dramatically.2. True or false? Why?"The marginal propensity to consume out of transitory income is greater than the marginal propensity to consume out of permanent income."False. The permanent-income hypothesis argues that consumption is related to permanent disposable income. Individuals will only revise their consumption behavior significantly if they perceive a change in income as permanent. Very often people are uncertain as to whether a rise in income is permanent or transitory, so they do not significantly revise their consumption patterns immediately. This suggests a lower marginal propensity to consume out of transitory income than out of permanent income.3. Do you think that the marginal propensity to consume out of current income would differ betweentenured professors who have a high degree of job security and professional gamblers who never know when luck will strike?Tenured professors have a high degree of job security and their income does not vary a great deal. They can therefore relatively accurately estimate their permanent income. This means that their current consumption is largely based on current income, implying that their short-run mpc is fairly high. Gamblers, on the other hand, never know what their income in any given year is going to be. Therefore, they base their consumption decisions on their average expected lifetime income (permanent income) rather than on current income. This implies that their short-run mpc is fairly low.4. Is the short-run marginal propensity to save different between farmers and government employees?Why or why not?Government employees generally have very stable incomes and high job security. Therefore they base their consumption decision to a large extent on current income so their short-run mpc is high, while their short-run mps is low. Farmers, on the other hand, have highly variable incomes, depending on weather conditions. Therefore they tend to base their consumption decisions on their permanent income. Their short-run mpc is low, while their short-run mps is high.5. "If most people base their consumption decisions on their current rather than their permanentincome, then the short-run multiplier is greater than the long-run multiplier." Comment on this6statement.If most people follow the traditional theory and base their consumption decisions mostly on current income, then their mpc out of current income is high, making the value of the short-run multiplier high. But if most people follow the permanent-income theory and base their consumption decisions primarily on permanent income, then the short-run mpc is low, making the value of the short-run multiplier low. In either case, as long as some people follow the permanent-income theory, then the short-run multiplier should always be smaller than the long-run multiplier.6. Assume you define your permanent income as the average of this and the past four years’ incomesand you always consume 4/5 of your permanent income. Your earnings record over these years has been: Y t= 40,000, Y t-1 = 38,000, Y t-2 = 34,000, Y t-3 = 32,000, Y t-4 = 31,000.If next year your income increases to Y t+1= 46,000, by how much will your consumption change between year t and year t+1?YP t= (1/5)(40,000 + 38,000 + 34,000 + 32,000 + 31,000) = (1/5)175,000 = 35,000C t= (4/5)YP t = (4/5)35,000 = 28,000YP t+1 = (1/5)(46,000 + 40,000 + 38,000 + 34,000 + 32,000) = (1/5)190,000 = 38,000C t+1 = (4/5)YP t+1 = (4/5)38,000 = 30,400Therefore your consumption will change by C = 2,400.7. Assume a distant aunt gives you several thousand dollars and you use the money to pay back part ofyour student loan. Does your behavior correspond to the prediction of the permanent-income theory?Why or why not?Paying back your debts actually can be seen as an act of "saving." Therefore, since you use some unexpected income to save (rather than consume), your behavior fits the permanent income theory nicely.8. "Early retirement raises aggregate consumption." Comment on this statement.Early retirement reduces lifetime income and increases the length of retirement. The life-cycle model states that individuals consume on the basis of their average lifetime income to maintain a stable consumption path throughout their lives. In an economy with a constant population and no technological progress, aggregate consumption will fall if retirement age drops because people who retire earlier have to accumulate funds for more retirement years over fewer working years. As this can only be accomplished with greater saving, consumption has to be reduced.However, if the population is growing and retirement benefits are financed through taxes levied on workers currently employed, then aggregate consumption may actually rise. In this case, the working population will be paying for the reduction in lifetime earnings experienced by those who have retired early, and there is less need for retirement saving.9. The simple life-cycle hypothesis predicts that people save over their working years but dissave7during their retirement years. Do we actually observe such behavior? If not, can you explain why not?Most elderly actually do not dissave, but they do save less than they did during their working years. One of the reasons that the elderly still save may be the fact that they anticipate large medical bills as they grow older and therefore prefer to keep a certain buffer stock of saving. The elderly may also hope to leave some of their savings as bequests to their children or grandchildren.10. On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones industrial average dropped about 500 points, or a little morethan 23%. What effect should a decline in stock values of this magnitude have had on aggregate demand according to the life-cycle theory of consumption?According to the life-cycle theory, any change in wealth should affect consumption behavior. The decline in stock values constituted roughly a $500 billion decline in wealth. However, we did not see a huge decrease in consumption in 1987, since the wealth effect tends to be fairly small. In addition, the Fed reacted promptly, announcing that liquidity would be provided if needed.11. Does the random walk model of consumption disprove the permanent income hypothesis? Why orwhy not?Robert Hall tried to disprove the permanent income theory by applying the concept of rational expectations to the theory of consumption. He asserted that consumption patterns may follow a random walk, that is, changes in consumption may come from unanticipated changes in income. However, by concluding that lagged consumption is the most significant determinant of future consumption, Hall actually supported the predictions of the permanent-income hypothesis.12. How is Hall’s random walk model of consumption related to the permanent-income hypothesis andwhat are the implications of these theories for fiscal policy?Hall asserted that changes in current consumption largely come from unanticipated changes in income. Any major change in consumption comes about because of random shocks. According to the permanent-income theory, people try to smoothen out their consumption stream in such a way that its expected value is always the same in each period. Therefore, we can express future consumption as the expected value plus some error term, that is, some random value that is unpredictable. This error term is a shock to future income that is spread over the remaining lifetime. Hall supported the permanent-income hypothesis by showing that lagged consumption is the most significant determinant of future consumption. The implication for fiscal policy is that a temporary tax change will not significantly affect current consumption, unless there are liquidity constraints.13. True or false? Why?"A temporary tax surcharge never has a significant effect on current consumption."False. If individuals know that the tax surcharge is temporary they will not alter their spending patterns as the tax change has little impact on their permanent income. However, when liquidity constraints exist, individuals may be forced to adjust their consumption behavior immediately. If individuals barely earn enough to finance their current consumption, for example, they may be forced to cut their current consumption if a temporary tax surcharge is levied.814. "As a response to a temporary increase in personal and corporate income taxes consumers willreduce their spending and firms will cut production and increase prices. Therefore all we will get is stagflation, that is, an increase in both unemployment and inflation, and tax revenues won't increase." Comment on this statement.The life-cycle/permanent-income theory of consumption predicts that temporary changes in income will not significantly affect the level of consumption. Thus a temporary tax surcharge should not significantly affect aggregate demand. A similar argument can be made about firms, since changes in production are often costly and therefore a temporary surcharge on corporate income taxes should not affect the level of output and prices. The levels of national income and prices should not be affected significantly but we should see a (temporary) increase in tax revenues due to the surcharge. (Note, however, that if consumers and firms face liquidity constraints, they may react to a temporary surcharge in the way described in the statement.)15. "Any tax cut that results in an increase in the budget deficit will fail to stimulate aggregatedemand." Comment on this statement. In your answer explain the effect of such a tax cut on interest rates, money supply, and private domestic saving.The Barro-Ricardo proposition states that a tax cut that results in a budget deficit increase leads to higher saving. Since people will anticipate a future tax increase to finance the higher deficit, permanent income will not be affected. Thus consumption will not be affected; instead people will save the tax cut. Since this is purely a fiscal policy measure, money supply is not affected. The increase in the budget deficit will lead to higher interest rates due to the increased demand for credit. (Note that evidence from the 1980s does not support this hypothesis. The Reagan tax cuts in 1981 resulted in a large increase in the budget deficit but there was no subsequent increase in saving.)916. Assume the government announces plans for fiscal expansion that are likely to result inincreased government borrowing. What effect should this have on aggregate consumption, money supply, the income velocity of money, the trade deficit, and savings?The Barro-Ricardo proposition states that if fiscal expansion results in a budget deficit, the public will anticipate a future tax increase to finance the deficit. They believe that their permanent income will not be affected and choose to save rather than consume more. Therefore, we should expect an increase in private saving but no significant change in consumption. Thus there is no significant change in national income and, since this is solely a fiscal policy, money supply is also not affected. Therefore there is no change in the income velocity. The trade deficit may also not be significantly affected, since domestic saving supports the budget deficit. However, evidence from the 1980s does not lend support for this hypothesis. Saving did not increase after the Reagan tax cuts that resulted in a huge increase in the budget deficit. Instead, we saw an increase in consumption and the trade deficit, since higher interest rates caused an inflow of funds, leading to an appreciation of the U.S. dollar. The income velocity also increased, due to the increase in economic activity.10。

宏观经济学13章系统题库与答案

宏观经济学13章系统题库与答案

第一章西方国民收入核算一、名词解释1. GDP和GNP2.最终产品和中间产品3.名义GDP和实际GDP4. GDP平减指数5.总投资和净投资6.政府购买7.净出口8.国内生产净值9.个人可支配收入10.储蓄-投资恒等式1.[解析]GDP又称国内生产总值,是指经济社会(即一国或一地区)在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值之和;GNP又称国民生产总值,是指一国国民所拥有的全部生产要素在一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值之和。

GDP和GNP的关键区别在于“国内”和“国民”。

前者所统计的生产者都在一国(地区)领土内,但未必是本国(地区)公民;后者所统计的生产者都是一国(地区)公民,但未必在该国(地区)领土内。

例如日本人在中国工作,其生产的产品或提供的服务,计人中国的GDP,却计人日本的GNP.2.[解析]在一定时期内生产的并由其最后使用者购买的产品和劳务称为最终产品;用于再出售而供生产别种产品用的产品称为中间产品。

区分最终产品和中间产品,主要是为了避免重复计算。

在实际生活中,有很多产品既可以是最终产品,也可以是中间产品,例如煤炭,卖给消费者家用时就是最终产品,卖给工业企业做燃料时则是中间产品。

3.[解析]名义GDP是用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值;实际GDP是用以前某一年作为基期的价格计算出来的全部最终产品的市场价值。

由于物价不同,名义GDP一般和实际GDP会有些差异,差异越大,说明基期到现期的物价变动越大。

实际GDP=名义GDP=GDP平减指数。

4.[解析]GDP平减指数是名义GDP与实际GDP的比率,它衡量现期一篮子物品相对于基年生产的那一篮子物品市场价格的差异。

计算公式为:GDP平减指数=名义GDP/实际GDP5.[解析]投资指增加或更换资本资产(包括厂房、住宅、机械设备以及存货)的支出。

由于资本在不断地消耗折旧,因此在每年的总投资里,有部分额度需要用于弥补当年的资本折旧,这部分投资是用于重置资本设备的,称为重置投资,余下的部分,则称为净投资。

宏观经济学第13章练习题及答案

宏观经济学第13章练习题及答案

宏观经济学第13章练习题及答案宏观经济学第13章练习题及答案第十三章练习题及答案一、判断1.从根本上说,储蓄就是未来的消费。

()2.边际消费倾向大于0小于1。

()3.消费增量有可能大于收入增量。

()4.利率越高,投资量越少;利率越低,投资量越多。

()5.均衡国民收入就是充分就业的国民收入。

()6.如果政府支出和政府税收同时增加同样多的数量,那么,注入量和漏出量仍然相等,均衡国民收入没有发生变化。

()7.减税对国民收入的影响要小于投资。

()8.投资乘数是大于1的正数。

()9.税收乘数是大于1的正数。

()10.在两部门经济中,如果投资大于储蓄,那么,总需求将小于总供给。

()11.若消费函数为C=0.85Y,则边际消费倾向是新增加1美元收入中消费85美分。

()12.边际储蓄倾向越大,政府购买变动对国民收入的影响就越大。

()13.三部门经济的投资储蓄恒等式为I=S+(T―G)。

()二、单选1.边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和等于1,这是因为()。

A.任何两个边际量相加总是等于1 B.MPC和MPS都是直线C.国民收入的每一美元不是用于消费就是用于储蓄D.经济中的投资水平不变2.满足储蓄等于投资的均衡点使经济稳定是因为()。

A.在这一点上政府停止干预B.任何处于均衡外的经济将回到均衡点C.人们为了有效地使用资源把所有储蓄用于投资D.以上都正确3.如果消费函数为C=100+0.8(Y―T),那么政府支出乘数是()。

A.0.8 B.1.25 C.4 D.54.如果消费函数为C=100+0.8(Y―T),并且税收和政府支出同时增加1美元,则均衡的收入水平将()。

A.保持不变B.增加3美元C.增加1美元D.下降4美元5.国民收入决定理论认为国民收入均衡水平决定于()A.总收入B.总投资C.总需求D.总供给6.如果消费曲线是直线,那么,平均消费倾向()边际消费倾向。

A.大于B.等于C.小于D.以上均不对7.假定其他条件不变,厂商增加投资将引起()。

(完整版)宏观经济学课后答案

(完整版)宏观经济学课后答案

宏观经济学课后答案第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别?为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的,有效的,而从宏观看却是不合理的,无效的?解答:两者之间的区别在于:(1)研究的对象不同。

微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为,而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。

(2)解决的问题不同。

微观经济学要解决资源配置问题,而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。

(3)中心理论不同。

微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论,所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的,而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论,所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。

(4)研究方法不同。

微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法,而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。

两者之间的联系主要表现在:(1)相互补充。

经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。

为此,既要实现资源的最优配置,又要实现资源的充分利用。

微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题,而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。

它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。

(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。

(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。

当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究,即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。

由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同,分析方法也不同,因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的,而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。

例如,在经济生活中,某个厂商降低工资,从该企业的角度看,成本低了,市场竞争力强了,但是如果所有厂商都降低工资,则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强,而且职工整体工资收入降低以后,整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。

同样,一个人或者一个家庭实行节约,可以增加家庭财富,但是如果大家都节约,社会需求就会降低,生产和就业就会受到影响。

宏观经济学习题集第13章答案PPT课件

宏观经济学习题集第13章答案PPT课件

=0.8y-10
均衡收入:y=c+i+g+nx
50+50-0.05y
=0.8y-10+60+
=0.75y+150
解得y == 600,即均衡收入为600。
15
第十三章 简单国民收入决定理 论
三 计算题 3.(2)净出口余额:
nx=50-0.05y=50-0.05×600=20 (3)投资乘数ki= 1/(1-0.8+0.05)=4。 (4) y=c+i+g+nx
• 2.均衡产出(收入)
和总需求相等的产出称为均衡产出或收入。均衡 产出是和总需求相一致的产出,也就是经济社会的收入正 好等于全体居民和企业想要有的支出。
2
第十三章 简Βιβλιοθήκη 国民收入决定理 论• 3.自发消费和引致消费
• 自发消费:收入为0时举债或动用过去的储蓄也必 须要有的基本生活消费。
• 引致消费:由于收入增加所导致的消费。
E=c+i+g=2460+190+250=2900
IU=3000-2900=100
s = 290
8
(3)y=c+i+g c=180+0.8(y-t)
i=200 g=250 t = 150
• 或用投资乘数解答
y2=2550 y2-y=50
9
(4)
y=c+i+g
y3=4850
c=180+0.9(y-t) C=4230
调节机制I:内生性调整 调节机制II:外生性调整
4.乘数(5个) 投资乘数 、 政府购买乘数 、税收乘数 、 转移支付乘数 平衡预算乘数(恒 为1)。
1
第十三章 简单国民收入决定理 论

宏观经济学-习题集第十三章答案

宏观经济学-习题集第十三章答案

s2
s,i s0 s1 i 0 y2
y*
y1
y
6.
政府支出增加,总支出增加,c+i+g曲线上移,与45°线的 交点(均衡点)右移,均衡收入增加。 政府税收增加,可支配收入减少,消费减少,均衡产出减少。 表现在图中,s+t曲线上移,与i+g曲线的交点(均衡点)左移。
c+i+g
c+i+g’ c+i+g
2(1)y
= c +i + g
c = 15+0.75(y + tr -t) t= 6+0.2y g= 10 i= 20 tr = 2 或: s+t-tr=i+g 解得y=105 (2)△y=120-105= 15=△g* kg kg= 1/(1-β(1-t)) β=0.75
y=105
△g=6
(3)政府购买增加直接增加总需求使收入增加,yd增加。又由于c=α+βyd 且 β>0,所以c增加。△y=△yd+△t=△c+△s+△t △t=0.2×△y=0.2×15=3 △yd=△y-△t=15-3=12 △c=0.75×△yd=0.75×12=9,政府购买增加6,可以增加消费需求9.
s,i
投资--储蓄法 s E i y
45 °线法
c+i E IU<0 0 45°
IU>0 c+i
0
y*
y*
y
3.和总需求相等的产出称为均衡产出。在国民收入核算中,实际产出等于计划支 出加非计划存货投资。但在国民收入决定理论中,均衡产出是指与计划需求相 一致的产出。因此,在均衡产出水平上,计划支出和计划产出正好相等,说明 生产的数额正好等于需要支出的数额因此,非计划存货投资等于零。 ∵y=AD=c+i, ∴IU=0
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第十三章 简单国民收入决定理论1.在两部门经济中,均衡发生于( )之时。

A.实际储蓄等于实际投资;B.实际消费加实际投资等于产出值;C.计划储蓄等于计划投资;D.总投资等于企业部门的收入。

解答:C2.当消费函数为c =a +by(a>0,0<b<1),这表明,平均消费倾向( )。

A .大于边际消费倾向;B .小于边际消费倾向;C .等于边际消费倾向;D .以上三种情况都可能。

解答:A3.如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3,投资支出增加60亿元,这将导致均衡收入GDP 增加 ( )。

A . 20亿元;B . 60亿元;C . 180亿元;D . 200亿元。

解答:D4.在均衡产出水平上,是否计划存货投资和非计划存货投资都必然为零?解答:当处于均衡产出水平时,计划存货投资一般不为零,而非计划存货投资必然为零。

这是因为计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分,而均衡产出就是等于消费加计划投资的产出,因此计划存货不一定是零。

计划存货增加时,存货投资就大于零;计划存货减少时,存货投资就小于零。

需要指出的是,存货是存量,存货投资是流量,存货投资是指存货的变动。

在均衡产出水平上,计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分,它不一定是零,但是非计划存货投资一定是零,如果非计划存货投资不是零,那就不是均衡产出了。

比方说,企业错误估计了形势,超出市场需要而多生产了产品,就造成了非计划存货投资。

5.能否说边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向总是大于零而小于1?解答:消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系,又称消费函数。

消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察,一是考察消费支出变动量和收入变动量的关系,这就是边际消费倾向(可以用公式MPC =Δc Δy或MPC =d c d y表示),二是考察一定收入水平上消费支出量和该收入量的关系,这就是平均消费倾向(可以用公式APC =c y表示)。

边际消费倾向总大于零而小于1,因为一般说来,消费者增加收入后,既不会不增加消费即MPC =Δc Δy=0,也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费,一般情况是一部分用于增加消费,另一部分用于增加储蓄,即Δy =Δc +Δs ,因此,Δc Δy +Δs Δy =1,所以,Δc Δy =1-Δs Δy 。

只要Δs Δy不等于1或0,就有0<Δc Δy<1。

可是,平均消费倾向就不一定总是大于零而小于1。

当人们收入很低甚至是零时,也必须消费,哪怕借钱也要消费,这时,平均消费倾向就会大于1。

6.什么是凯恩斯定律,凯恩斯定律提出的社会经济背景是什么?解答:所谓凯恩斯定律是指,不论需求量为多少,经济制度都能以不变的价格提供相应的供给量,就是说社会总需求变动时,只会引起产量和收入的变动,直到供求相等,而不会引起价格变动。

这条定律提出的背景是,凯恩斯写作《就业、利息和货币通论》一书时,面对的是1929—1933年西方世界的经济大萧条,工人大批失业,资源大量闲置。

在这种情况下,社会总需求增加时,只会使闲置的资源得到利用从而使生产增加,而不会使资源价格上升,从而产品成本和价格大体上能保持不变。

这条凯恩斯定律被认为适用于短期分析。

在短期中,价格不易变动,社会需求变动时,企业首先是考虑调整产量而不是变动价格。

7.政府购买和政府转移支付都属于政府支出,为什么计算构成国民收入的总需求时只计进政府购买而不包括政府转移支付,即为什么 y =c +i +g +(x -m )而不是y =c +i +g +t r +(x -m )?解答:政府增加转移支付,虽然对总需求也有影响,但这种影响是通过增加人们的可支配收入进而增加消费支出实现的。

如果把转移支付也计入总需求,就会形成总需求计算中的重复计算。

例如,政府增加10亿元的转移支付,假定边际消费倾向为0.8,则会使消费增加8亿元。

在此,首轮总需求增加是8亿元,而不是18亿元。

但是如果把10亿元转移支付也看作是增加的总需求,那么就是重复计算,即一次是10亿元,一次是8亿元。

8.为什么一些西方经济学家认为,将一部分国民收入从富者转给贫者将提高总收入水平?解答:他们的理由是,富者的消费倾向较低,储蓄倾向较高,而贫者的消费倾向较高(因为贫者收入低,为维持基本生活水平,他们的消费支出在收入中的比重必然大于富者),因而将一部分国民收入从富者转给贫者,可提高整个社会的消费倾向,从而提高整个社会的总消费支出水平,于是总产出或者说总收入水平就会随之提高。

9.为什么政府(购买)支出乘数的绝对值大于政府税收乘数和政府转移支付乘数的绝对值?解答:政府(购买)支出直接影响总支出,两者的变化是同方向的。

总支出的变化量数倍于政府购买的变化量,这个倍数就是政府购买乘数。

但是税收并不直接影响总支出,它通过改变人们的可支配收入来影响消费支出,再影响总支出。

税收的变化与总支出的变化是反方向的。

当税收增加(税率上升或税收基数增加)时,人们可支配收入减少,从而消费减少,总支出也减少。

总支出的减少量数倍于税收的增加量,反之亦然。

这个倍数就是税收乘数。

由于税收并不直接影响总支出,而是要通过改变人们的可支配收入来影响消费支出,再影响总支出,因此税收乘数绝对值小于政府购买支出的绝对值。

例如增加10亿元政府购买,一开始就能增加10亿元总需求,但是减税10亿元,会使人们可支配收入增加10亿元,如果边际消费倾向是0.8,则一开始增加的消费需求只有8亿元,这样政府购买支出的乘数绝对值就必然大于税收乘数的绝对值。

政府转移支付对总支出的影响方式类似于税收,也是间接影响总支出,也是通过改变人们的可支配收入来影响消费支出及总支出;并且政府转移支付乘数和税收乘数的绝对值是一样大的。

但与税收不同的是,政府转移支付是与政府购买总支出同方向变化的,但政府转移支付乘数小于政府购买乘数。

10.平衡预算乘数作用的机理是什么?解答:平衡预算乘数指政府收入和支出以相同数量增加或减少时国民收入变动对政府收支变动的比率。

在理论上,平衡预算乘数等于1。

也就是说政府增加一元钱开支同时增加一元钱税收,会使国民收入增加一元钱,原因在于政府的购买支出乘数大于税收乘数。

如果用公式说明,就是Δt =Δg (假定转移支付t r 不变),而收入的变化是由总支出变化决定的,即Δy =Δc +Δi +Δg ,假定投资不变,即Δi =0,则Δy =Δc +Δg ,而Δc =βΔy d =β(Δy -Δt ),因此,有Δy =β(Δy -Δt )+Δg =β(Δy -Δg )+Δg (因为Δt =Δg ),移项得到Δy (1-β)=Δg (1-β)可见,Δy Δg =1-β1-β=1,即平衡预算乘数(用k b 表示)k b =Δg Δy=1。

这一结论也可以通过将政府购买支出乘数和税收乘数直接相加而得k g +k t =11-β(1-t )+-β(1-t )1-β(1-t )=1 11.为什么有了对外贸易之后,封闭经济中的一些乘数会变小些?解答:在封闭经济中,投资和政府支出增加,国民收入增加的倍数是11-β而有了对外贸易后这一倍数变成了11-β+m(这里β和m 分别表示边际消费倾向和边际进口倾向),显然乘数变小了,这主要是由于增加的收入的一部分现在要用到购买进口商品上去了。

12.税收、政府购买和转移支付这三者对总需求的影响方式有何区别?解答:总需求由消费支出、投资支出、政府购买支出和净出口四部分组成。

税收并不直接影响总需求,它通过改变人们的可支配收入,从而影响消费支出,再影响总需求。

税收的变化与总需求的变化是反方向的。

当税收增加(税率上升或税收基数增加)时,导致人们可支配收入减少,从而消费减少,总需求也减少。

总需求的减少量数倍于税收的增加量,反之亦然。

这个倍数就是税收乘数。

政府购买支出直接影响总需求,两者的变化是同方向的。

总需求的变化量也数倍于政府购买的变化量,这个倍数就是政府购买乘数。

政府转移支付对总需求的影响方式类似于税收,是间接影响总需求,也是通过改变人们的可支配收入,从而影响消费支出及总需求。

并且政府转移支付乘数和税收乘数的绝对值是一样大的。

但与税收不同的是,政府转移支付与政府购买总支出是同方向变化的,但政府转移支付乘数小于政府购买乘数。

上述三个变量(税收、政府购买和政府转移支付)都是政府可以控制的变量,控制这些变量的政策称为财政政策。

政府可以通过财政政策来调控经济运行。

例如,增加1美元的政府支出,一开始就使总需求增加1美元,因为政府购买直接是对最终产品的需求。

可是增加1美元的转移支付和减少1美元的税收,只是使人们可支配收入增加1美元,若边际消费倾向是0.8,则消费支出只增加0.8美元,这0.8美元才是增加1美元转移支付和减税1美元对最终产品需求的第一轮增加,这一区别使政府转移支付乘数与税收乘数大小相等、方向相反,同时使政府购买乘数的绝对值大于政府转移支付乘数和税收乘数的绝对值。

13. 假设某经济的消费函数为c =100+0.8y d ,投资i =50,政府购买性支出g =200,政府转移支付t r =62.5,税收t =250(单位均为10亿美元)。

(1)求均衡收入。

(2)试求投资乘数、政府支出乘数、税收乘数、转移支付乘数、平衡预算乘数。

解答:(1)由方程组可解得y =1 000(亿美元), 故均衡收入水平为1 000亿美元。

(2)我们可直接根据三部门经济中有关乘数的公式,得到乘数值投资乘数:k i =11-β=11-0.8=5 政府支出乘数:k g =5(与投资乘数相等) 税收乘数:k t =-β1-β=-0.81-0.8=-4 转移支付乘数:kt r =β1-β=0.81-0.8=4 平衡预算乘数等于政府支出(购买)乘数和税收乘数之和,即:k b =k g +k t =5+(-4)=114.在上题中,假定该社会达到充分就业所需要的国民收入为1 200,试问:(1)增加政府购买;(2)减少税收;(3)以同一数额增加政府购买和税收(以便预算平衡)实现充分就业,各需多少数额?解答:本题显然要用到各种乘数。

原来均衡收入为1 000,现在需要达到1 200,则缺口Δy =200。

(1)增加政府购买Δg =Δy k g =2005=40。

(2)减少税收Δt =200|k t |=2004=50。

(3)从平衡预算乘数等于1可知,同时增加政府购买200和税收200就能实现充分就业。

15.假定某经济社会的消费函数c =30+0.8y d ,净税收即总税收减去政府转移支付后的金额t n =50,投资i =60,政府购买性支出g =50,净出口即出口减进口以后的余额为nx =50-0.05y ,求:(1)均衡收入;(2) 在均衡收入水平上净出口余额;(3)投资乘数;(4)投资从60增至70时的均衡收入和净出口余额;(5)当净出口从nx =50-0.05y 变为nx = 40-0.05y 时的均衡收入和净出口余额。

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