重庆大学2013-硕士生英语B班期末考试雅思部分复习
重庆大学2015年硕士英语考试
开卷闭卷Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV . Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人： 李雁审题人： 黄萍命题时间：2014.12研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2014～2015 学年第一学期硕士生B类Part I. Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAs a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe’s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans’ private lives.Europe’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe’s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today’s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so.Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage—twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative—dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone.The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn’t leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn’t got time to get lonely because has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult”. Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming”, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don’t last long—if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she’d never have wanted to do what her mother did—give up a career to raise a family. Instead, “I’ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life”.1.More and more young Europeans remain single becauseA. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism.B. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier age.C. they have embraced a business culture of stability.D. they are pessimistic about their economic future.2.What is said about European society in the passage?A. It has fostered the trend towards small families.B. It is getting closer to American-style capitalism.C. It has limited consumer choice despite a free market.D. It is being threatened by irresistible privatization.3.According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles areA. warm and lighthearted.B. on either side of marriage.C. negative and gloomy.D. healthy and wealthy.4.The author quotes Eppendorf to show thatA. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institute for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product hasa radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem，a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet .Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers whichproducts are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 11-15Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.11. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.12. In shops, products shelved at a more _______________ sell better even if they are more expensive.13. According to Mr. Usmani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon, a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.14. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to follow them.15. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 16-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 16-20 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage16. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart and Tesco.17. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.18. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.19. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.20. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Part II. Translation from English to Chinese (20 points) Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Chinese housing prices have been hot social topics in recent years. House prices in medium-and-large cities keep high, with the trend of further going up. Some young people simply cannot afford purchasing any house, while others become mortgage slaves. Mortgage slaves (or house slaves) are a new buzzword that emerged in the society in recent years. Just as the name suggests, house slaves refer to people who are enslaved to mortgage for their houses. These people borrow loans from banks to buy a house and then repay the loans with their lifetime efforts. According to survey by a real estate website, about 32 % of Chinese people paid over 50% of their income as monthly mortgage payment, so they indeed became slaves of the house. While they seem to enjoy some psychological comfort that they have their own houses, they have to bear tremendous stress, with quality of life dropped down significantly．Part III. Translation from Chinese into English (20 points) Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.终身学习是指从学前到退休后获得及更新各种能力，兴趣，知识和资质的过程。
重庆大学09级研究生B类英语试卷
重庆大学09级研究生B类英语试卷2009级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于1-30班)时间: 120分钟2010.1.Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.In some ways the employment interview is like a persuasive speech because the applicant (interviewee) seeks to persuade employer (interviewer) to employ him or her. Several suggestions might prove helpful to the applicant as preparation is made for the actual interview.A job applicant has the responsibility of ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First, the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective. It is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company. Second, the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the company. Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of regional offices, the financial status of the company, plans for expansion, and company philosophy. Information about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals.After gathering information concerning the company, the applicant is ready for the interview. The interviewer’s first impression comes from the interviewee’s appeara nce. For mostinterviews, appropriate dress for man is a conservative dark colored suit with a long sleeve, white or light blue shirt and conservative tie. For women a conservative tailored suit or dress is appropriate. Both men and women should have neat, conservative length hair.Although hairstyle and dress are matters of personal taste, many personnel directors form initial impressions from these characteristics. For example, one recent college graduate, who felt himself qualified, interviewed for a public relations job. However, the personnel manager considered this young man’s l ong hair, sloppy dress, and overly casual manner unsuited for this particular position.1. The purpose of the passage is to .A. tell an interviewee how to prepare for an interviewB. teach the interviewer how to choose applicantC. tell the applicant how to obtain information of the major corporationsD. teach the applicant what clothes to wear2. According to the passage, what the applicant needs not know before the interviewis .A. what kind of job he wants to have and how the job fits in with his careerobjective.B. how to get a promotion in a month’s timeC. how long it would take him to cover the distance from his home to the office.D. how much money the company could afford to pay him.3. Before the interview, the applicant should obtain information concerning .A. how to get on well with the future colleagueB. most major corporationsC. the reasons why he chooses a particular companyD. the expansion plans of the company from reference books and periodical of thecompany he applies to4. According to the passage, who will be most likely to get a good first impression of the interviewer?A. A young woman in fashionable mini-skirtB. A young woman with very short hairC. A young man in old-fashioned but well tailored suitD. A young man in a T-shirt5. Why did the college graduate fail to get that job in the last paragraph?A. Because he was too confident about himselfB. Because he was not a serious personC. Because th e interviewer didn’t like the way he dressed and his manner was toocausalD. Because the personnel director forms his first impression from theinterviewee’s qualificationsPassage TwoWatch children at play. Little girls’ social lives tend to center on a best friend, and they spend a lot of time sitting and talking －and telling secrets. Your best friend is the one you tell everything to. And since talk is the glue that holds relationships together, the details of talk are important: you need to know exactly what was said, in what tone of voice, to gauge the relationship.Boys’ friendships center more on activities. Your best friend is the one you do everything with, the one who will stand up for you if there is a fight. Boys talk to negotiate their positions in a group: if you can tell other boys what to do and make it stick, your status goes up, and you have more independence. If you aren’t good at challenging other boys and resisting challenges, you get pushed around. Conversations about who said what just aren’t that important, so boys don’t learn to pay attention to exactly what was said －unless it meant they got put down or pushed around. It’s not that boys and men don’t spend hours exchanging seemingly unimportant details－it’s just that the details are n’t about relationships and conversations. They’re more likely to be about sports or games. If a man is having an affair, he might not tell anyone at all, because his idea of friendship doesn’t require that he disclose what’s going on in his life. For many women, t hough, intimacy makes it necessary to keep friends informed of what’s going on in your life. That’s what Linda Tripp was counting on.6.According to the author’s observations, which of the following statements is true?A.For boys, talk is useless.B.Talk is a way of raising social status.C.Boys have no use for talk;D. Talk plays an important part in girls’ friendship.7.In the sentence “If you aren’t good at challenging others..., you get pushedaround”, “you get pushed around” probably m eans __________.A. you avoid challenges in a roundabout wayB. you are ordered about by othersC. you get threatenedD. you get punished8.According to the author, if you want to judge how intimate the little girls are,you’ll have to find out________.A. whether they do everything togetherB. the details and the manner of their talkC. how much time they spend talkingD. whether they talk about activities or about relationships9.Men have a different idea of friendship from women’s in that _________.A. they must tell each other secretsB.they never talk about unimportant detailsC. they don’t consider it necessary to talk about their private lifeD. they pay no attention to exactly what was said10.The main idea of this passage is ________.A. to show the difference between boys and girls in their social lifeB. to discuss the behavioral patterns of boys and girlsC. to point out that girls pay attention to details in their friendshipD. to instruct boys and girls in handling social relationshipsPassage ThreeMore and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to getaway without punishment.It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away notonly unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck.For example, a certain keypunch(键盘打孔) operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards he was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off(向……透露) the company that was being robbed. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled(耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants , and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.11. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A. it is still impossible to detect computer crimes todayB. computer crimes are the most serious problem in the operation of financialinstitutionC. computer criminals can escape punishment because they can't be detectedD. people commit computer crimes at the request their company12. It is implied in the third paragraph that __________.A. many more computer crimes go undetected than are discoveredB. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problemC. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimesD. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their bad luck13. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.B. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information.C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputationD. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.14. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught?A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find another job.B. They may walk away and easily find another job.C. They will be denied access to confidential records.D. They must leave the country or go to jail.15. The passage is mainly about __________.A. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections.B. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishmentC. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendation from theirformer employersD. why computer crimes can't be eliminatedPassage FourIf civilizations exist around other stars, they are probably beginning to emerge right now, according to Space Telescope Science Institute theorist Mario Livio. He will detail his theory in a paper to be published in the Astrophysical Journal.Livio emphasizes that his theoretical work doesn’t necessarily mean extraterrestrial civilizations really exist ─ but it shows that they cannot be d ismissed.Some theorists believe that intelligent life forms, if they exist at all, appear on planets at some random time in the parent star’s life. If this is true, our chances of discovering them ─ or of being discovered by them ─ would be slim, making earthlings a lonely, isolated quirk of cosmic evolution.Instead, Livio makes the case for a possible causal link between the sun’s lifetime and the appearance of intelligent life on earth. This link should hold true for sun-like stars elsewhere in the universe, he says, offering an equal opportunity for intelligent life to arise somewhere else in space.The second part of Livio’s case is based on the possibility that carbon ─ the fundamental building block of life as we knowit ─ may not have been widely available until the universe reached about half its present age.Given the added billions of years required for biological evolution to take place, intelligent carbon-based life could not have made an appearance any earlier than roughly three billion years ago.Livio points out that before the universe could make life that is in any way like us, it had to make carbon atoms. Carbon is created by nuclear fusion in the hearts of early stars, and then ejected when the stars lose their outer gas layers and leave their cores behind as white dwarfs. Though life first emerged on earth a few hundred million years after earth’s formation, it took a vastly longer time ─ nearly three billion years ─ for the first multi-celled organisms to appear. And then it took almost another billion years before life emerged from the sea onto the land.The earliest humans appeared less than four million years ago ─ at about the halfw ay point in our sun’s lifetime. If this were purely coincidental, as other theoreticians have argued, then it would take much longer than the life of a star for most civilizations to arise. This would make it unlikely that extraterrestrial civilization could come about at all: we would be alone in the universe, a mere novelty, a cosmic accident.Because sunlight provides far more energy for life than other chemical processes, biological evolution is intimately linked to the sun’s behavior, Livio maintains. The complex evolution of our atmosphere is interrelated with the sun. For example, our planet’s atmosphere had to develop ozone to block ou t destructive UV radiation from the sun before animals could emerge on the land.Livio says that other civilizations should also emerge notmuch sooner or later than about halfway through their parent star’s life cycle.If Livio is correct, and the Galaxy is blooming with new civilizations, then where are they and why haven’t they visited us?Livio cautions that his work does not prove the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations, but only points out that earlier conclusions that they do not exist may be premature. He adds that it’s risky to think such civilizations would colonize the Galaxy. “This assumes we have even the vaguest understanding of the psychology of extraterrestrial civilizations,” he says.Livio cautions: “It’s impossible to imagine the t hinking of a civilization which might have evolved a million of years ahead of humans. We could be about as uninteresting to them as an amoeba is to us. Actual proof will have to await advances in biology and astronomy.”Meanwhile, Livio’s theory tells us that if there are other civilizations out there, now is their time.16. Mario Livio believes that ________.A. our chances of discovering intelligent life forms on other planets are slimB. our chances of being discovered by intelligent life on other planets are slimC. it is possible for intelligent life to evolve on planets in sun-like star systemsD. the existence of intelligent life on other planets is likely to coincide with thatof human beings17. Which of the following is not mentioned in this text?A. It would take at least three to four billion years for life toemerge on any planetin the universe.B. Only a few hundred million years after the formation of earth did first lifeappear on earth.C. The length of time for human beings to evolve on earth is much longer thanthe life of many stars in the universe.D. Carbon should be made much earlier than the appearance of intelligentcarbon-based life on any planet.18. Which of the following statements concerning “carbon” is true?A. Carbon must have been created on earth much earlier than human beings.B. Carbon is the fundamental element on which any life in the universe must bebased.C. Carbon isn’t an element sea life is based on.D. Carbon is usually created several billions of years after the birth of a new star.19. According to the paper written by Mario Livio, ________.A. substantial evidences have been found to prove the existence of extraterrestrialcivilizations in the universeB. the existence of intelligent life in outer space has not been verifiedC. it’s time for human beings to come across extraterrestrial creaturesD. extraterrestrial civilizations evolved millions of years aheadof humans20.By “now is their time” (at the end of the passage), Livio means that ________.A. it is time for these civilizations to dominate the GalaxyB. it is the time of the civilizations to develop rapidlyC. it is time for the civilizations to evolveD. it is probably the time for these civilizations to begin to emergePart II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.As devastating as it was, the Black Death marked the last time that natural disaster would stop population growth worldwide. By 1600, agricultural advances, such as crop rotation and fertilization, and very rudimentary health measures, had brightened humanity’s prospects. Population began to increase in Europe. The industrial Revolution accelerated the process by boosting incomes and making food cheaper. Even when famine hit one region, trains began to bring in excess grain －something that would have been too expensive for packhorses in medieval times. Mortality rates fell even faster when cities adopted elementary sanitation practices, such as treating sewage and providing clean drinking water. Individuals could afford soap and their industrially made cotton clothes proved far easier to clean than their pre-industrial woolens.Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.电视早已成为大众媒介。
英语期末考试试卷
英语期末考试试卷重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷2012 ~2013 学年 第 一 学期（春、秋）开课学院： 课程编号： 考试日期：考试方式：开卷闭卷 其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-15 30points; 16-25 10points)1. ( )2. ( )3. ( )4. ( )5. ( )6. ( )7. ( )8. ( )9. ( ) 10. ( ) 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )21.( ) 22.( ) 23.( ) 24.( ) 25.( )Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV . Writing ( 20 points)(请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.)命题（组题）人：黄萍李雁审题人： 黄萍命题时间：2012.12研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2012～2013 学年第一学期硕士生B类Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OnePsychologists agree that I.Q. contributes only about 20 percent of the factors that determine success. A full 80 percent comes from other factors，including what I call emotional intelligence. Following are two of the major qualities that make up emotional intelligence，and how they can be developed：1. Self-awareness. The ability to recognize a feeling as it happens is the keystone of emotional intelligence. People with greater certainty about their emotions are better pilots of their lives.Developing self-awareness requires tuning in to what neurologist Antonio Damasio calls “gut feelings”。
重庆大学2014硕士生英语复习大纲(B类)
成绩评定：出勤10% 平时作业10% 课堂参与10% 口试20% 期末笔试50%期末笔试（总分100分）：阅读40% 两篇为相当于六级难度的阅读理解客观题，一篇为主观阅读理解题，类似于雅思题型：翻译30%英译汉和汉译英各占15%，两类翻译都为课外内容，段落翻译，难易度适中，主要考查基本翻译技能。
写作30% 根据一篇字数为一千字左右的文章（可以是泛学术文章）写summary，字数大概为200字左右。
Part I. Reading Comprehension 40% 水平考试（1-15题30points （六级阅读）; 16-25题（雅思阅读）10points）1．题型(Topic paragraph & sentence; supporting paragraph & sentences; conclusion) A．General Questions: based on the topic or main idea of the passageB. Specific Questions: based on a sentence or a group of sentences in the passageC. Vocabulary: guess the meaning of unfamiliar words or phrasesD. Inference: understand the implied meaning of what is said2. 答题要领A. Read the passage quickly, focus on the topic and the main information of the passage:B. Answer the general questionse.g. What is the title/topic/subject/theme/main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about? What is the author’s purpose/attitude?C. Answer the other questionsa. Read a question and find the key words in it;b. Find the same words or the synonym in the passage;c. Find the information concerning the key words in the passaged. Read the four choices and choose the one that has the same meaning with the statements in the passage.Part II. Translation from English into Chinese (15%) (见课堂练习)1. 答题要领A. Divide the sentence into sense groups (意群);B. Analyze the structure of the sentence down to the elements;C. Translate the sense groups one by one;D. Organize the Chinese into a grammatical Chinese sentence,Pay attention to: division, order, means of expression, additionE. Check Chinese version against English.e.g. Theory plays the same role / in economics, geography and economic geography / inspite of the differences / in disciplinary goals / and in the levels of theoreticaldevelopment / achieved.译文：尽管经济学、地理和经济地理这三门学科在各自的学科目标和所取得的理论发展水平上有所不同，但理论在这些学科中所起的作用是相同的。
重庆大学2013-硕士生英语B班期末考试复习大纲
2012级（秋）硕士生《基础英语》考室安排考试时间：第19周星期六（2013年1月12日）上午9：00----11：00考试地点：？接研究生院通知，本学期研究生基础英语期末考试定在第19周星期六上午九点至11点进行，请通知学生做好准备：1. 考试的教室尚在安排之中，请学生注意看研究生院在网上的通知和学生的个人平台；2. 学生考试时需提前15分钟到指定教室参加考试；3. 学生考试时需带有效身份证件；4. 缓考，重修的学生需在考试之前一周之内到研究生院培养办登记，方能参加考试，否则后果自负。
Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%) 水平考试(见Reading 10; 雅思阅读及各单元补充试题)Topic paragraph & sentences; supporting paragraphs & sentences; conclusion; transitional words or phrasesPart II. Translation from English into Chinese (20%) (见参考译文)Part III. Translation from Chinese into English (20%) 水平考试(见以下补充练习)汉译英提示1：主语确定原则由于英语是主语显著语(subject-prominent language), 构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上，主语决定了句法结构；汉语为语义性语言，其中主语的重要性相对较低，无主语的现象比比皆是。
因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语，主语选择成功了，句子越翻越顺；选择失败，考生越翻越累。
主语的确定归根结底有三种方法：使用原主语；重新确定主语；增补主语。
1. （使用原主语）你看到的是半杯水还是杯中空的一半呢？你关注的是炸面包圈（doughnut）还是其中的空洞呢？当科研人员研究积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调（clichés）徒然间都是科学问题了。
重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语
重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语In the realm of postgraduate entrance exams, the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam stands out as a crucial component that challenges the linguistic proficiency and analytical skills of aspirants. This section demands a thorough understanding of the English language, encompassing various aspects such as vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Given its significance, it's imperative for candidates to approach this section with the utmost seriousness and preparation.To ace the Comprehensive English section, candidates must first familiarize themselves with the exam format and the types of questions that are commonly asked. Thisinvolves understanding the distribution of marks, the reading comprehension passage styles and lengths, and the expected response formats for writing and translation tasks. By having a clear understanding of the structure,candidates can allocate their study time and efforts more effectively.Vocabulary mastery is another cornerstone of success in this section. Candidates must be able to recognize and correctly use high-level vocabulary that is commonly foundin academic texts. This requires regular practice and revision of vocabulary lists, as well as reading a wide range of materials to familiarize oneself with the natural flow and context of these words.Grammar is also crucial, as it forms the backbone ofthe English language. Candidates must have a solid grasp of the basic rules of grammar, including sentence structure, tenses, voice, and mood. Additionally, they should be ableto identify and correct grammatical errors in written texts, as this is a common requirement in the exam.Reading comprehension is a significant aspect of the Comprehensive English section. Candidates must be able to quickly and accurately understand the main ideas, arguments, and details presented in the passages. This requires notonly a good vocabulary and grammar base but also theability to skim and scan texts efficiently. Regularpractice with reading comprehension exercises can help candidates improve their speed and accuracy.Writing skills are also tested in this section, often through tasks such as essay writing or letter writing. Candidates need to demonstrate their ability to structure a coherent argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and maintain a logical flow of ideas. Practicing writing sample essays and letters, as well as receiving feedback on their work, can help candidates improve their writing skills.Translation tasks, which may involve translating English passages into Chinese or vice versa, require a high level of linguistic proficiency. Candidates must be able to capture the essence of the original text while maintaining the correct syntactical structure and vocabulary usage in the target language. This requires a deep understanding of both languages and regular practice with translation exercises.Lastly, candidates should focus on developing theirtest-taking strategies. This includes learning to manage their time effectively during the exam, prioritizing questions based on difficulty and familiarity, and guessing intelligently when faced with unfamiliar questions. Takingmock exams and analyzing their performances can help candidates identify their weaknesses and develop strategies to address them.In conclusion, mastering the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the exam format, thorough preparation in all language areas, regular practice, and strategic test-taking abilities. By approaching thissection with these key elements in mind, candidates can increase their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in their postgraduate entrance exams.**重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语解析与备考策略** 在重庆大学研究生考试中，综合英语部分占据着举足轻重的地位，它不仅是对考生语言能力的检验，更是对他们分析能力的挑战。
重庆大学硕士研究生(英语)课程试卷 研究生B类
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2015~2016 学年 第 二 学期（春）开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A考试日期： 2016.06.19考试方式：开卷闭卷其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, each item 2points)Passage One 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( )Passage Two 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )Passage Three 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )Passage Four 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人：审题人：命题时间：2016.06研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2015～2016 学年第二学期硕士生B类The Final Written Examination for Postgraduates(Level B)Part I Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S. , thin is "in", fat is "out".It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America's obsession with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising every day. 1. From the passage we can infer taboo is ______.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB. a crime committed on impulseC. behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyesD. an unfavorable impression left on other people2. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude "being fat"_______.A. will always remain a tabooB. is not considered a taboo by most peopleC. has long been a tabooD. may no longer be a taboo some day3. The topic of fat is _______ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than4. In the U. S., thin is "in", fat is "out", this means _______.A. thin is "inside", fat is "outside"B. thin is "diligent", fat is "lazy"C. thin is "youthful", fat is "spiritless"D. thin is "fashionable", fat is "unfashionable"5. The main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is _______.A. their changed life-styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companiesPassage TwoOpinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and someof the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.B. Unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized nations.C. The industrial age may now be coming to an end.D. Some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more people cope with theproblem of unemployment.7. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of employment?A. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries.B. The development of factories.C. Relief from housework on the part of women.D. Development of modern means of transportation.8. It can be inferred from the passage that____.A. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment maynot be solved within a short period of timeB. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructedC. in preindustrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried outby womenD. some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age brought have beenreversed9. What does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?A. ShockingB. InterestingC. ConfusingD. Stimulating10. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to cope with the currentsituation?A. Create situations in which people work for themselves.B. Treat employment as the norm.C. Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of production.D. Encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal working conditions. Passage ThreeNo one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstances. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole.The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales person would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. The entire information and entertainment industry would collapse.11.The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to __________ .A. plead for the abolition of uniformsB. show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic societyC. advocate stronger government controls on the wearing of uniformsD. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages12.Why does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car or eat the same food?A. To show that freedom of choice is absolute.B. To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives of individual.C. To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.D. To predict the way the society will be in the next few generations.13.Which of the following statements is the opinion of those who support uniforms?A. The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.B. Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger concept.C. Uniforms will hurt the entire information and entertainment industry.D. Envy and competition are incentive to improve one’s life.14.The word “superfluous” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means __________ .A. surplusB. indispensableC. availableD. supplementary15.The next paragraph in this passage might discuss __________ .A. the positive effects of wearing uniformsB. more negative effects of wearing uniformsC. an alternative to wearing uniformsD. The legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniformsPassage FourWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher no less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.16. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. Philosophy of mathematics.B. The Recent Growth in Science.C. The Verification of Facts.D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.17. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days ofthe ancient Greeks and in modern times is_________________.A. the similarity between the two periodsB. that it was an act of GodC. that both tried to develop the inductive methodD. due to the decline of the deductive method18. The difference between “fact” and “theory”A. is that the latter needs confirmation.B. rests on the simplicity of the former.C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.D. helps us to understand the deductive method.19. According to the author, mathematics is __________________.A. an inductive scienceB. in need of simple verificationC. a deductive scienceD. based on fact and theory20. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called_______________.A. a metaphorB. a paradoxC. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD. a punPart II Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your answer sheet.Why is cross-cultural knowledge and understanding so important? The American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin wrote that time is money. Globe-trotting businesspeople would add that being aware of cultural differences and sensitivities is money, too. Failing to grasp the subtleties that lie beyond such public cultural displays like greeting rituals and seating arrangements can make the difference between a truly successful international business transaction and one that fails to connect. Culture affects the most basic forms of personal and business interaction from decision making to management style. National culture, in turn, determines corporate culture, affecting a firm’s internal structure, its marketing behavior and its view of foreign business partners and contracts. The business world is littered with “international” projects that failed to overcome cultural barriers. If you have doubts that cultural insensitivity can translate into business problems on a megascale. Part III Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your answer sheet.掌握英语不仅可以改进你的思维方式，它还给你信心，令你自信，带给你鲜明的个性，使你更受欢迎。
重庆大学2013-硕士生英语B班期末考试阅读理解例题Reading-comprehension
成败：Passage 1In one way of thinking, failure is also part of life. In another way, failure may be a way towards success. The “spider-story” is often told. Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English. He watched a spider spinning a web. The spider tried to reach across a rough place in the rock. He tried six times to span the gap. On the seventh time, he made it and went on to spin his web. Bruce is said to have taken heart (become encouraged or more confident) and to have gone on to defeat the English. Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one. Once he was asked why he kept on trying to make a new type of battery when he had failed so often. He replied, “Failure? I have no failures. Now I know 50,000 ways it won’t work.”So what (如此那又如何)? First, always think about your failure. What caused it? Were conditions right? Were you in top form yourself? What can you change so things will go right next time?Second, is the goal you are trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about this question, “If I do succeed in this, where will it get me?” This may help you prevent failure in things you shouldn’t be doing anyway.The third thing to bear in mind about failure is that it’s part of life. Learn to “live with yourself” even though you may have failed. Remember, “You can’t win them all.”1. This passage deals with ___________ .A. failure and successB. two sides of failureC. the “spider-story” C. the invention of light bulb2. In the first paragraph, the author talks mainly about .A. the value of failureB. how people failC. famous failuresD. how not to fail3. Robert Bruce was put in the passage to show that .A. failure must come before successB. failure isn’t all badC. nature will help us if we let itD. people who fail have plenty of company4. One thing the writer doesn’t tell you to do to cope with failure is to .A. check out your goals to see if they are right for youB. think about failure as part of lifeC. think about failure to find out what went wrongD. avoid things that are beyond you5. Even if we have failed, we should __________ .A. not think about it any moreB. take it easyC. learn to live with others in the same houseD. learn to accept it babdd通识教育：Passage Two“The more you learn, the more you earn,”said the pop singer Cindy Lauper as she accepted her high school diploma—at the age of 35! Although Cindy made it without a high school degree, most people don’t. In the U.S.A. today, about 75% of jobs require some education or technical training beyond high school. The lowest wage earners in the U.S.A. are those without high school degrees; college graduates outearn those without college education; people with master’s degrees outearn those with only a bachelor’s; and thehighest incomes of all are earned by people with advanced professional or academic degrees. These generalizations explain why the majority of young Americans go to college. However, despite the averages, more diplomas don’t always mean more money. Many skilled blue-collar workers, salespeople, and business executives outearn college professors and scientific researchers. And great athletes and entertainers outearn everyone else!But a college education is not only preparation for a career; it is also (or should be) preparation for life. In addition to courses in their major field of study, most students have time to take elective courses. They may take classes that help them understand more about human nature, government, the arts, sciences, or whatever else interests them.Going to college is becoming the automatic next step after high school. Today, more than half of American high school graduates enroll in college. But recent high school graduates no longer dominate the college campuses. Today, it is quite common for adults of all ages to come back to college either for career advancement or personal growth. By 2000, about half of all American college students were older than 25 and 20% of them were over 35.6. We can learn from Cindy’s story that ___________ .A. people cannot be successful without a high school diplomaB. Cindy was not successful until she got her high school diplomaC. Cindy would surely continue her higher educationD. Cindy dropped out of high school when she was young.7. The main idea of this passage is that _________ .A. it is never too old to go to collegeB. why Americans go to collegeC. more diplomas don’t always mean more moneyD. most jobs require some education beyond high school8. On average, the highest income earners are _________ .A. master and Ph. D holdersB. blue-collars and salespeopleC. professors and scientific researchersD. sports and music stars9. All of the following is mentioned as the functions of college education except that .A. It is preparation for a successful lifeB. it is preparation for a careerC. it can make people’s life more colorfulD. it can help people understand more about human nature10. More adult Americans are going back to college in order to _______ .A. get promotionB. raise their social status dbdccC. have a better job or better lifeD. meet the demands of their employers人类需求理论：Passage ThreeMost conceptions of the process of motivation begin with the assumption that behavior is, at least in part, directed towards the attainment of goals or towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Accordingly, it is appropriate to begin our consideration of motivation in the work place by examining the motives for working. Simon points out that an organization should be able to secure the participation of a person by offering him inducements (引诱; 诱因; 刺激) which contribute in some way to at least one of his goals. The kinds of inducements offered by an organization are varied, and if they are effective in maintaining participation they mustnecessarily be based on the needs of the individuals.Maslow examines in detail what these needs are. He points out not only that there are many needs ranging from basic physiological drives such as hunger to a more abstract desire for self-realization, but also that they are arranged in a hierarchy（等级制度）whereby (by which) the lower-order needs must to a large degree be satisfied before the higher-order ones come into play (begin to be active or have an influence).One of the most obvious ways in which work organizations attract and retain members is through the realization that economic factors are not the only inducement for working as indicated by Morse and Weiss. In line with (in accordance with) the social respect and self-realization needs discussed by Maslow, factors such as associations with others, self-respect gained through the work, and a high interest value of the work can serve effectively to induce people to work.11. Simon points out that ________.A. the needs of individuals range from hunger to self-realizationB. effective inducements must be based on what individuals wantC. economic factors are not the only inducement for workingD. inducements must not be too varied12. According to Maslow, a work organization is able to motivate people to work by _____.A. satisfying their physiological needsB. satisfying their self-realization needsC. satisfying hierarchy of their higher-order needD. first satisfying their lower-order needs13. Lower-order needs concern a person's ____________.A. essential physical needs C. self-realizationB. self-respect D. working relationships with others14. Which of the following is NOT a higher need that attracts people to work?A. Association with others. C. Interest value of the work.B. Possibility of earning a good salary D. Cultivation of self-respect.15. Which of the following statements may be supported by Morse and Weiss?A. Physiological needs are the most basic.B. There is a hierarchy of needs that must be met.C. Economic factors are the greatest inducement.D. Personal esteem and the gaining of power is the most important factor. bdabc不平等问题：Passage FourThese days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés (陈词滥调) of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited (声名狼藉). The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out (support) the claim.It is a fallacy (谬见) to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature distributes brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. R ewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy’ (贵族统治) read ‘meritocracy’ (精英统治); in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.Genuine ability, animal cunning (狡诈), skill, the knack (技巧;诀窍) of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their chil dren, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay (口头支持) to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate (永久存在) itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately (不加鉴别地) to further political ends (aims or purposes). It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down (归结为) to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.16. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.B. Equality means money.C. There is no such society as classless society.D. Nature can’t give you a classless society.17.According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid of inequalitybecause _______________.A. the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.B. nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.C. material rewards are for genuine ability.D. people have the freedom how to educate their children.18.Who can obtain more rapid success?A. Those with the best opportunities.B. Those with the best brains.C. Those with wealth.D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.19.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent?Because ________________.A. money decides everything.B. private schools offer advantages over state schools.C. people are free to choose the way of educating their children.D. wealth is used for political ends.20.According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers to ________________.A. genius and stupidity.B. different opportunities for people.C. oppressor and the oppressed.D. the rich and the poor. abcad博弈论：Passage FiveEconomics has often been criticized as a science concerned only with the short term, to the exclusion of consideration of how short term goals affect long-term consequences. While it is true that economics is generally focused on achieving short-term maximization of resources, it must be kept in mind that the long term is never neglected. One of the most intrinsic concepts in the field of economics is game theory, which examines how the choices immediately facing an individual will affect his subsequent breadth of choices that emerge afterward.For example, consider the case of a manager of a business who must decide whether to create a shoddy product, aware of the fact that ignorant buyers will buy an equal amount of the item regardless of its quality, since they know nothing about it yet. Assume that creating a shoddy product is less expensive than creating merchandise of higher quality. Short-term economics would argue that it is the best course of action for the manager to create the low-quality item, since the same reward would be achieved for a lower price.More properly applied economics, however, would demand further consideration, taking into account the long-term. While creating a shoddy product in the long term would boost short-term profits, it would also cause buyers not to purchase from the manager’s company in the future, resulting in a significant loss in long-term profits. Consequently, the boost in short term profit would have to be weighed against the loss in long-term profits, providing a more realistic and applicable aspect to the decision making process. When game theory comes into play, economics becomes a more useful tool in real world situations.Have examined the way in which game theory is applied, its name now makes sense. Game theory is similar to a chess game, in which the effects of one’s choices on the other players in the “game” must be considered prior to action. In that sense, the application of economics to practical decision-making becomes at once more complicated yet more sensible. One must always be thinking ahead and anticipating future scenarios based on current situations, for although economics is concerned with maximization, maximization is a long-term, not a short-term, goal.21. According to the passage, which of the following is not necessarily true?A. Excluding game theory, economics is a short-sighted science.B. Game theory is only properly applied when future decisions are considered.C. Maximization is a goal that can only be achieved in the long-term.D. Game theory leads managers to make correct decisions with the application ofeconomics.22. In Para. 3, “…the boost in short term profit would have to be weighed against the loss inlong-term profits…” indicates that _______________.A. long-term profits are more important than short-term profitsB. both the long-term and the short-term effects must be considered when makingdecisionsC. boosts in short-term profits are most often less than loss in long-term profitsD. if decreases in long-term profits exceed increases in short-term profits, the action isnot advisable23. The passage shows that the author views economics as _____________.A. a science useful for decision-making in both the long and the short term, asdemonstrated by the example of game theoryB. an entirely applicable science, despite common criticisms of short-sightednessC. a short sighted science, except for the concept of game theoryD. the most practical and useful method by which to determine the proper solutions tolong and short term questions24. The main purpose of Para. 4 is to _____________.A. reiterate the argument that economics is not a short-sighted scienceB. summarize the preceding argument presented in the textC. state the concept of game theory’s application to economics in a condensed versionD. lead the reader to a conclusion supported by the author25. From the passage we learn that ____________.A. game theory is arguably the most important aspect of applied economicsB. most people are unaware of the existence of game theory in economics, thus spurringcriticismC. without game theory, economics is of very little use to practical decision-makingD. game theory makes applied economics more practical and useful cbacd择业：Passage SixThere are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists”. And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for oth er people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist―-and especially the administrator—-deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated” man; and humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you ―― but this is pure accident.Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand your-self and your fitness for being an employee.26. There is an increasing demand for ______ .A. all-round people in their own fieldB. people whose jo b is to organize other people’s workC. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professionalD. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others27. The specialist is ________ .A. a man whose job is to train other peopleB. a man who has been trained in more than one fieldC. a man who can see the forest rather than the treesD. a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters28. The administrator is _______ .A. a “trained” man who is more a specialist than a generalistB. a man who sees the trees as well as the forestC. a man who is very strong in the humanitiesD. a man who is an “educated” specialist29. During your training period, it is important ______ .A. to try to be a generalistB. to choose a profitable jobC. to find an organization which fits youD. to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist30. A man’s first job __________.A. is never the right job for himB. should not be regarded as his final jobC. should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any jobD. is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job bdcdb求职/简历：Passage SevenThere is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper-classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant招聘”, although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted 求职”, alt hough it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae (cv) or job history (US also resume)”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, areflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae, with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average lev el of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in these days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter that would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for.” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.31. The new type of advertisement that is appearing in newspaper columns__________.A. informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB. promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work32. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because____.A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work33. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would__________________.A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview34. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in theletter_____.A. something that would attract attention to one’s applicationB. a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC. something that would offend the person reading itD. a lie that one could readily get away with telling35. The job history has become such an important document because____________.A. there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB. there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degreesC. jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD. the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated bcdab克隆人：Passage EightMerely mentioning these beneficial uses of cloning raises difficult ethical questions. The bright hope of gene therapy is dimmed somewhat by the reawaking of eugenic fears. If we can manipulat e embryos to prevent disease, why not go further and seek “enhancements” of human abilities? Greater disease resistance, strength and intelligence all beckon alluringly, but questions abound. Will we be tampering with the diversity that has been the mainstay of human survival in the past? Who will choose the alleged enhancements, and what will prevent a repetition of the terrible racist and coercive eugenic programs of the past?Even if it proves physically safe the resulting children, human cloning raises its own share of ethics dilemmas. Many wonder, for example, about the psychological well-being of a cloned child. What does it mean in terms of intrafamily relations for someone to be born the identical twin of his or her parent? What pressures will a cloned child experience if, from his or her birth onward, he or she is constantly being compared to an esteemed or beloved person who has already lived? The problem may be more acute if parents seek to replace a diseased child with a cloned replica. Is there, as some ethicists have argued, a “right to one’s unique genotype”, or genetic code ---- a right that cloning violates? Will cloning lead to even more serious violations of human dignity? Some fear that people may use cloning to produce a subordinate class of humans created as tissue or organ donors.Some of these fears are less substantial than others. Existing laws and institutions should protect people produced by cloning from exploitation. Cloned humans could no more be “harvested” for their organs than people can be today. The more subtle psychological and familial harms are a worry, but they are not unique to cloning. Parents have always imposed unrealistic expectations on their children, and in the wake of (following sth) widespread divorce and remarriage we have grown familiar with unusual family structures and relationships. Clearly, the initial efforts at human cloning will require good counseling for the parents and careful follow-up of the children. What is needed is caution, not necessarily prohibition.36. The paragraph preceding this passage probably discusses __________.A. the ways cloned children are createdB. how cloned humans can get benefitsC. what the life of cloned children will be likeD. how people can take advantage of cloning37. Which of the following is not one of the ethics dilemmas raised by human cloning?A. How to deal with intrafamily relations for someone who is the identical twin of his father?B. A great child will experience great pressure if compared to a late scientistC. To cure a diseased child with donated organs.D. The physical well-being of a cloned child38. The harm that may be done to cloned humans and is unique to cloning is __________ .A. the difficult situation that they face in their familyB. the great pressure that they may sufferC. to use them as tissue or organ donorsD. to hurt them psychologically39. The author’s attitude towards human cloning is that __________ .A. it should be decided by the parentB. it may be carried out with great careC. it should be prohibited absolutelyD. it depends on the suggestion of the parents40. Which of the following is not true?A. The diversity of humans has been important for human survival. dccbcB. Laws should protect cloned people from being used as organ donors.C. Divorce and remarriage have rarely changed usual family structures and relationships.D. Cloned children may be physically right but difficult to achieve psychological well-being.营销文化：Passage NineSucces sful international marketing doesn’t stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, level of literacy, religion, or economic development of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, when a popular American designer tried to introduce a new perfume in the Latin American market, the product aroused little interest and the company lost a lot of money. Ads for the new fragrance highlighted its fresh camellia scent. What marketers had failed to realize was that camellias are traditionally used for funeral in many South American countries.Procter and Gamble has been successful in marketing its products internationally for many years. T oday, overseas markets accounts for over one third of its sales. However, the company’s success in this area didn’t happen overnight. Procter and Gamble initially experienced huge los ses because marketing managers did not recognize important cultural differences. For instance, when P& G first entered the Japanese market with its popular Cheer laundry detergent, most Japanese housewives weren’t interested. The promotional campaign that emphasized Cheer as an effective “all temperature” detergent was lost on the Japanese who usually wash clothes in cold water. Although the ad had been quite successful in the United States where clothes are washed in all temperatures, it fell flat in Japan. All of this could have been avoided if P&G marketers had done more preliminary research before launching the campaign. Once P&G changed its strategy and promised superior cleaning in cold water, sales for Cheer picked up dramatically.The use of numbers can also be a source of problems for international marketers. Since every culture has its own set of lucky and unlucky numbers, companies need to do their homework if they want to avoid marketing blunders. A. U. S. manufacturer of golf balls learned this lesson the hard way when it packaged its product in groups of four for export to Japan. The company couldn’t figure out why the golf balls weren’t selling well until it realized that in Japanese the word for the number four also means death. In Japan four and nine are very unlucky numbers which should be avoided by marketers.Even illustrations need to be carefully examined. A picture that is culturally offensive can ruin an advertisement even if the written message is properly translated. McDonnell Douglas。
2006~2012重庆大学研究生期末考试历年试题和答案总结
2006~2012重庆大学研究生期末考试历年试题和答案总结2006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于30-53班)时间: 150分钟2007.7.7Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then selectthe best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneMost conceptions of the process of motivation begin with the assumption that behavior is, at least in part, directed towards the attainment of goals or towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Accordingly, it is appropriate to begin our consideration of motivation in the work place by examining the motives for working. Simon points out that an organization should be able to secure the participation of a person by offering him inducements(引诱)which contribute in some way to at leastone of his goals. The kinds of inducements offered by anorganization are varied, and if they are effective in maintaining participation they must necessarily be based on the needs of the individuals.Maslow examines in detail what these needs are. He points out not only that there are many needs ranging from basic physiological drives such as hunger to a more abstract desire for self-realization, but also that they are arranged in a hierarchy(等级制度)whereby the lower-order needs must to a large degree be satisfied before the higher-order ones come into play.One of the most obvious ways in which work organizations attract and retain members is through the realization that economic factors are not the only inducement for working as indicated by Morse and Weiss. In line with the social respect and self-realization needs discussed by Maslow, factors such as associations with others, self-respect gained through the work, and a high interest value of the work can serve effectively to induce people to work.1. According to Maslow, a work organization is able to motivate people to work by_______.A. satisfying their physiological needsB. satisfying their self-realization needsC. satisfying hierarchy of their higher-order needD. first satisfying their lower-order needs2. Lower-order needs concern a person's _______.A. essential physical needs C. self-realizationB. self-respect D. working relationships with others 3. Which of the following is NOT a higher need that attracts people to work? A.Association with others. C. Interest value of the work. B. Possibility of earning a good salary . D. Cultivation of self-respect.14. Which of the following statements may be supported by Morse and Weiss? A. Physiological needs are the most basic.B. There is a hierarchy of needs that must be met.C. Economic factors are the greatest inducement.D. Personal esteem and the gaining of power is the most important factor. 5. Simon points out that ________.A. the needs of individuals range from hunger to self-realizationB. effective inducements must be based on what individuals wantC. economic factors are not the only inducement for workingD. inducements must not be too variedPassage TwoAccording to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistentevidence that there is any category of ―natural leaders‖. It seemsthat there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of thatparticular group.Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to ―get things done‖. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well beings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit(阻碍) attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The problems faced by leaders.B. How leadership differs in small and large groups.2C. How social groups determine who will lead them.D. The role of leaders in social groups.7. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can becomeleaders EXCEPT __________ .A. recruitmentB. formal election processC. specific leadership trainingD. traditional cultural patterns8. Which of the following statements about leadership can beinferred from paragraph2?A. person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effectiveleader in another group.B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research onleadership.D. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of theirqualifications.. In mentioning ―natural leaders‖ in line 7, the author is making the point that _____ . 9A. few people qualify as ―natural leaders‖B. there is no proof that ―natural leaders‖ existC. ―natural leaders‖ are easily accepted by the members of a groupD. ―natural leaders‖ share a similar s et of characteristics10. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on __________ .A. ensuring harmonious relationshipsB. sharing responsibility with group membersC. identifying new leadersD. achieving a goalPassage ThreeMany objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearances, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers ? using nonscientific modes of thought.Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologistthinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, byand large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologist‘s mind can be seenin nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbalthinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston?3Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, which is indispensable for an artist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to need ―hard thinking,‖nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and is inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Recordwished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial errors in mechanical design, they are a reflection of chaos caused by the neglect of non-verbal thinking.11. The main purpose of the author in writing this text is ________.A. to demonstrate the role of nonverbal thinking in the developmentoftechnologyB. to stress the importance of nonscientific thinking in engineering designC. to identify the two kinds of thinking that are used by technologistsD. to urge engineering institutes to attach importance to the education ofnon-verbal thinking12. Which of the following statements is in agreement with theauthor‘s opinion?A. When one designs an object he usually first has in mind what it should be like.B. Compared with verbal or mathematical thought, nonverbal thoughtis regardedas a primitive stage of cognitive process.C. Nonverbal thinking is in reality superior to verbal or mathematical thought.D. Nonverbal thinking is becoming an even more important componentin designcourses with the development of technology.13. The author describes the predicament faced by the History American EngineeringRecord as ―paradoxical‖ (Para. 3) most probably because ________.A. architectural schools offered better training for their studentsin engineeringdesignB. college students should be better qualified to make the drawingsin engineeringdesignC. the drawings needed were so complicated that only the students in4architectural schools had the capability of making them.D. engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed torecord the development of their own discipline.14. The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad carsprimarily to indicate that ________.A. a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects in design results in poorconceptualization by engineersB. neglect of trivial problems in mechanical design often causes costly errors inengineering systemsC. designers of automatic control systems need to have a better understanding ofanalytical problemsD. design of modern engineering systems depends more on nonscientific thinkingthan on mechanical knowledge15. Which of the following can best describe the function of non-verbal thinking inthe development of technology?A. Vital C. FundamentalB. Indispensable D. PreliminaryPassage FourTraditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries andfocal points ? periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documentsone‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions ―What happened?‖ and ―How did it happen?‖ have given way to the question ―Why did it happen?‖ Prominent among the methods used to answer the question ―Why‖ is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho- historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment tohistory as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derivesits ―facts‖ not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who madehistory, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance intheir lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic principle of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances5that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖ explanation of any event, that other explanationsfall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history ( in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.16. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?A. History is composed of unique and non-repeating events that must beindividually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.B. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings ofpsychologists.C. The traditional historians pay more attention to historical events whilepsychohistorians pay more attention to the emotional causes.D. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in fashioneven though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historicalmethod.17. According to the text, traditional history can be distinguished basically frompsychohistory in that traditional historians ________.A. usually view past events as complex and having their own individualityB. narrate instead of analyzing and explaining historical eventsC. interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature istranscendedD. never use psychological explanations in historical contexts to account forevents18. It can be inferred from the text that the methods used by psychohistoriansprobably prevent them from ________.A. uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question theirown conclusionsB. producing a one-sided picture of an individual‘s personality and motivationsC. presenting their material in chronological orderD. offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historicalevents19. The text supplies information for answering which of the following questions?A. What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historicalinterpretation?B. When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional history firstestablished?C. What sort of historical figure is best suited for psychohistorical analysis?6D. What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditionalhistorians?20. Which of the following does the author mention as a characteristic of the practiceof psychohistorians?A. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrativeform.B. Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible toother scholars.C. Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.D. Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequentialthan are those in the childhood of the figure.Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.In that tradition, when dad needs something, he goes and gets it. So when it‘stime to buy him a gift, all that‘s left is stuff he didn‘t really want. The questionbecomes, what do you get for the guy who has everything? Choosing the right gift can be a minefield. It‘s not the gift that matters.It‘s not really the thought that counts,either. You have to find a gift that says, ―Hey, dad, I really understand who you areand this is a symbol of our relationship.‖Moreover, some dads have trouble switching roles from giver to receiver. ―I tellmy kids, ‗you don‘t have to get me anything,‘‖ says Rick Flynn. His philosophy is,―Let me take care of you.‖ ―But at the same time,‖ he admits,―I‘m thinking, ‗Gee, Ihope I get that drill.‖Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.加强企业间的合作是当今世界企业发展的重要方向。
重庆大学研究生2013基础英语试卷及答案
重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷2012 ~2013 学年 第 一 学期（春、秋）开课学院： 课程编号： 考试日期：考试方式：考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-15 30points; 16-25 10points)1. ( )2. ( )3. ( )4. ( )5. ( )6. ( )7. ( )8. ( )9. ( ) 10. ( ) 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )21.( ) 22.( ) 23.( ) 24.( ) 25.( )Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV . Writing ( 20 points)(请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.)命题（组题）人：黄萍李雁审题人： 黄萍命题时间：2012.12研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2012～2013 学年第一学期硕士生B类Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OnePsychologists agree that I.Q. contributes only about 20 percent of the factors that determine success. A full 80 percent comes from other factors，including what I call emotional intelligence. Following are two of the major qualities that make up emotional intelligence，and how they can be developed：1. Self-awareness. The ability to recognize a feeling as it happens is the keystone of emotional intelligence. People with greater certainty about their emotions are better pilots of their lives.Developing self-awareness requires tuning in to what neurologist Antonio Damasio calls ―gut feelings‖。
【雅思】2013年10月12日雅思口语考题回顾
【雅思】2013年10月12日雅思口语考题回顾雅思考试口语考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心杨超考试日期：2013年10月12日Part 1考题总结考题总结：1. What’s your name?2. Does your name have any special meaning or significance?3. Have you ever changed your name, why or why not?4. Do Chinese people like changing their names, why or why not?5. What kind of people like changing their names?6. What’s their purpose in changing their names?7. In your culture, do women change their names when they get married?Home1. Do you currently live in a house or a flat/apartment?2. Can you describe your house/flat?3. What main items of furniture or appliances do you have in each room?4. Is it a typical house/flat in your city?5. What kind of house or flat do you want to live in the future?6. Do you like the decoration in your home, why or why not?Music1. Do you like music, and what type of music do you like?2. Have you learned to play any musical instrument?3. What kind of music is popular now in China?4. How does music aff ect people’s lives?5. What kind of music do young people like, and what kind of music do old people6. Do you want to be a singer?7. Has the music you like changed over the years?8. Do you think music help you study?9. Do your parents have a different musical taste with you?10. Who is your favorite singer or band?11. Do you prefer live music or recorded music?12. Have you even been to a concert before?13. Do you think music should be a required course for middle school students, why or why not?Internet1. Do you often use the internet?2. How do you go onto the internet?3. Where do you go onto the internet?4. What do you do on the internet?5. Is the internet very popular in China?6. How can people learn things on the internet?Leisure time1. What do you do in your spare time?2. How do you usually spend your evenings?3. Do you prefer to staying at home in the evenings or do you prefer to going out?Housework1. Do people do a lot of housework in your country?2. Do Chinese people like spending time doing housework?3. Did you do a lot of housework when you were a child?4. Is it important for a child to do housework?5. What kind of housework do you have to do in China?6. What different kinds of housework do man and woman do?Boat1. Have you ever ridden in a boat?2. Do boats have any significant meaning in Chinese history?3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of riding boats?4. When did you ride in a boat for the first time?5. What was your feeling when riding in a boat?6. Do you feel sick after long hours of travelling in a boat?Dance1. Do you like to dance?2. What type of dance are you interested in?3. What are the differences between the dances the old people like and the dances theyoung people like?4. Is dancing good to people?5. Does China have any traditional dance?6. Is traditional dance still popular in China?Entertainment1. What do you do for entertainment?2. What did you do for entertainment when you were a child?3. What do other people do for entertainment around where you live?4. What choices for entertainment are there for young people around where you live?5. Are there any entertainment places near your school?6. Have you recently been to any place for entertainment?7. Do you think modern lifestyles give people enough time for entertainment?Sleeping1. How many hours do you sleep every day?2. Is it necessary to take a nap at noon?3. Do old people sleep a lot, why or why not?4. Do you think younger people sleep more than old people?5. What are the effects of sleeping too little on people?6. Do you sometimes find difficult to fall asleep?7. Are there any methods to help us fall asleep more easily?Writing1. Do you often write things?2. Do you write every day?3. What do you usually write about?4. Do you like writing to people?5. How often do you send e-mails?6. What are your main reasons for using e-mails?7. Do you like to send e-mails?8. Do you usually write by hand or write using a computer?9. Nowadays, how do most people write things?10. Do you think computers might one day replace handwriting?11. When do children begin to write in your country?12. How did you learn to write?13. Do you think handwriting is very important nowadays?14. How can children today improve or practice their handwriting?15. What impression does a person’s handwriting have on other people?Friends and Family1. Do you have many close friends?2. What qualities make them good friends?3. Do you live with your family?4. Do your family and friends still live in your hometown?5. Do you think family members should live together, why or why not?6. When do you spend time with your family?7. What do you do together?8. Do you often go out with your friends?9. Is your family very important to you?10. Do you prefer to spend time with your family or your friends?11. What do you do in your free time with your friends?12. Are there any times when you prefer to be alone?Weather and Climate1. What type of weather do you like?2. What type of weather do Chinese people usually like?3. Which is your favorite season?4. Do you do different things in summer and in winter?5. What do you often do on sunny and rainy days?6. What is the weather like in your city?7. Do you have some ways to control the global warming?Newspapers1. Do you often read newspapers?2. Which do you prefer reading, magazines or newspapers?3. What kinds of newspapers or magazines do you usually read?4. How old were you when you first started to read newspapers?5. Do you think it’s important to read newspapers, why or why not?6. Why do you think people read newspapers?7. What different types of newspaper are there in China?8. Do you care about the news?9. Is the news important to you?10. What kinds of news do Chinese people read in newspapers?11. Do you prefer to read about local, domestic or international news, and why?12. What are some methods that newspapers use to attract readers?13. What influence do you think newspapers have on society?14. Do you think the internet is a good way to get news?Concentration1. Is it important to focus on one thing you should deal with?2. When do people need to focus on something?3. When do people become the most focused?4. Is it easy to be with concentration?5. Can people deal with two different things at the same time?Mobile Phones1. Do you use a cell phone?2. What do you use it for?3. How often do you use it?4. Do you like to send short message?5. When did you get your first mobile phone?6. How did you feel when you got your first mobile phone?7. What feature or function of your cell phone do you like the best?8. Is there anything you dislike about using cell phones?Weekends1. What do you do in your spare time?2. How do you spend time with your family?3. What do you usually do on weekends?4. What did you do last weekend?5. What do other people in your country usually do on weekends?6. What are you going to do next weekend?7. Do you think it is important to make the most of your weekend?8. Do you feel that weekends now are more important to you than when you were a child?Art1. Are you very interested in art?2. Did you create any art such as painting or sculpture when you were a child?3. Have you ever been to an art gallery or an art exhibition?4. How often do you visit art galleries?Bags1. What types of bags do you use in your everyday life?2. What do you put in these bags?3. Do you usually carry a bag when you go out?4. What sorts of bags do women like to buy?5. When you are buying a bag, what factors do you consider?6. Do you think the style of a bag is very important, why or why not?7. Do you have a bag for special occasions?Building1. What kinds of buildings are popular in China now?2. Compare old buildings and modern buildings. Which do people prefer to live in?3. How do people in China feel about old buildings?4. Do old people and young people in China have the same attitudes towards old buildings?5. Is it important to preserve old buildings, and why?6. What aspect of culture do old buildings reflect?7. Do you think it’s worth the money to preserve old bui ldings?8. How have buildings changed in the past few years?Countryside1. Have you ever lived in countryside for a long time?2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in the countryside?3. Compare the availability of services such as education, health services and transportation in cities and the countryside.4. What are some of the differences between city people and country people?5. Which place is more beautiful, a city or the countryside?6. Do you think a city could ever be more beautiful than the countryside?7. Which do you think is the more relaxing place to live, the city or the countryside?Cards1. Do you ever receive letters or cards?2. Which do you think is better, to send a postcard or a letter?3. Do you think it is important to send postcard to each other, why or why not?Museum1. Are there any famous museums in your hometown/country?2. Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown/country?3. Do you often visit a museum?4. Did you go to any museums when you were a child?5. When was the last time you visited a museum?6. Do you think museums are important?7. Do you think it’s suitable for museums to sell things to vis itors?Photography1. Do you like photography and why?2. When did you start to like photography?3. Do you keep your old photos?4. Do you often see those old photos?5. What’s the meaning of keeping old photos?6. What is your most impressive photo?Time management1. How do you organize your time?2. Do you think young people and older people organize their time in the same way?3. Would you say you manage your time well?4. Where did you learn how to organize your time?5. How do you think you could better your time?6. Do you think it’s use ful to plan your time?7. Have you ever been late for anything?8. If you had more time, what would you do with the extra time?Parks and gardens1. Are there many parks or gardens where you live or in your hometown?2. Do you often go to a park or a garden?3. How often do you go there?4. What do you like to do when you go to a park or garden?5. What do other people do in these places?6. When do other people go there?7. Do you think parks and gardens are important to a city, why or why not?Plans and goals1. Please summarize your plans for the near future.2. When do you plan to start that?3. How do you intend to achieve that?4. When you go abroad, do you plan to live in the countryside or a big city, and why?5. Do you plan to spend many years overseas?6. After you go abroad, do you plan to join any clubs?Healthy Lifestyle1. What do you do to keep healthy?2. How can people maintain good health?3. What is a healthy lifestyle in your mind?4. Is there any sport that you would like to try in the future?Transport1. Which kind of transport do you usually use?2. What is the public transport like in your city?3. When are these forms of transport most crowded?4. Do you want to have a car, why or why not?5. Do you think there are too many cars on the road?6. How do you think we can control the traffic condition?7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of planes?8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of trains9. Are there any traffic problems in your city?Schools1. What was the first school you attended?2. Where was it?3. Was it far from your home?4. How did you go to school?5. Did you like your school?6. What were the good things about that school?7. Would you say it was a good school?8. Would you send your child to that school?9. What different types of schools have you been to?10. Which school did you like the most, why?11. Did your parents choose your university for you? Part 2&3考题总结考题总结：Describe somethin g (except phone and computer) that you can’t live without. You should say:what the thing iswhere and when you bought ithow often you use itand explain why you can’t live without itPart3What can’t children live without?Why do children always carry about toys?Why is it difficult for people to give up their own things?Why do people buy something that they don’t need?Describe A person who taught you a useful skill (For example, cooking, riding a bike.)You should say:who this person is/waswhat you learned from the personhow the person taught you thisand explain how this skill is useful to you.Part3In general how do children learn things?What are the various influences on children that affect the learning they experience?How much influence do you think parents have on their children's learning?Do children learn the same kinds of things in the home as they do at school?What do you think parents should teach their children?What skills do you think children should be taught?Do you think children can learn anything from other children?Which do you think is better for a child, to learn from television or learn from a teacher or a person face to face?Describe a toy that was important to you in your childhood.You should say:when you got this toyhow you got this toyhow often you played with itwhat you did with this toyand explain why it was important to you or why you like it.Part3What toys are popular with kids in China today?In general, do children today have many toys?Some people think that children today have too many toys. What do you think?Do you think playing with electronic toys has a good influence on kids?Do you think there are some toys that are only suitable for girls and some that are only suitable for boys?Which do you think is better, for children to play toys alone or with other kids?Do you think parents should encourage their children to share their toys with other kids?Good news from your familyDescribe a piece of good news from your familyYou should say:when it happenedwhat happenedwho participated in itand explain how you felt when heard about it.Part3What are the advantages and disadvantages of living with the old?What are the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a big family?How do you think about the aging society problems?What help do parents need to bring up children?What are the differences between the family parties in China and the western ones? Who are more important, friends or family?A birthday celebrationDescribe a birthday celebration that you enjoyedYou should say:whose birthday it waswho was therewhat you and other people didand explain why you enjoyed it.Part3What are some of the main festivals in your country?How do people celebrate birthdays in your country?Are there any differences between birthday celebrations for adults with birthday celebrations for children?What’s the most important birthday for people in your country?What do old people do for birthday?What do young people do for birthday?An interesting old personDescribe an interesting old person who you knowYou should say:what this person looks likewhat sort of person he or she iswhen and where or how you met this personand explain what is interesting about this person.Part3Do you often meet old people?At what age are people considered to be ”old” in China?What is life like for typical old people in China today?How would you define an “old” person?Compare the lives of old people in China today with those who lived 30 or 50 years ago.Has life improved for old people during these years, and how?How do you think old people will be living in the future, say, 20 or 30 years from now?Something you bought that you were dissatisfiedDescribe something that you bought that you were dissatisfied withYou should say:what the item waswhen and where you bought itwhy you bought itand explain why you were not happy with this productPart3What do young people in your country like to buy?Which do you think is more important, the cost of a product or the quality of the product?Why are imported products more expensive than locally-made products?What do you think of those people who only buy expensive thins and who look down on other people who buy cheap products?Which do you think is better, buy things online or buying thins in real shops?Why do you think online shopping has become so popular?How do people pay for things they buy online?Describe a museum or library that you visited.You should say:where it waswhat it looked likewhat facilities it hadand explain what influence it had on you.Part3Are there many public museums or libraries in China?Do people in China prefer to read in a library or a home?What can people read in a library that they can’t read in other places?Even thought it might cost a lot to maintain a library, do you think every university should have its own library?Do you think every town and city should have a public library?With the rapid development of technology today, do you think we still need books in the future?Describe a book or film about the future you read or watched.You should say:what it iswhen you read or watched itwhat it is aboutand explain how you felt about it.Part31. Why do some people like books or films about the future?2. What is the most important development about technology in modern society?3. With the development of technology, how can you image about the future?4. What will this test rooms be in the future?5. Will books or films disappear in the future?6. How the government restricts the media?Describe a room you spend most of the time in.You should say:where the room iswhat the room looks likewhat you usually do in the roomand explain how you feel about the room.Part3How does the room of workplace affect people?Is there anything you want to change about your room?What are some important furniture or appliances in your room?Describe a music group/band/singer in your country.You should say:Which person or bandWho often likes listening to their/his/her songsWhat kind of music they/he/she singsand explain why you admire them/him/her.Part3What's the difference between listening to CD and going to concerts? What's the future development of CD players?Do you like classical music?Do young people like classical music?What's the difference between the music young people and old people like? Are you going to like different music when you grow old?Describe a decision you regret /a time when you made a wrong decision.You should say:what the decision waswhat the situation waswhat effect it hadand explain why you think it was the wrong decision.Par3Do you think decision-making today is different to decision-making in the past? Which do you think is better, to make decisions quickly or to make decisions slowly?Do you think it’s a good i dea to make decisions when one is feeling strong emotions or is it better to make decisions when one’s emotions are not strong?What are some typical decisions that families make?Do you think parents should make decisions for their children?In your country, do women today have more power to make decisions in the family than before?Describe a show or performance that you enjoyed watching. (For example, a dance or singing performance).You should say:what kind of performance it waswhen and where you saw itwho you saw it withwho the performers was(were)and explain why you attended this performance or how you felt about this performance.Part3Beside what you said in Part2, what other types of shows or performances are there?What kinds of performances are most popular in China?Do you think art forms such as ballet and drama are important in life?Do you think live theatre is important today?Do you think art forms such as dance and drama have an impact on people’s everyday lives?Do you think they should receive financial support from the government?Do you think the popularity of TV is having an effect on traditional performing arts?Do you think TV increases the opportunities for people to see traditional performances or does it result in a decrease in the amount of traditional performances that people see?What do you think about the value of children going to see a play or dramatic performance?What is the value of children learning to perform, such as learning to act, sing or dance in front of an audience?Do boys and girls have the same feelings or attitudes about performing or watching an artistic performance?Do you think learning to dance(or to perform dance) has any benefits for children?The first dayDescribe your first day of school/course/jobYou should say:when it happenedwhere it happenedwhat happenedand explain how you felt during that day.Part3Is people’s name important in China?How to find a job?Are parents in China willing to allow their children to be independent?Describe an important plant in your country (such as vegetables, flowers, fruits, trees, etc).You should say:what the plant ishow you know itwhy it is importantand explain how do you like the plant.Part3Do you think farming is a good job?Do you think more and more people in the future want to plant fruits for themselves?Are there more and more people regarding farming as their work today, and why?Do you think that is a positive trend?A family photoDescribe a family photoYou should say:when and where it was takenwhy it was takenwho were there in the photowhat did you do thenand explain why you think this photo is impressive.Part3Do people in your country like taking photos?Why people like taking photos?Where do people usually store their photos?What photos do people often take?Do you like to take photos about people or the scenery?What can people now use to take photos?What are the differences of photos taken by the camera and your mobile phone?A class or training sessionDescribe a class or training session that you enjoyedYou should say:what the teacher and the students didwhen and where you had this classwhat you learned in this class or training sessionand explain why you enjoyed it.Part3What do you think are the qualities of a good teacher?Do you think the usage of science and technology has changed teaching very much? Which do you think is better, distance education or classroom education?Do you think distance education might one day replace classroom education?Electronic productDescribe an electronic product you use in your lifeYou should say:what it ishow you use itwhat special features it would haveand explain why it is important to you.Part3What high-tech products do Chinese use now?What is the influence between now and past?Have electronic products improved the standards of living?What are the advantages brought by modern technology to our housework? What technology is most popular among people now?Something useful you learnedDescribe something useful you learned from a member of your familyYou should say:what is waswho you learned it fromhow you learned itand explain why you think it is useful.Part3In general, what do parents usually teach their children?Do you think what children learn in the home is important?Do parents teach the same things to children of different ages?Do you think children learn anything when they play games with their parents?Do children learn the same sorts of things from their parents as they learn from their friends?Do you think strict parents are good for children?Your favorite bookDescribe your favorite book which you want to recommend to your friends.You should say:when you read itwhat it is aboutwho recommend you this bookand explain why you want to recommend it to your friends.Part3Do people in your country like to read books?What kinds of books are most popular in your country?Do you think reading is important?Do you think paper books will eventually be replaced by electronic books?Some people like to collect books. Why do you think they do that?Do you think compulsory reading in school is a good idea?A plan not related to work or studyDescribe a plan you have for the future but not related to work or studyYou should say:what it iswhy you have this planwhat the first step in your plan iswhat you will need to do in order to make the plan workand explain how you think you will feel after you achieve thisPart3Do you th ink it’s important for a person to have a career plan?How do most people plan their future education and their future career?Do you think it’s important to include the factor of one’s salary in a career plan? Do you think planning is important?What kinds of personal plans should people make for themselves?In general, how do people make plans?For a person with children, what influence does this have on their personal plans for the future?A characterDescribe a character in a TV program or in a film you knowYou should say:who the character waswhen you know itwhat the character looked likewhat the character did in the TV program or filmand explain what influence this character had on you.Part3What influence will characters in a TV program or in a film have on young people?What kind of program or film is popular in China, and why?What will be the trend of TV program in future?What influence will the media violence have on children?TV programDescribe a TV program you enjoy.You should say:what the TV program iswhere you watch itwhen you watch itwho you usually watch it withand explain why you think it is interesting.Part3What sorts of TV programs are most popular in your country?Do you think foreign television programs can ever harm the local culture of a country?Do you think the government should restrict the number of foreign TV program that are shown in your country?How do you think television will change in the future?Do you think television will be more popular in the future than it is now, or less popular?Do you think television could be used for education?Why do you think so many children like watching TV?An exciting experienceDescribe an exciting experience you hadYou should say:what it waswhen and where you had itwho with you wasand explain why this experience was exciting for you.Part3Do you like extreme activity?Is life people live now dangerous? What about before?Are there more exciting experiences in the city than in the countryside?Is the opportunity for a child in the countryside to have an exciting experience the same as a child in the city?Why do some people like bungee jumping?Something expensive you would buyDescribe something expensive you would buy if you had a lot of money.You should say:。
(完整word版)2013级研究生期末考试英语试卷B-副本
河北联合大学2013级研究生期末考试英语试卷(B）年级：专业：姓名__________ 分数__________Part I Vocabulary (30％）Directions: There are thirty questions in this section。
Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence。
Write the correct answers on your Answer Sheet.1. The criminal was told he would be ____ from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.A。
impossible B。
immune C. improbable D. imminent2. If you ___ the elastic band any more，it will break.A. takeB. grasp C。
strain D. hold3。
The Egyptians ____ an area equal to France and Spain combined。
A。
inhabit B。
live C. dwell D。
settle4. He is ____ considered to be a great explorer。
A。
after all B。
everything but C. by no means D。
all but5. It was a long time before scientists could ____ the mystery of the atom.A。
重庆大学研究生英语考试试题
2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于1-25班)时间: 150分钟2008.1.14Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your AnswerSheet.Passage OneMajor companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will then adjust the engine. They speak of what the New York Times calls "metal-hungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals from ocean water". They have already demanded and won the right to patent new lifeforms.Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is corporate, national, international, and inter-scientific rivalry in the entire biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of "microbe spills" that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination.Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to fit the job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race"? (Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories.) Should we produce soldiers to do our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate "unfit" babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, as it were, a "savings bank'' full of spare kidney, livers, or hands?Wild as these notions may sound, every one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God?, "Broad scale genetic engineering will probably be introduced to America much the same way as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the new technology will be created."1. According to the passage, the exhaust from a car engine could probably be checkedby .A. using metal-hungry microbes.B. making use of enzymes.C. adjusting the engine.D. patenting new life forms.2. According to the passage, which of the following would worry the critics themost?A. The unanticipated explosion of population.B. The creation of biological solar cells.C. The accidental spill of oil.D. The unexpected release of destructive microbes.3. Which of the following notions is NOT mentioned?A. Developing a "savings bank" of one's organs.B. Breeding soldiers for a war.C. Producing people with cow-like stomachs.D. Using genetic forecasting to cure diseases.4. According to the passage, Hitler attempted to .A. change the pilots biologically to win the war.B. develop genetic farming for food supply.C. kill the people he thought of as inferior.D. encourage the development of genetic weapons for the war.5. What does Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard's statement imply?A. The commercial applications of genetic engineering are inevitable.B. America will depend on other countries for biological progress.C. Americans are proud of their computers, automobiles and genetictechnologies.D. The potential application of each new genetic advance should be controlled. Passage TwoThe concept of "environment" is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa.In the case of man, the difficulties, with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forcesthat are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of' climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.6. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding of "environment" as the author sees it?A. Elaborate.B. Prejudiced.C. Faultless.D. Oversimplified.7. According to the author the concept of ―environment" is difficult to explainbecause .A. it doesn't distinguish between the organism and the environmentB. it involves both internal and external forcesC. the organism and the environment influence each otherD. the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear8. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggests that .A. biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors tomanB. man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forcesC. man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the naturalenvironmentD. physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organismsthan on man9. As for culture, the author points out that .A. it develops side by side with environmental factorsB. it is also affected by environmental factorsC. it is generally accepted to be part of the environmentD. it is a product of man's biological instincts10. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with .A. the interpretation of the term "environment"B. the discussion on organisms and biological environmentC. the comparison between internal and external factors influencing manD. the evaluation of man's influence on culturePassage ThreeThe tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you’d expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each other’s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old d ays couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted(宠爱溺爱的)sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes. We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous (多情的), cold, pedantic(学究式的), native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the highly unoriginal and inac curate impression that, say, ‘Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites’ of that ‘Latin peoples shout a lot’. You only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you?Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how trite(老一套的) it sounds! –That all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.11.The best title for this passage is ___________.A. tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations.B. tourism is tiresome.C. conducted tour is dull.D. tourism really does something to one’s country.12.What is the author’s attitude toward tourism?A. apprehensive.B. negative.C. critical.D. appreciative.13.Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a lot?A. silent.B. noisy.C. lively.D. active.14.The purpose of the author’s criticism is to point outA. conducted tour is disappointing.B. the way of touring should be changed.C. when traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm preconception.D. national stereotypes should be changed.15.What is ‘grand tour’ now?A. moderate cost.B. local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.C. people enjoy the first-rate comforts.D. everybody can enjoy the ‘grand tour’.PassageFourThese days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy(贵族统治)’ read ‘meritocracy(英才统治’; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.16.What is the main idea of this passage?A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the classsystem.B. Equality means money.C. There is no such society as classless society.D. Nature can’t give you a classless society.17.According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid ofinequality becauseA. the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.B. Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.C. Material rewards are for genuine ability.D. People have the freedom how to educate their children.18.Who can obtain more rapid successA. Those with the best opportunities.B. Those with the best brains.C. those with wealth.D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.19.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certainextent? BecauseA. money decides everything.B. Private schools offer advantages over state schools.C. People are free to choose the way of educating their children.D. Wealth is used for political ends.20.According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers toA. Genius and stupidity.B. Different opportunities for people.C. Oppressor and the oppressed.D. the rich and the poor.Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Believe me when I tell you that you have been given everything you need. You already own the gifts you seek. They were given to you a long time ago. Don’t spend your lifetime seeking your happiness, when in reality, you already have the means to it. The amazing part about this secret is that no one can steal it from you. The gifts you have been given, including your very own acres of diamonds are yours to keep and share as you see fit. Everyone is good at something, and you’ll come to find out that the more you share your treasures, the shinier they get, and the more valuable they become. In turn, you become a richer and happier person.Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.承认我们深受偏见的影响没有什么不光彩的。
研究生英语期末考试试卷
开卷闭卷其他ad if命封线密A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.6. (C )7. (B)8. (A )9. (C) 10. (D)11. freshly baked bread 12. visible level 13. impulse buying14. screen 15. discounts16.No17. Not given18. No 19. Yes 20. YesPart II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)中国房价问题近年来一直是社会热门话题。
【免费下载】重庆大学专业英语复习资料
研究生专业英语复习资料（2013年秋季）第一部分词汇部分（20分）☐英译汉（每小题0.5分，共10分）1.ultraviolet light2.pattern recognition3.photonics4.digital signal processing5.oscilloscope6.gyroscope7.magnetorheological fluid8.convolution9.data acquisition10.signal-to-noise ratio11.fast Fourier transform12.system-on-chip13.long-period grating14.machine vision15.passive feedback 16.spectroscopy17.multiplexing18.resolution19.ad hoc20.state-of-the-art21.open-loop system22.amplifier23.analog-to-digital converter24.resistance25.capacitance26.detector27.infrared28.normal distribution29.focal length30.fuzzy logic☐汉译英（每小题1分，共5分）1.光学2.虚拟仪器3.人工智能4.滤波器5.数字信号处理器6.传感器7.光纤8.阈值9.带宽10.归一化、规范化☐写出英语全称（每小题1分，共5分）1.LEDD3.CMOS4.MEMS5.IC6.PCB7.CRT8.FPGA9.CPLD10.DCT第二部分翻译部分（50分）☐英译汉（每小题5分，共20分）1. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to beconfigured by the customer or designer after manufacturing -- hence “field-programmable”. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs, but this is increasingly rare). FPGAs can be used to implement any logical function that an ASIC could perform. The ability to update the functionality after shipping, partial re-configuration of the portion of the design and the low non-recurring engineering costs relative to an ASIC design (notwithstanding the generally higher unit cost), offer advantages for many applications. (From Wikipedia)2.DM6467T has several means of managing power consumption. There isextensive use of clock gating, which reduces the power used by global device clocks and individual peripheral clocks. Clock management can be utilized to reduce clock frequencies in order to reduce switching power. For more details on power management techniques, see Section 4, Device Configurations, Section 7, Peripheral and Electrical Specifications, and see the TMS320DM646x DMSoC ARM Subsystem Reference Guide (literature number SPRUEP9). DM6467T gives the programmer full flexibility to use any and all of the previously mentioned capabilities to customize an optimal power management strategy.Several typical power management scenarios are described in the following sections. (From TI TMS320DM6467T datasheet)3.Microspectrometers fabricated in silicon using microelectromechanical systemstechnologies are versatile microinstruments: small, lightweight, and featuring a demonstrated capability for spectral analysis. When realized using silicon process compatible technologies, low-cost batch fabrication of an intelligent optoelectronic system-on-a-chip is feasible by cointegration of optics with microelectronic circuits. However, the spectral resolution of devices presented so far has been limited to about R = 15, which does restrict application. This paper provides an overview of microspectrometers operating in the visible and infrared spectral range. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the resolution is primarily limited due to the short optical path that is inherent to a microsystem, optical properties of silicon IC-process compatible materials, and lack of adequate optical signal conditioning. (From an international journal)4.SIGGRAPH 2010 includes a variety of publication programs: research papers,educational programs, exhibition programs, and one competition program. It is useful to compare your submission to publications from previous SIGGRAPH conferences. Game Papers are an exception, since their focus has been significantly changed from last year (see the Game Papers Frequently Asked Questions for details). The research paper programs (Technical Papers, Art Papers, and Game Papers) are for theoretical or critical work that thoroughly cites relevant previous work and rigorously demonstrates the validity of its conclusions.Although all SIGGRAPH submissions are peer-reviewed, research papers undergo a more formal, journal-quality review process and are published in citable archives. (From SIGGRAPH 2010 website)5.While the present invention has been particularly shown and described withreference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims. What is claimed is: … (From a US patent)6.For papers accepted for publication, it is essential that the electronic version ofthe manuscript and artwork match the hardcopy exactly! The quality and accuracy of the content of the electronic material submitted is crucial since the content is not recreated, but rather converted into the final published version.(From the authors guide of IEEE Transactions)汉译英（每小题10分，共30分）1.无线传感器网络具有电源能量有限、通信能力有限、节点计算能力有限、传感器节点数量大且分布范围广等特点。
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生英语考试试卷
重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2014~2015 学年 第 一 学期（秋）开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A 考试日期： 2015.01.10考试方式：开卷闭卷其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-10 20points; 11-20 20points) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )11. ( ) 12. ( )13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( )19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) Part IV . Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷 2014～2015 学年 第 一 学期 硕士生B 类Part I. Reading Comprehension （40 points ）Directions : Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAs a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn ’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe ’s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans ’ private lives. Europe ’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe ’s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today ’s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage —twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative —dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone. The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn ’t leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn ’t got time to get lonely because has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult ”. Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming ”, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don ’t last long —if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she ’d never have wanted to do what her mother did —give up a career to raise a family. Instead, “I ’ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life ”.1. More and more young Europeans remain single becauseA. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism.B. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier age.C. they have embraced a business culture of stability.D. they are pessimistic about their economic future. 2. What is said about European society in the passage? A. It has fostered the trend towards small families. B. It is getting closer to American-style capitalism. C. It has limited consumer choice despite a free market. D. It is being threatened by irresistible privatization. 3. According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are A. warm and lighthearted.命题（组题）人：李雁审题人封线密B. on either side of marriage.C. negative and gloomy.D. healthy and wealthy.4.The author quotes Eppendorf to show thatA. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom.B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe.C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely.D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable.5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C. To examine the trend of young people living alone.D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships.Passage TwoAmerican dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times.The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was.“There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institut e for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events.Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development.A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of th e last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels.Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce.The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies.“The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined.American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs.6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows?A. Self-contradictoryB. Prejudice-freeC. Culture-loadedD. Audience-targeted7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ .A. the patenting of domination shows and moviesB. the emergence of new commercial networksC. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-televisionD. the intense competition coming from the outside8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________.A. in need of capitalB. after a fashionC. on second thoughtsD. in the interests of themselves9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____.A. they lose competitivenessB. they are not market-orientedC. they are too much pricedD. they fall short of audience expectations10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________.A. if they have no access to popular showsB. because their endeavors come to no availC. since bidding wars are no longer fierceD. as international sales pace slows downPassage ThreeHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and RonaldoMenezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sale s without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem，a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet .Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 11-15Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.11. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.12. In shops, products shelved at a more _______________ sell better even if they are more expensive.13. According to Mr. Usmani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon, a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.14. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to follow them.15. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 16-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 16-20 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage16. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in bigsupermarkets like Wal-Mart and Tesco.17. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.18. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.19. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data ofother shops.20. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Part II. Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Chinese housing prices have been hot social topics in recent years. House prices in medium-and-large cities keep high, with the trend of further going up. Some young people simply cannot afford purchasing any house, while others become mortgage slaves. Mortgage slaves (or house slaves) are a new buzzword that emerged in the society in recent years. Just as the name suggests, house slaves refer to people who are enslaved to mortgage for their houses. These people borrow loans from banks to buy a house and then repay the loans with their lifetime efforts. According to survey by a real estate website, about 32 % of Chinese people paid over 50% of their income as monthly mortgage payment, so they indeed became slaves of the house. While they seem to enjoy some psychological comfort that they have their own houses, they have to bear tremendous stress, with quality of life dropped down significantly．Part III. Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.终身学习是指从学前到退休后获得及更新各种能力，兴趣，知识和资质的过程。
重庆大学硕士研究生英语历年期末考试试卷
1. The main idea of this passage is A. examinations exert a pernicious influence on education. B. examinations are ineffective. C. examinations are profitable for institutions. D. examinations are a burden on students.
重庆大学研究生试卷（2011 版）
第1页共8页
命 题 （ 组 题 ） 人 ：
李 雁
审 题 人 ：
黄 萍
Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )
命 题 时 间 ：
研 究 生 院 制
Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) (请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.)
As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career?
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及答案解析版
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题(答案解析版) Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The ___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail答案：1-5: ADBDC6-10: BBDBA11-15: ADCCC16-20: CABAD【答案详解】1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为”a true cashless society is probably not around the corner .”(一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现)，而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
雅思考试包括四个部分，依次为听力、阅读、写作和口语，考试时间共2小时45分钟。
每一部分都独立评分，四部分得分的平均分作为考生的雅思综合得分（小数部分取舍到最近的一分或半分，即如果平均分为6.125分，雅思得分算作6分）。
成绩单上将列出考生每一部分的得分，同时给出考生的综合得分。
雅思考试满分为9分。
考试成绩在考试后十个工作日后通知考生。
成绩有效期为两年。
雅思考试（国际英语语言测试系统）是听说读写四项英语交流能力的测试。
为打算在以英语作为交流语言的国家或地区学习或工作的人们设置的英语语言水平考试。
IELTS考试的种类培训类（General Training ）目前较多适用于移民；学术类（Academic）目前较多适用于留学。
考试分4个部分，一般需要两天时间举行。
第一天的上午，全体考生都要参加相继进行的听力、阅读、写作三项考试；第一天的下午和第二天上午陆续举行口语考试。
首先进行的听力考试时间40分钟，题目分四个部分。
第一个部分是日常生活中会发生的对话（通常为二人），第二个部分是生活相关的独白；第三个部分是学术性的对话（通常二人以上），第四个部分为学术论文演讲，难度依次增加。
通常前三个部分都会分成两段，分别回答不同的问题。
考生在听完每段录音后会有一小段时间复查（但因为不会重复，所以要即时写出答案）。
全部录音放完需时30分钟，剩余10分钟供考生将答案从试卷填写到答题卡上。
时间到了之后考官会把试卷收上来，并要求考生将答题卡翻过来。
听力考试之后是阅读考试，时间60分钟，题目分三个部分。
每个passage大约1200-1500字，大约13-14道题，总共40道题，时间到后考官会把答题卡和试卷都收上来。
雅思阅读考试分为十大题型：Multiple Choice;Short-answer questions;Sentence Completion;Notes, Summary or T able/Flow-chart Completion;Labelling a Diagram;Headings;Locating Information;Identification of Writer’s Views/Claims or of Information in a Te xt;Classification;Matching命题思路：由于英式教育与美式教育的不同，在英国传统教育中，通过有效而且大量的阅读经典作品并结合自身观点及科学背景写作论文是所有检验教育成效最重要的手段。
因此，雅思文章虽然长度惊人，但题目所涉及信息量的排列是有规律的，读任何文章都必须掌握其中的必然因素，如人文科学中的时间，地点，学者观点，自然科学文章中的现象，发生的原因，科学发展的趋势等。
雅思的基本文章类型及出处（1）关于欧洲及世界社会发展，经济状况，科学动向以及文化交流的文章（2）关于地球，自然界的科学现象及地理现象的文章（3）人类历史发展中重要事件，重要人物及重要标志性产品雅思是英国传统经典学府剑桥大学的杰作，英国奉行高等教育的精英主义，所选的文章也出自一些著名的媒体，其中最多的是社会发展类的文章全都出自以下媒体：经济学家杂志(Economist,), 经济时报（Financial times）, 卫报(Guardian)等国际精英知识分子媒体的非社论性文章政府各部门(UK及世界各国)的社会发展报告，联合国各组织的年度报告某些著名的协会杂志(带有官方色彩)，如Info Journal(驻英国商会的季刊)英国及欧洲的专业杂志（人文类），如Arts Management，Arts Education等70%的自然科学文章选自National Geographic, New Scientist, Science, Popular Science和Nature杂志80%的重大事件（非政治经济），重大发明都选自美国国家地理杂志（National Geographic）阅读考试之后是写作考试，时间也是60分钟。
题目有两道，第一道是看图说明（A类）或者书信（G 类），要求150字，20分钟；第二道是议论文或说明文（议论为主），要求250字，40分钟。
时间是合在一起的，最后一起收。
口语考试是一对一进行，考官会首先就考生的一些个人问题发问，并选择话题加以展开。
到一定程度后，考官出示题目卡，要求考生就题目所涉及内容进行回答并适当展开论述，时间不少于一分钟。
最后，考官会就一些深入的话题与考生进行讨论，以考察考生的应对能力。
总长度时限为14分钟。
雅思阅读技巧介绍：快速阅读技巧雅思阅读方法很多，但是快速阅读就涉及到了略读(skimming)或浏览，意味着考生要有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。
那么这种雅思阅读方法该如何练习呢?A. 雅思阅读方法的练习一定要抓住文章中的主要内容，所以要利用印刷细节(typographical details)，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。
预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。
B. 以一般阅读速度(200～250wpm)阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意，背景情况，作者的文章风格，口吻或语气等。
C. 阅读段落的主题句和结论句。
抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。
D. 注意转折词和序列词。
转折词如however，moreover，in addition等;序列词如firstly，secondly等。
雅思阅读技巧：阅读浏览技巧高阅读效率必须要学会浏览。
浏览主要包含两种，一是跳读全文，一是查读。
前者主要是把握文章基本内下进行的。
找到目标段落后，应该放慢速度，直到找到需要的相关信息为止。
当然，这个过程的实现需要坚持不懈的练习。
在锻炼浏览能力的基础上，还要学会调节阅读速度。
在雅思阅读技巧学会浏览就能在节省不少时间，而浏览主要包含两种，一是跳读全文，一是查读。
需要注意出现频率最高的词或者短语，它们很可能是文章的中心或者关键的问题，才是雅思阅读技巧浏览的关键所在。
这里，需要注意出现频率最高的词或者短语，它们很可能是文章的中心或者关键的问题。
在阅读的过程中要练习这种找中心词语的能力。
其次，还需要善于判定短文各段的主题句。
关于这点，大部分人都比较有意识的在练习。
最后应该在浏览的过程中总结全文的主题。
对每一个阅读完的段落，都要在脑中回顾一下主要阐述的内容。
强调完浏览和速度两个方面之后，同学们还需要掌握常见的行文方式，了解作者语气和意图，预测内容和文章导向。
文章中常见的行文方式主要有信息传播类、分析论说类，事实证明类，问题解答类。
对于信息传播类，由于事实多，细节详细，应该尽量记忆信息。
分析论说类主要是作者为了表达自己的某种观点并进行说理分析。
所以要特别注意作者的观点是什么，提出了哪些论据理由。
对于事实证明类，这种文章往往有结论，或在开头或在结尾。
和分析论说类不同在于，文章没有个人观点。
所以要先抓住结论，然后用心分析每项论据。
问题解答类的，作者则是用问题吸引读者的注意力，同时也清楚说明自己的意图。
优点在于，一眼能看出主题而不用猜测。
雅思阅读技巧：扫读与略读所谓的扫描就好像看电话号码簿，你心里很清楚你要找什么，所以你快速扫描所看的那一页来找到答案。
这种技巧通常用来回答多项选择题以及配对题。
快速扫描文章找到问题所问的信息。
略读就是快速阅读一个段落，了解中心意思，而忽略细节。
这种技巧可以用来回答：“给出一个段落的小标题”或是“在那个段落中提到这个信息?”或是“作者的观点”这类的题目。
雅思阅读的难度是渐进的，做题的时间安排应该是：第一篇文章大约用15-17分钟，第二篇20分钟左右，23-25分钟做第三篇。
如果有多余的时间就检查一下答案。
建议在读文章以前先快速浏览一遍所有的问题，有个大致的概念你需要去寻找什么样的信息，需要用扫描阅读还是略读，还是两种技巧都要使用。
浏览问题的时候，用铅笔划出重要的信息，例如：日期、地点和名字。
浏览完毕所有问题之后，扫读一次文章，标出重要的部分。
如果看见任何与问题相关的信息，直接标出来，有些题目边看就可以边答了。
根据自己标出的重要信息一次回答问题，文章看过一遍以后，去找特定的信息就会变得更容易。
答案在文章里面出现的顺序通常与问题的顺序是一致的，例如第4题的答案通常会比第5题的答案先出现。
不过这主要看问题的类型，如果问题问的是In which paragraph does this information appear?" 以及Yes / No / Not given类型的问题，那么答案就不一定是按顺序了。
一找到问题的答案就在答题纸上作答，不一定要按顺序回答问题。
注意看题目要求，如果题目要求用不超过3个单词来作答，记住不要超过3个。
最难的是True / False / Not given 与Yes / No / Not given 类型的题目。
平时多练习做这种题型，考试的时候要记住看清楚要你回答True / False还是Yes / No，不要用True / False回答Yes/No，也不要用Yes/No回答True/False，这种回答会被视为错误而没有分数。
不要在一个题目停留太久，找不到答案就接着做下一题，有时间再回头做。
雅思阅读重要技巧：记号记号在雅思阅读考试中究竟有怎样神奇的功效呢?天道专家总结了巧用技巧所带来的雅思阅读的好处，不过记号的最大功效在于它可以保证考生在有限的时间内有效地快速的解题。
1. 记号可以起到突出重要内容，加深记忆的作用，因此考生要学会在雅思阅读中把任何重要信息都打上记号，比如所有的问题题干中的重要信息，比如list of headings 中所有的选项的关键信息等。
考生对题干中的重要信息记忆深刻了，那么定位就会相对更快更准确。
2. 在文章非特殊印刷体的关键词上面做上记号，一方面可以加快阅读速度，同时又可以防止漏掉文中的重要信息。
雅思阅读的文章乍一看上去就像是天书一般，如果考生在查找细节时光依靠眼睛很容易出现走马观花的现象，考生自认为在读其实什么都没看进去。
3. 在雅思阅读解题时用记号可以加快速度，比如，考生在审题时圈出关键词，就可以果断的进入解题的下一步——去原文定位了，同样，在原文找到关键词后，赶快圈出关键词，就可以快速进入下一步。
如果考生不习惯打记号，就可能出现迟疑犹豫不决的情况，尽管看到了重要信息但还是不往下走，视线仍旧在某地徘徊。
因此，可以说在解题的每一个环节，用笔可以帮助考生加快解题速度。
总之，考生要记住：在雅思阅读考试中，除了眼睛之外，在雅思阅读文章中做出恰当的记号，会让考生一直保持良好的心情和状态，提高解题速度，容易考出理想的成绩。