英语语言学第一章、第二章

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英语语言学第一章、第二章

英语语言学第一章、第二章

第一章:绪论1.什么是语言学1.1定义语言学常被定义为是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。

语言学研究的不是某一种特定的语言,而是人类所有的语言。

为了揭示语言的本质,语言学家首先要对语言实际使用进行观察,并在此基础上形成有关语言使用的概括性假设,这些初步形成的假设要在语言使用中进行进一步的检验,最终形成一条语言理论。

1.2语言学的研究范畴:语言学研究有不同的侧重。

对语言体系作全面研究的语言学研究称为普通语言学。

语音学主要是对语言声音媒介的研究,它不只是研究某一特定的语言的声音媒介,而是所有语言的声音媒介。

音系学与语音学不同,它主要研究特定语言的语音体系,即音是如何结合在一起产生有意义的单位。

形态学主要研究单词的内部语义结构,及这些叫做词素的语义最小单位是如何结合构成单词。

句法学主要研究构成潜在句子的句法规则。

语义学以研究语义为目的,传统语义学主要研究抽象的意义,独立于语境之外的意义,语用学也是研究语义,但是它把语义研究置于语言使用语境中加以研究。

语言不是一个孤立的现象,而是一种社会现象,各种社会因素都会对语言的使用产生影响。

从社会的角度来研究语言的科学被称之为社会语言学。

语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。

心理语言学主要从心理学的角度来研究语言。

它要研究人们在使用语言时大脑的工作机理,如人是如何习得母语的,人的大脑是如何加工和记忆语言信息等问题。

把语言学的研究成果应用到实践中的科学形成了应用语言学。

狭义上,应用语言学指把语言理论和原则运用于语言教学的科学,在广义上,它指把语言理论与原则应用于解决实际问题的科学。

除此之外还有人类语言学、神经语言学、数学语言学、计算语言学等。

1.3语言学研究中的几对基本概念1.3.1规定性和描述性语言学研究是描述性的,不是规定性的。

这是语言学和传统语法的一个重要区别。

语言学研究的目的是对人们使用的语言进行客观描述与分析,而不是对语言的使用作出规定。

传统语法是规定性的,它主要建立在笔头语言基础之上,旨在规定一系列的语法规则,并且把这些语法规则强加给语言使用者。

英语语言学第一章

英语语言学第一章

functionalism & formalism
• functionalism:
study the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.
• formalism:
study the abstract forms of language and their internal relations
made by Saussure in the early 20th century
competence & performance
competence underlying knowledge about the system of rules
performance the actual use of language in concrete situations
Message—Poetic
the addresser uses language for the sole purposes of displaying the beauty of language itself
Contact—Phatic communion
the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.

英语语言学笔记1-何兆熊

英语语言学笔记1-何兆熊

英语语⾔学笔记1-何兆熊第⼀章Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics Teaching procedures1. languageWhy study language?为什么学习语⾔A tool for communication交流的⼯具An integral part of our life and humanity ⼈类⽣活和⼈性中不可或缺的⼀部分.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.如果不能完全理解语⾔的本质和结构,我们就会对⼈类的本质⼀⽆所知.What is language?什么是语⾔different senses of language 语⾔的不同意义1. what a person says( concrete act of speech)a person‘s consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract system2. A webster‘s New Dictionrary offers a frequently used sense of the word ―language‖:a. human speech ⼈类的⾔语b. the ability to communicate by this means 通过⾔语来交流的能⼒c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed,used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; ⽤来表达或交流思想和感觉的⼀套声⾳及这些声⾳互相结合的系统d. the written representation of such a system 系统的⽂字表达3. the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.最简洁的定义:语⾔是⾔语交流的⼀种⽅式.Language is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiostic and communication canonly take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interactionincluding such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.Language distinguishes us from animals.因为说和写的交流⽅式是⼀种有⽬的的⾏为,所以语⾔是实⽤性的;因为语⾔是社会符号,语⾔的交流只能在所有参与者⼴泛理解了⼈类的那些⾮⾔语的暗⽰,动机,社会⽂化⾓⾊等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进⾏,因此语⾔⼜是社会的,约定俗成的.语⾔使⼈类区别于动物.definitionsLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiveror listener).A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather thanrandomly. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) bkli (×) Why do we say language is arbitrary? Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. Thisexplains and is explained by the fact that different language have different words for thesame object, it is good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language . it is only our tacitagreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound upin the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrary of language is a famousquotation from shakepeare‘s play:‖ Romeo and Juliet: A rose by any other name wouldsmell as sweet.⼀朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字,闻起来都是⼀样⾹的.Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or voval forms to symbolize what they wishto refer to.Vocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The factthat small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or readalso indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written.Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms.People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.Human ----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.―Language Acquisition Device‖(LAD)⼆.What characteristics of langauge do you think should be included in a good ,comprenhensive definition of language? Language is a rule-governed system; langauge is basically vocal; langauge is arbitrary ; langague is used for human communication.1.3 Design features of language 语⾔的结构特征Design features------ refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity/ productivity, displacement, clutural transmission and interchangeability.Design features----- are features that define our human languages,such asarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.(指决定了⼈类语⾔性质的特征.例如任意性,⼆重性,创造性,移位性,⽂化转移性等.)The American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features.What is arbitrariness?任意性a. arbitrariness【'ɑ?b?tr?r?n?s】----arbitrariness(任意性): one design feature of humanlanguage,which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no naturalrelationship to their meaning.(⼈类语⾔的本质特征之⼀,指语⾔符号的形式与意义之间没有⾃然的联系.)It was discussed by Saussure first.The link between them is a matter of convention.E.g. ―house‖ uchi (Japanese)Mansion (French)房⼦(Chinese)(1) arbitrary between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning语⾔的⾳和义之间的任意性a. By ―arbitrary‖, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语⾔的意义和语⾳之间没有逻辑关系。

新编简明英语语言学 第一章

新编简明英语语言学 第一章

What is linguistics?
---It is a scientific study because it is based on the systemetic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
> Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians tended to emphasize the importance of the written word.
---Hall, 1968
语言是“人类利用约定俗成的任意性视听符号借以相互交流和影响的习惯体 系”。
---霍尔 , 1968
What is language?
From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
synchronic and diachronic
>The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.
对历史上某一时间点的语言状况 所作的研究是共时研究
>The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

英语语言学(江西师范大学)智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下江西师范大学

英语语言学(江西师范大学)智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下江西师范大学

英语语言学(江西师范大学)智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下江西师范大学江西师范大学第一章测试1.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.答案:错2.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.答案:错nguage is used to record the facts, which is the informative function oflanguage, also called ideational function in the framework of functionalgrammar.答案:对4.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.答案:对5.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be _______.答案:descriptive6.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?答案:Meaningfulnessnguage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween _______ and meanings.答案:sounds8.Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at languagefrom a ________ point of view.答案:sociological…psychological9.According to Jakobson, ___________ are the functions of language?答案:referential;conative;metalingual10.Which of the following belongs to the main branches of linguistics?答案:Morphology;phonetics;Semantics第二章测试1.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.答案:错2.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequenceof two or more phonemic segments.答案:对3.What is the difference between the fields of phonetics and phonology?答案:Phonetics is concerned with the physical and physiological aspects ofsounds, while phonology is concerned with sounds as parts of language.4.Question: Which of the following sounds is velar ?答案:A.g5.Which of the following sounds is not alveolar?答案:f6.Would it be useful to compare German and English when trying to establishhow English was spoken in the past?答案:Yes, because English and German are related and each may have a more conservative pronunciation in some points.7.In German, the word 'Kind' (child) has the plural form Kind-er. In the letter dis actually pronounced as [t], but in the plural form one pronounces it as a [d].Which phonological feature is involved in this alternation?答案:Voice8.English and German have relatively large vowel inventories. What reasondoes the discussion provide for this?答案:These languages tend to have a simpler syllable structure than otherlanguages, and need more differences between vowels.9.How do features help us understand and explain the path of languageacquisition?答案:Children try to find out how speech sounds can be built up offeatures.;Children do not acquire sounds, but rather features.;Children become gradually aware of features.10.Which three of the following parameters are relevant for consonant sounds?Please check all that apply.答案:Voicing;Manner of articulation;Place of articulation第三章测试1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ____.答案:lexical words2.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _____morpheme.答案:inflectional3.______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existingwords by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.答案:back-formation4.The stem of the word “disagreements” is ________.答案:disagreement5.All of them are meaningful except for ________.答案:phoneme6.“Fore” in “foretell”is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.答案:错7.The words “whimper”, “whisper”and “whistle”are formed in the way ofonomatopoeia.答案:对8.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to thenumber of morphemes.答案:错9.Back-formation is a productive way of word-formation.答案:错10.Inflection is a particular way of word-formation.答案:对第四章测试1.Prase structure rules have ______ properties.答案:recursive2.The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.答案:finite3.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to formgrammatical sentences.答案:combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.答案:ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory wordthat introduces the embedded clause.答案:subordinator6.An ________ can further be divided into two types: subordination andcoordination.答案:endocentric construction7.What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?答案:Exocentric8.The head of the phrase “behind the door”is __________.答案:none9.The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.答案:exocentric10.The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to exposethemselves.”is a __________ sentence.答案:simple第五章测试1.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references indifferent situations.答案:对2.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherentrelation to the physical world of experience.答案:错3.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents.答案:错4.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but rankeddifferently according to their degree of formality.答案:对5.________ is not one of seven types of meaning advanced by Geoffrey Leech.答案:derogatory meaning6.Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.答案:synonyms7.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.答案:Componential analysis8.“teacher” and “student” are ______________.答案:converse antonyms9._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.答案:Reference10.“John killed Bill”_______ “Bill didn’t die.”答案:is inconsistent with第六章测试1.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if thecontext of language use was left unconsidered.答案:对2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning the context of use is considered.答案:对3.Utterances always take the form of complete sentences.答案:错4.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.答案:错5.Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.答案:错6.The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditionalsemantics.答案:intrinsic7. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is oftenstudied in isolation.答案:grammatical8.__________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.答案:A perlocutionary act9.__________ is advanced by Paul Grice.答案:Cooperative Principle10.When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______might arise.答案:conversational implicatures第七章测试1.Halliday is hailed as the father of modern linguistics.()答案:错。

《新编简明英语语言学教程》学习手册(打印版)_戴炜栋(word文档良心出品)

《新编简明英语语言学教程》学习手册(打印版)_戴炜栋(word文档良心出品)

《语言学概论》学习指导第一章III. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What features does human language have, which can notbe found in animal communication system?2.Why is spoken language given priority to writtenlanguage in modern linguistics?3.What are the features of modern linguistics?第二章语音学一、导读2.1 语音研究人类交际包括两种形式:语言交际(linguistic communication) 和非语言交际(paralinguistic communication)。

非语言交际包括手势、表情、眼神或图表等。

语言交际包括口语(spoken language)和书面语(written language)。

在多数情况下,人们主要是通过口语进行交际。

口语交际的媒介是语音(speech sounds),也就是说人们通过声道(vocal track)发出的音来表达意义。

这种对语音的研究被叫做语音学(phonetics)。

口语交际是一个复杂的过程。

可以想象,当人们交际时,语音首先被说话者发出,然后,它在空气中被传递并被听话者接收。

也就是说,口语交际包括三个基本步骤:语音的发出→语音在空气中的传导→语音的接收。

根据这三个步骤, 语音研究也自然地分成三个主要研究领域。

对第一个步骤的研究是发声语音学(articulatory phonetics),研究语音的产生。

对第二个步骤的研究是声学语音学(acoustic phonetics),研究语音的物理特征。

对第三个步骤的研究是听觉语音学(auditory phonetics),研究和语音感知有关的内容。

语言学教程术语

语言学教程术语

语言学教程术语第一章语言学导论phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics 语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition 双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition 孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章语音trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords 声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator 积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis 插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word 多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme 黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift 转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening 词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative宾格genitive属格dative 与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成concord/agreement 一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified 能指signifier所systematic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substitutability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression_r(referential-expression_r)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程(感觉过程)relational process(a process of being)关系过程(属性过程)verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程(讲话过程)existential process生存过程empiricism经验主义(洛克,白板说)rationalism 理性主义(笛卡尔)mentalism心灵主义new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori先天综合判断(康德Kant)Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时期Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的标准理论Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期(管约论)Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式Performance system应用系统Modular theory模块理论Spell-out拼写Language faculty语言机制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势Context culture 文化语境Field语场Tenor语旨Mode语式pivot words轴心词mental construct心理构念theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism类型学功能主义extreme functionalism极端的功能主义external functionalism外部功能主义integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义exceptional case marking例外格标记specifier标定成分fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射two-segment category两节语类complement domain补足语区域minimal domain最小区域internal domain内部区域checking domain检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizing chain link最小语链联结representational system表达系统strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件structure-preserving principle结构保存原则C-commanding condition成分统领条件articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统interface conditions中介条件full-interpretation完全解释原则procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则greed句法操作自利原则the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则the shortest movement principle最短移位原则primary complement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)secondary complement(non- referential NP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)empty category principle空范畴原则aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征ASPP is functional projection .ASPP 是功能投射.crossing branch交叉分支across the board extraction抽取跨界移动principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法head parameter 中心语参数logical form(LF)逻辑形式phonetic form(PF)语音形式phonological component音韵部分overt component显性部分covert component隐性部分core computation核心运算asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理adjunction 加接determiner限定词concatenate联结linearization线性化functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设right-branching右向分支X’(V,N,A,P)词项X’’=XP=Xmax是X 的二阶投射结构Y’’=指示语specifier Z’’=补述语complement IP=屈折短语inflection phraseXP=general phrase structureCHL人类语言的运算系统=computational system for human languageLCA线性对应定理=linear correspondence axiom Xmin=X0=最小投射。

语言学复习资料

语言学复习资料

第一章绪论A.Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration.1. linguistics2. langue3. parole4. arbitrariness5. displacement6. language7. design features 8. performance 9. competence 10. semanticsB.Fill in each blank with one word.1.Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.2.In professional usage, the ___is a scholar who studies language objectively,observing it scientifically, recording the facts of language, and generalizing from them.3.When the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of use, itbecomes another branch of linguistic study called ___.4.The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society from thecore of the branch is called ___.5.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is ___.6.The branch of study related to sounds is called ___.7.___relates the study of language to psychology. Modern linguistics carried out inthe century is mostly ___, it differs from the linguistic study normally known as “grammar”.nguage refers to the ___linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity.9.Chomsky defines ___as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language and___of the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.10.Five of the design features of human language are ___, ___, ___, ___,___.C.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1.The study of language as a whole is often called ___.A. general linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. applied linguistics2.The study of language meaning is called ___.A. syntaxB. morphologyC. semanticsD. pragmatics3.The description of a language at some point in time is a ___.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptive4.___made the distinction between langue and parole.A. ChomskyB. SapirC. HallD. Saussure5.Which of the following isn’t the design features of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. PerformanceC. DualityD. Displacement6.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as ___.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7.___refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity.A. ParoleB. LangueC. SpeechD. Writing8.The definition “language is a purely human and non-instinctive method ofcommunicat ing ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”was proposed by ___.A. SapirB. HallC. ChomskyD. Bloomfield9.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a goodillustration of the ___nature of language.A. arbitrarinessB. productivityC. dualityD. cultural transmission10.Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. SpeechD.Indicate the following statements true or false.1.Linguistics studies a particular language.nguage is an isolated phenomenon.3.The language a person uses often reveals his social background.nguage is human-specific.nguage is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, and it is possible forlinguists to deal with it all at once.6.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.7.The study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society is calledsociolinguistics.8.Today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is basically prescriptive, so modernlinguistics is mostly prescriptive.9.In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.10.The distinction between langue and parole is the same as the distinction betweencompetence and performance.11.Linguists Sapir and Hall both treated language as a purely human institution.12.“lblk” is not a possible sound combination in English.参考答案:B. 1. language 2. linguist 3. pragmatics 4. sociolinguistics5.descriptive6. phonology7. psycholinguistics, descriptive8. abstract9. competence, performance 10. arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement,cultural transmissionC. 1-5ACBDB 6-10CBAADD. 1-5FFTTF 6-10TTFTF 11-12TT第二章音系学A.Define the following terms, giving examples if necessary:1.Phonetics2.Stops3.Voicing4.Allophone5.Suprasegmental features6.Phonology7.Tone8.Consonant9.Vowel10.Narrow transcriptionB.Indicate the following statements true or false:1.Of the media of language, writing is more basic than speech.2.There have been over 5,000 languages in the world, about two thirds of which have nothad written form.3.Speech sounds are limited in number.4.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the mosthighly developed, is acoustic phonetics.5.Sound [l] in the word leaf is a dark [\].6.Sound [p] in the word “spit” is an unaspirated stop.7.In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels.8.Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a language; it aims to discover howspeech sounds form patterns and how they differ from each other.9.In English, the position of word stress distinguishes meaning.10.English is a typical tone language.11.Phonetics is of a general nature.12.Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of tense andloose vowels.C.Fill in each of following blanks.1.In linguistic evolution, ___prior to writing.2.The three branches of phonetics are: ___phonetics, ___phonetics and ___phonetics.3.The major suprasegmental features in English are: ______, ______and ___.4.The major rules in phonology are ___rule, ___rule, and ___rule.5.Clear [l] and dark [\] are the ___of the phoneme [l].6.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called ___.7.The transcription with letter-symbols only is called _____, the transcription withdiacritics is called ______.8.In English these are two affricates, ___and ___.9.All the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are ___.10.___can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.D.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The ___is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulationthan any other.A. lipsB. nasal cavityC. tongueD. oral cavity2.Liquids is classified in the light of ___.A. manner of articulationB. place of articulationC. place of tongueD. none of the above3.In English, there is only one glottal. It is ___.A. [l]B. [h]C. [k]D. [f]4.The phonetic symbol for “voiced, labiodental, fricative” is ___.A. [v]B. [d]C. [f]D. [m]5.The difference between [u] and [u:] is caused by ___.A. the openness of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above6.What kind of tone is used when what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-factstatements?A. The rising toneB. The falling toneC. The fall-rise toneD. None of the above7.In a sentence, which of the following is usually not stressed?A. NounsB. Demonstrative pronounsC. Personal pronounsD. All of the above8.Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above9.Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___.A. phonemic contrastB. complimentary distributionC. minimal pairD. None of the above10.The sound [v] can be described as ___.A.voiced, labiodental, fricativeB.voiceless, labiodental, affricateC.voiced, alveolar, fricativeD.None of the above参考答案: A. 1-5 FTTFF 6-10TTFTF 11-12TF C. 1-5 CABAC 6-10 BCBBAB. 1. speech 2. articulatory, auditory, acoustic 3. word stress, sentence stress,intonation 4.sequential, assimilation, deletion 5. allophone 6. voicing 7. broadtranscription, narrow transcription 8. [] [] 9. rounded 10. Phone第3章形态学A.Decide whether each of the following statements is T (true) or F (false).()1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.()2. Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub-branches of morphology.()3. The structure of words is not governed by rules.( ) 4. A morpheme is the basic unit in the study of morphology.( ) 5. Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.( ) 6. Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.( ) 7. There is only one type of affixes in the English language.( ) 8. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.( ) 9. Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.( ) 10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.B.Fill in each blank below with one word.1. __________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.2. The affix "-es" conveys a __________ meaning.3. __________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all bythemselves.4. __________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such asnumber, degree, and case.5. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called __________.6. The combination of two or sometimes more that two words to create new words is called__________7. Semantically, the meaning of a __________ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum totalof the meanings of its components.8. __________ morphology studies word-formation.9. A __________ can never stand by itself although it bears clears, definite meaning.10. __________ are added to the end of stems.C.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement.( ) 1. The word "boyish" contains two ____________.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs( ) 2. Inflectional ____________ studies inflections.A. derivationB. inflectionC. phonologyD. morphology( ) 3. ____________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix( ) 4. ____________ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes( ) 5. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ____________to froma new word.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. word参考答案:A.1-5 TTFTF 6-10 FFTFTB. 1. Morpheme 2. grammatical 3. Free 4. Inflectional5. prefixes6. derivation7. compound8. Derivational9. root 10. SuffixesC.1-5 CDBAC第5章语义学A.Indicate the following statements T (true) or F (false).( ) 1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation ofmeaning they are linked through the meditation of concepts in the mind.( ) 2. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 3. There are words with more or less the same meaning based in different regional dialects. ( ) 4. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can not be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.( ) 5. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. ( ) 6. Among the approaches to the study of meaning, the naming theory is better than others.( ) 7. Kid and child are stylistic synonyms.( ) 8. "furniture" is the superordinate of "bed".( ) 9. Antonyms contrast each other only on a single dimension, such as "live" and "die".( )10. "Cold" and "hot" are complementary antonyms.( )11. In English, there is no argument in some sentences.( )12.The sentence "Tom, smoke!" and "Tom smokes." have the same semantic predication. ( )13. The sentences that contain the same words are same in meaning.( )14. The meaning of a word is the combination of all its elements, and so is the sentence. ( )15. The meaning of the word we often use is the primary meaning.( )16. Meaning is central to the study of communication.( )17. The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.( )18. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent.( )19. Sense and reference are the same.( )20. Complete synonyms are rare in language.( )21. Stylistic synonyms differ in style because they come from different regions.( )22. Polysemy is the same as homonymy.( )23. Homophones are words which are identical in sound.( )24. The superordinate term is more general in meaning than its hyponyms.( )25. In a pair of gradable antonyms, the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other.( )26. In componential analysis, the plus sign is used to indicate that a certain semantic feature is present.( )27. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality.( )28. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.( )29. A predicate is something said about an argument.( )30. There is only one argument in the sentence "Kids like apples".B. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word.1.In semantic analysis, ___________ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.2.___________ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.3.___________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided intomeaning components4.___________ is a relation of inclusion.5.For ___________ antonyms, it is a matter of either one or the other.6.There are often intermediate form between the two members of a pair of ___________antonyms.7.The various meanings of a ___________ word are related to some degree.8.Synonyms which differ in the words they go together with are called___________synonyms.9.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different ___________ in differentsituations.10.___________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.11.___________ is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from observablecontexts.12.There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to according to the___________ view.13.According to Wittgenstein, for a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is its___________ in the language.14.In the study of meaning, ___________ focus their interest on understanding the human mindthrough language.15.According to the ___________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to belabels of the objects they stand for.16.Autumn and Fall are two ___________ ___________.17.The words of English are classified into ___________ words and ___________ words.18.Hyponymy is the relation of ___________, superordingate entails all ___________.19.“Father” and “son” are ___________ ___________.20.In the sentences of entailment, if X is true, Y is ___________.21.___________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.22.___________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.23.The same one word may have more that one meaning, this is what we called ___________,and such a word is called ___________ word.24.___________ refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and amore specific word.25.In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ___________.C.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:( ) 1. “Lorry” and “truck” are ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaningD. none of the above( ) 2. Which pair is the emotive synonyms ____________.A. dad, fatherB. flat, apartmentC. mean, frugalD. charge, accuse( ) 3. In the collocational synonyms, "rebuke" is collocated by ____________.A. withB. forC. ofD. against( ) 4. The noun tear and the verb tear are ____________.A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. none of the above( ) 5. The sentence John likes ice-cream contains ____________ arguments.A. oneB. twoC. noneD. three( ) 6. The classic semantic triangle reflects ____________.A. the naming theoryB. the conceptual viewC. the contextualist viewD. the behaviorist view( ) 7. ____________ concerns with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it's abstract and de-contextualized.A. ReferenceB. SemanticC. SenseD. none of the above( ) 8. The same word may have more than one meaning, which is called ____________.A. synonymyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. polysemy( ) 9. ____________ analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A. ComponentialB. PredicationC. SyntacticD. none of the above( )10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called ____________.A. selectional restrictionsB. grammatical rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. all of the above( ) 11. Semantics can be defined as the study of ____________.A. namingB. meaningC. communicationD. context( ) 12. In the study of meaning, the ____________ are interested in understanding the relations between linguistic expressions and what they refer to in the real world.A. linguistsB. philosophersC. psychologistsD. phoneticians( ) 13. The linguistic ____________ is sometimes known as co-text.A. contextB. situationC. contextualizationD. situation of context( ) 14. Bloomfield drew on _____________ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A. contextualB. conceptualistC. behavioristD. naming( ) 15. Sense and reference are two related ______________ different aspects of meaning.A. butB. andC. orD. as well as( ) 16. ____________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.A. SenseB. ReferenceC. MeaningD. Semantics( ) 17. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ____________ dialects.A. personalB. regionalC. socialD. professional( ) 18. Hyponyms of the same ____________ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponymy( ) 19. Words that are opposite in meaning are ____________.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones( ) 20. An ____________ is a logical participant in a predication.A. argumentB. predicateC. predicationD. agentD. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration.1. semantics2. the naming theory3. superordinate4. complete homonym5. hyponymy参考答案:A. 1-5 TTTFT 6-10 FFTFF 11-15 TTFFF 16-20 TTFFT21-25 FFTTF 26-30 TTFTFB. 1. predication 2. Selectional 3. componential 4. Entailment5. complementary6. gradable7. polysemic8. collocational9. references 10. Sense 11. Contextualization 12. conceptualist13. use 14. psychologists 15. naming 16. stylistic synonyms17. native, loan 18. entailment, hyponyms 19. relational opposites20. true 21. Sense 22. Reference 23. polysemy, polysemic24. Hyponymy 25. predicationC. 1-5 ACBBB 6-10 BCDBA 11-15 BBACA 16-20 BBCCA第6章语用学A.Decide whether each of the following statements is T (true) or F (false). ( ) 1. The contextualist view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.( ) 2. Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics.( ) 3. The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language.( ) 4. All utterances take the form of sentences.( ) 5. Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s ofthe 20th century.( ) 6. Grice made a distinction between what he called "constatives" and "performatives". ( ) 7. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.( ) 8. In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by thehearer.( ) 9. Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.( ) l0. The Cooperative Principle was proposed by John Searle.( ) 11. There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle.( ) 12. The violations of the maxims make our language indirect.( ) 13. All the utterances take the form of sentences.( ) 15. According to the speech act theory, when we are speaking a language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguisticcommunication consists of a sequence of acts.( ) 16. All the acts that belong to the same category of illocutionary act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force.( ) 17. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form.( ) 18. Conversation participants nearly always observe the CP and the maxims of the CP. ( ) 19. A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.( ) 20. Utterance is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context.( ) 22. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.( ) 23. Gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.( ) 24. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.( ) 25. Without the shared knowledge both by the speaker and the hearer, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge,linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a semantic sense. ( ) 26. An perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention.( ) 27. According to Paul Grice's idea, in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. ( ) 28. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.B. Fill each of the following blanks with one word.1. The shared knowledge which constitutes context is of two types; the knowledge of the _____they use, and the knowledge about the _____, including the general knowledge aboutthe word and specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communicationis taking place.2. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes an _____, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actuallyused.3. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all bewilling to _____; otherwise, if would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. Thegeneral principle is called the ______ ______, abbreviated as CP.4. There are four maxims under the CP: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of ______, themaxim of relation and the maxim of ______.5. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be ______.6. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certaincontext, ______can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.7. If ______ is not considered, the study of meaning is restricted to the area of traditionalsemantics.8. The meaning of an _______is concrete and context-dependent.9. An ______ is not considered, the study of meaning is restricted to the area of traditionalsemantics.10. According to Searle, ______ acts fall into five general categories.11. ______ are those speech acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course ofaction.12. To ask someone to pass a book is obviously a ______.13. According to Paul Grice, in making ______, the participants must first of all be willing tocooperate.14. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to ______ implicatures.15. The significance of Grice’s ______ Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for thespeaker to convey more than is literally said.C.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.( ) 1. __________ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism( ) 2. Once the notion of __________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content( ) 3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes __________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance( ) 4. A __________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical( ) 5. __________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken( ) 6. __________ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech( ) 7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of __________ acts.A. IocutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech( ) 9. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their __________ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic( ) 10. The Cooperative Principle is proposed by __________.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons( ) 11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the __________ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above( ) 12. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the __________.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above( ) 13. The maxim of quantity requires: __________A. make your contribution as informative as required.B. do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.( ) 14. The maxim of quality requires: do not say what you believe to be __________.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly( ) 15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to __________.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicatureD. all of the above( ) 16. The significance of Grice's CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey __________ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the aboveD. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration:1. context2. utterance meaning3. locutionary act4. illocutionary act5. perlocutionary art参考答案:A. 1-5 TTFFT 6-10 FTFTF 11-16 TTFTT 16-20 FTFTT 21-25 FTFTF 26-28 FTFB. 1. language, world 2. utterance 3. cooperate, Cooperative Principle4. quality, manner5. relevant6. pragmatics7. context8. utterance 9. illocutionary 10. speech 11. Commissives12. directive 13. conversation 14. conversational 15. CooperativeC. 1-5ABDCB 6-10 CBCAC 11-15 BCDAC 16 A。

英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案

英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案Chapter 1 IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language?答:Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答:The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences inlanguages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答:The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答:In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?答:Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答:Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答:First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?(2.2语言的识别性特征)美国语言学家C. Hockett提出了人类语言的12种识别性特征,其中最重要的识别性特种有5种:即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。

英语语言学概论

英语语言学概论

《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义:语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性);语言的功能(寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为);语言的起源(神授说,人造说,进化说)等。

第二章语言学语言学定义;研究语言的四大原则(穷尽、一致、简洁、客观);语言学的基本概念(口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为);普通语言学的分支(语音、音位、语法、句法、语义);;语言学的应用(语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学)等。

第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称;英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法;语音学的定义;发音语音学;听觉语音学;声学语音学;元音及辅音的分类;严式与宽式标音等。

第四章音位学音位理论;最小对立体;自由变异;互补分布;语音的相似性;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音(词重音、句子重音、音高和语调)等。

第五章词法学词法的定义;曲折词与派生词;构词法(合成与派生);词素的定义;词素变体;自由词素;粘着词素(词根,词缀和词干)等。

第六章词汇学词的定义;语法词与词汇词;变词与不变词;封闭词与开放词;词的辨认;习语与搭配。

第七章句法句法的定义;句法关系;结构;成分;直接成分分析法;并列结构与从属结构;句子成分;范畴(性,数,格);一致;短语,从句,句子扩展等。

第八章语义学语义的定义;语义的有关理论;意义种类(传统、功能、语用);里奇的语义分类;词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义);句子语义关系。

第九章语言变化语言的发展变化(词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化);第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义;萨丕尔-沃夫假说;语言与思维的关系;语言与文化的关系;中西文化的异同。

第十一章语用学语用学的定义;语义学与语用学的区别;语境与意义;言语行为理论(言内行为、言外行为和言后行为);合作原则。

语言学复习重点 第一章

语言学复习重点 第一章

Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics(这一章主要探讨什么是语言,语言的功能是什么,语言的起源和分类,以及,什么是语言学,语言学的研究范围是什么)1.1 The nature of language---什么是语言?一句话总结,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (systematic, symbolic, arbitrary, primarily vocal, human specific, used for communication)nguage is systematic 系统性(重点:语言的双重性duality)解释:language is systematic since element in it are arranged to certain rules.(e.g.only certain combination of sounds are possible in English)双重性duality: Each language is organized into two basic systems: a system of sound and a system of meaning.nguage is symbolic 符号性(重点:Icon, Index, Symbol 的区分)解释:there is no or little connection between the sounds that people use and objects to which the sounds refer.(这句话丝毫没重点,不过没办法,PPT上这么说,我觉得对符号性的理解应该是people use signs to communicate, which means that language involves signs 才有逻辑)因为:伟大的现代语言学之父Saussure: linguistics is a subdivision(分支)of semiology(符号学), dealing with language as a special means of human communication. (语言学是符号学的分支,是研究语言作为以一种特殊交流方法的学科。

语言学教学大纲

语言学教学大纲

《语言学》课程教学大纲课程名称:语言学英文名称:Linguistics课程类型:专业基础课程总学时:36考核方式:考试成绩评定:平时测验+课堂表现+作业+出勤:40%,期末考试:60%授课对象:英语专业先修课程:基础英语$教材:《新编简明英语语言学教程》,戴炜栋编著,上海外语教育出版社,2002年。

参考书:《现代语言学》,何兆雄编著,外语教学与研究出版社,1999年。

《语言学教程》,胡壮麟编著,北京大学出版社,1991年。

一、课程目的和任务该课程是英语专业(本科)的一门专业必修课。

开设在三年级下学期。

本课程向学生介绍语言学领域的重要研究成果,包括语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学的基本理论以及语言与文化、社会、思维等的关系。

通过本课程的学习,使学生掌握英语语言学的基本理论和基础知识,增强学生对语言的本质特征和语言学习过程的主要特点的了解,促进学生语言能力和文化素养的提高,提高学生学习和运用英语的效率。

…二、教学内容基本要求、重点和难点【基本要求】1.正确认识课程的性质、任务及其研究对象。

基本把握课程的体系与结构。

了解英语语言的起源、发展及其变化过程,进一步熟悉与理解英语语言的有关现象与概念。

2.对语言与社会、语言与文化和语言与外语教学等方面之间的关系有一定的了解,将所学的语言学基础知识用于指导第二语言的学习,提高语言理论素养,特别是提高英语的正确运用能力和得体的交际能力。

【重点、难点】1.教学重点:音位学,语用学,社会语言学,语言学与外语教学2.教学难点:句法学,语义学,心理语言学第一章绪论$【目的要求】1.掌握语言学的概念、语言的概念及其甄别性特征。

2.熟悉语言学研究中的几对基本概念。

3.了解语言学研究的各个语言层面以及语言学的各个分支。

【重点、难点】1.教学重点:语言学的概念、语言的概念及其甄别性特征。

2.教学难点:语言学研究中的几对基本概念。

【教学方法与教学手段】%讲授式、讨论式【教学时数】2学时【思考与练习】1﹒How do you interpret the definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language 2﹒What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study3﹒What characteristics of language should be included in a good , comprehensive definition of language4﹒What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system】第二章音系学【目的要求】1.通过语音学部分的学习,了解各种发音器官及其作用,英语的元音和辅音的发音方式和特点,分清宽式标音法和窄式标音法的区别。

英语语言学—中文版

英语语言学—中文版

单元练习......76页英语语言学概论—自学指导主编: 支永碧王永祥英语语言学概论—自学指导主编: 支永碧王永祥副主编:李葆春丁后银王秀凤前言本书主要为参加英语专业(本科段)自学考试和全国研究生入学考试的考生而编写,是《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2007)的配套辅导用书。

自2007年起,《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2007)被确定为英语专业(本科段)自学考试的指定教材。

在此期间,许多参加自学考试的考生希望能再出一本配套的辅导教材。

他们中的不少人不仅希望自学考试轻松过关,还希望和全国其他学生一样将来能参加全国统一的研究生入学考试继续升造求学。

而现有的教材内容和相关练习似乎还不能充分满足他们的需求。

其一,配套练习尚不够全面,缺少问答题的参考答案;其二,和研究生入学考试真题相比,配套练习的类型也不够全面;其三,参加自学考试的学生往往很难得到老师的亲自授课和指导,而英语语言学理论和概念往往抽象难懂,再加上其它各种原因,不少考生不能轻易地掌握各章的所有重点、难点,因此,他们迫切需要有一本简单实用的自学考试指南和辅导练习帮助他们解决问题;此外,在英语专业研究生入学考试中,英语语言学是一门必考科目。

入学以后,英语语言学也是英语专业研究生的一门必修课。

鉴于此,他们希望了解更全面的英语语言学基本理论,多做一些更实用的英语语言学练习和真题,以备将来需要。

为了满足广大自考学生和准备参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生的需要,我们在广泛征求了各方面的意见之后,精心编写了本书。

本书的编写除了主要参照王永祥、支永碧主编的《英语语言学概论》以外,我们还参考了胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》(修订版)和戴炜栋、何兆熊主编的《新编简明英语语言学教程》和其它一些高校使用的语言学教程。

本书第一部分为英语语言学核心理论和概念,主要包括:本章主要考点,课文理解与重点内容分析;第二部分为英语语言学概论的十三章单元配套练习,和原教材中的练习稍有不同的是,在本部分,我们选编了部分自学考试真题和各个高校历年考研真题,以便考生更好地了解本章重点。

英语语言学 教学大纲

英语语言学  教学大纲

教学大纲课程名称:英语语言学英文名称:English Linguistics课程类别:英语专业必修课授课对象:英语专业三年级学生学分:2个学分学时:32个学时先修课程:高级英语、英语语法适用专业:英语语言文学一.课程的性质、目的和任务英语语言学是英语专业高年级阶段的必修课程,是一门关于语言本质、结构、特征、功能和普遍规律等的专业基础课,其前导课程为高级英语、英语语法等。

英语语言学属于语言学理论的入门课程,主要介绍语言学的基本概念、基础知识和基本理论等。

本课程的目的和任务是通过教学使学生掌握基本的语言学知识和语言学研究方法,具有基本的运用语言学知识来分析和研究自然语言现象的能力。

二.课程的教学内容第一章:语言学导论1.语言的本质特征:任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性2.语言的功能:信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄交谈、娱乐性功能、元语言功能3.语言学的主要分支:语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学4.宏观语言学:心理语言学、社会语言学、人类语言学、计算语言学5.语言学中的一些重要区别:“描写式”和“规定式”、“共时”和“历时”、“语言”和“言语”、“语言能力”和“语言运用”第二章:语音1.语音学分类:发音语音学、声学语音学、听觉语音学2.发音器官:肺和气管、声带、共鸣腔3.清音和浊音4.辅音:辅音、辅音的发音方法、辅音的发音部位、英语中的辅音5.元音:元音、元音的描写标准、基本元音、元音音渡、英语中的元音6.协同发音和语音描写:协同发音、宽式标音和严式标音7.音位和音位变体:音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变异、分布互补8.音位过程:同化、区别性特征9.超音段特征:音节结构、重音、语调、声调第三章:词汇1.词:“词”的三种含义、词的识别、词的分类、词类2.词的构成:语素和形态学、语素的类型、屈折变化和词的形成、音系学和形态学的对应3.词汇变化:特有的词汇变化、形态变化、语义变化、音位变化、拼写变化第四章:句法:从语词到篇章1.句法关系:组合关系、聚合关系、共现关系2.句法结构和成分:句法结构、成分、直接成分分析法、向心结构和离心结构、并列关系和从属关系3.范畴:范畴、数、性、格、一致关系4.递归性:递归性、连接、嵌入5.句子之外:句子连接、衔接第五章:意义1.“意义”的意义:概念意义、联想意义(内涵意义、社会意义、感情意义、反射意义、搭配意义)、主题意义2.指称论:指称论、概念论、涵义与指称、外延与内涵3.涵义关系:同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系4.语义成分分析法:语义成分分析法第六章:语言与认知1.认知:认知2.心理语言学:语言习得、语言理解、语言的生成3.认知语言学:识解及操作、范畴化、意象图式、隐喻、转喻、整合理论第七章:语言、文化和社会1.语言和文化:情境语境、萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说、个案研究、语言教学中的文化2.语言和社会:语言和社会的联系、社会语境中的文体变异、社会语言学的重要作用、社会语言学的重要启示3.跨文化交际:跨文化交际的重要意义、个案研究第八章:语言的使用1.言语行为理论:施为句和表述句、行事行为理论2.会话含义理论:合作原则、准则的违反、含义的特征第九章:语言与文学1.文学语言的一些普遍特征:前景化和语法形式、字面语言和比喻语言、文学语言的分析2.诗歌语言:语音模式、不同形式的语言模式、重音和韵律模式、传统的韵律模式与语音模式、语音和韵律在诗歌中的功能、如何分析诗歌3.小说中的语言:小说与视角、言语和思维的表达、散文风格、如何分析小说语言4.戏剧语言:如何分析戏剧、分析戏剧语言、如何分析剧本5.从认知角度分析文学:理论背景、认知分析举例三.课程的基本要求1.正确理解语言的本质特征,语言的功能,分清语言学的主要分支以及宏观语言学的基本涵盖范围,掌握语言学中的一些重要区别。

英语语言学概论期末复习

英语语言学概论期末复习

第一章绪论1.1什么是语言1.2语言的性质(1)语言具有系统性(systematic )(2)语言是一个符号系统语言符号是一种象征符号。

(3)语言符号的任意性(arbitrariness )与理据性(motivation )(4)口头性(5)语言是人类特有的(6)语言是用于交际的寒暄交谈(phatic communion )马林诺夫斯基提出的,认为语言除了用于表达思想、交流感情外,还可以用语言营造一种气氛或保持社会接触。

这种不用于表达思想、交流感情的语言使用,叫寒暄交谈。

1.3语言的起源1.4语言的分类1.4.1系属分类(Genetic Classification )历史比较语言学通过比较各种语言在不同时期语音、词性、曲折变化、语法结构上的相同特点来建立语言族系。

将语言分为语系(family )——语族(group )——语支(branch )——语言英语、德语属印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支。

法语属印欧语系罗曼语族中罗曼语支。

汉语属汉藏语系汉语族。

1.4.2 类型分类(Typological Classifacation )根据词的结构类型,可分为(1)孤立语(isolating isolating languagelanguage )又叫词根语,一个词代表一个意思,缺少形态变化,语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段。

汉语是典型的孤立语。

(2)粘着语(agglutinative language )简单词组成复合词,而词性和意义不变。

在词根前、中、后粘贴不同的词缀实现语法功能。

日语、韩语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。

(3)屈折语(inflectional inflectional languagelanguage )词形变化表语法关系的语言。

英语是不太典型的屈折语。

(4)多式综合语(polysynthesis polysynthesis languagelanguage )把主、宾和其它语法项结合到动词词干上以构成一个单独的词,但表达一个句子的意思。

英语简明语言学课程设计

英语简明语言学课程设计

英语简明语言学课程设计一、课程目标知识目标:1. 学生能够理解并掌握语言学基本概念,如音素、音节、词汇、句子结构等;2. 学生能够描述英语语音、语法、词汇等方面的特点;3. 学生能够了解英语语言的发展历史及其与文化的关联。

技能目标:1. 学生能够运用语言学知识分析日常英语语言现象,提高语言感知能力;2. 学生能够通过实例分析,提高英语语法和词汇运用的准确性;3. 学生能够运用所学知识进行简单的语言学研究,提高思辨能力。

情感态度价值观目标:1. 学生培养对英语语言学研究的兴趣,增强学习英语的动力;2. 学生树立正确的语言观念,尊重并欣赏不同语言的多样性;3. 学生通过语言学课程的学习,增强对中华文化的自豪感,培养跨文化交际意识。

课程性质:本课程旨在帮助学生从语言学角度深入了解英语,提高学生的语言素养和跨文化交际能力。

学生特点:高中年级的学生已经具备一定的英语基础,对语言学有一定的好奇心,但可能缺乏系统的语言学知识和研究方法。

教学要求:结合学生特点,课程设计应注重理论与实践相结合,以实例分析为主,激发学生兴趣,提高学生的实际运用能力。

同时,注重培养学生的思辨能力和跨文化交际意识。

通过具体的学习成果评估,确保课程目标的实现。

二、教学内容1. 语言学基本概念:音素、音节、词汇、句子结构等;教材章节:第一章 语言与语言学2. 英语语音特点:音标、发音规则、连读、语调等;教材章节:第二章 英语语音3. 英语语法结构:词类、句型、时态、语态等;教材章节:第三章 英语语法4. 英语词汇特点:词义、词性、词汇搭配、词源等;教材章节:第四章 英语词汇5. 语言与文化:英语国家文化背景、交际礼仪、跨文化交际等;教材章节:第五章 语言与文化6. 语言学研究方法:观察、实证研究、案例分析等;教材章节:第六章 语言学与语言研究教学内容安排与进度:第一周:语言学基本概念第二周:英语语音特点第三周:英语语法结构第四周:英语词汇特点第五周:语言与文化第六周:语言学研究方法三、教学方法本课程将采用以下多样化的教学方法,以激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性:1. 讲授法:针对语言学基本概念、语法结构等理论性较强的内容,通过教师系统、清晰的讲解,帮助学生建立扎实的理论基础。

英语语言学概论第三版课后练习题含答案

英语语言学概论第三版课后练习题含答案

英语语言学概论第三版课后练习题含答案第一章绪论
1.简述语言的定义及其特点。

答:语言是人类交流思想、感情和意志的符号系统。

它具有以下特点:•人类独有性:只有人类才能拥有语言能力。

•交际性:语言是交流的工具。

•社会性:语言是社会文化的产物。

•文化性:语言是文化中心。

•双重指指性:语言既可以指称实际存在的实体、事件和关系,也可以指称抽象的概念、意义和想象。

•交通性:语言符号的可传递性。

第二章语音学
1.简述国际音标的出现及其特点。

答:国际音标是国际音韵学者为了能够准确地表示各国语音而发展出来的一种共同表音符号。

它的特点包括:
•形式稳定:国际音标使用的符号稳定,统一且规范化。

•指音性别:国际音标能指明一个音到底是元音还是辅音,可以度量语音的音高。

•表示语音环境:国际音标可以显示语音的特定发音环境。

•独立的字母符号:国际音标各符号代表唯一的语音。

2.什么是音位?音素?请举例说明
答:音位是声音在一种特定语言或方言中的意义区别的最小单位。

音素是语言
中被认为是单个发音单位的最小音单位。

音位和音素有相似之处,但是音位是意义区别的最小单位,而音素是语音体系中的最小音单位。

例如,在英语中,“bat”和“pat”是两个不同的单词,它们的差别在于第一
个音位的发音不同。

即使两个单词中其他的音素相同,“b”和“p”都是辅音音素,但是它们被语言学家视为在英语中区别语义的两个不同音位。

简明新编英语语言学教程教案

简明新编英语语言学教程教案

简明新编英语语言学教程教案第一章:英语语言学概述1.1 教学目标了解英语语言学的定义、研究范围和重要性。

掌握英语语言学的基本概念和术语。

1.2 教学内容英语语言学的定义和研究范围。

语言、言语和语言学的区别。

英语语言学的主要分支和理论。

1.3 教学方法讲授和讨论相结合,介绍英语语言学的基本概念。

通过案例分析和实例讲解,帮助学生理解语言学的实际应用。

1.4 教学评估课堂讨论和提问,了解学生对英语语言学的理解程度。

课后作业,要求学生编写简短的英语语言学小论文。

第二章:语音学2.1 教学目标了解语音学的定义和研究内容。

掌握基本的语音学知识和术语。

2.2 教学内容语音学的定义和研究内容。

音素、音位和音标的概念。

英语音素的分类和特点。

2.3 教学方法讲授和示范相结合,介绍语音学的基本概念。

通过听力和发音练习,帮助学生掌握英语音素的发音。

2.4 教学评估课堂发音练习和听力测试,了解学生对语音学的掌握程度。

课后作业,要求学生分析和描述英语单词的发音特点。

第三章:词汇学3.1 教学目标了解词汇学的定义和研究内容。

掌握词汇学的基本知识和术语。

3.2 教学内容词汇学的定义和研究内容。

词根、词缀和词性的概念。

英语词汇的构成和变化。

3.3 教学方法讲授和讨论相结合,介绍词汇学的基本概念。

通过词汇练习和词根记忆法,帮助学生扩展英语词汇量。

3.4 教学评估课堂词汇练习和词根记忆法展示,了解学生对词汇学的掌握程度。

课后作业,要求学生分析和解释英语单词的构成和变化。

第四章:语法学4.1 教学目标了解语法学的定义和研究内容。

掌握语法学的基本知识和术语。

4.2 教学内容语法学的定义和研究内容。

句子结构、词类和时态的概念。

英语语法的规则和用法。

4.3 教学方法讲授和练习相结合,介绍语法学的基本概念。

通过句子结构和时态练习,帮助学生掌握英语语法的规则。

4.4 教学评估课堂语法练习和句子结构分析,了解学生对语法学的掌握程度。

课后作业,要求学生编写简短的英语语法分析文章。

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第一章:绪论1.什么是语言学?1.1定义语言学常被定义为是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。

语言学研究的不是某一种特定的语言,而是人类所有的语言。

为了揭示语言的本质,语言学家首先要对语言实际使用进行观察,并在此基础上形成有关语言使用的概括性假设,这些初步形成的假设要在语言使用中进行进一步的检验,最终形成一条语言理论。

1.2语言学的研究范畴:语言学研究有不同的侧重。

对语言体系作全面研究的语言学研究称为普通语言学。

语音学主要是对语言声音媒介的研究,它不只是研究某一特定的语言的声音媒介,而是所有语言的声音媒介。

音系学与语音学不同,它主要研究特定语言的语音体系,即音是如何结合在一起产生有意义的单位。

形态学主要研究单词的内部语义结构,及这些叫做词素的语义最小单位是如何结合构成单词。

句法学主要研究构成潜在句子的句法规则。

语义学以研究语义为目的,传统语义学主要研究抽象的意义,独立于语境之外的意义,语用学也是研究语义,但是它把语义研究置于语言使用语境中加以研究。

语言不是一个孤立的现象,而是一种社会现象,各种社会因素都会对语言的使用产生影响。

从社会的角度来研究语言的科学被称之为社会语言学。

语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。

心理语言学主要从心理学的角度来研究语言。

它要研究人们在使用语言时大脑的工作机理,如人是如何习得母语的,人的大脑是如何加工和记忆语言信息等问题。

把语言学的研究成果应用到实践中的科学形成了应用语言学。

狭义上,应用语言学指把语言理论和原则运用于语言教学的科学,在广义上,它指把语言理论与原则应用于解决实际问题的科学。

除此之外还有人类语言学、神经语言学、数学语言学、计算语言学等。

1.3语言学研究中的几对基本概念1.3.1规定性和描述性语言学研究是描述性的,不是规定性的。

这是语言学和传统语法的一个重要区别。

语言学研究的目的是对人们使用的语言进行客观描述与分析,而不是对语言的使用作出规定。

传统语法是规定性的,它主要建立在笔头语言基础之上,旨在规定一系列的语法规则,并且把这些语法规则强加给语言使用者。

一切符合规定规则的被认为是“正确的”,否则就被冠为“错误的”。

1.3.2共时性和历时性对语言的研究分为共时研究和历时研究。

共时研究是对语言的静态特征的研究。

它主要对某个时间点上的语言状态的描述。

历时研究主要是对语言变化和发展的研究。

现代语言学研究主要是共时性研究。

1.3.3口头语和书面语现代语言学把书面语看作是口头语的记录,认为口头语是第一性的,是语言交际最基本的方式。

这是因为从人类社会交际的发展来看,口头语先于笔头语,笔头语是对口头语的记录。

从交际的功能来看,人们交际主要采取口头形式。

此外,即使是在当今世界,仍然有不少语言只有口头形式,没有笔头形式。

所以语言学研究的语料应从口头语中采集。

传统语法学家过分重视笔头语料,轻视口头语料。

1.3.4语言和言语语言和言语的区别是瑞士语言学家索绪尔在20世纪初提出来的。

语言是语言社区所有成员所共有的抽象的语言系统,是一个语言社区所有的人应该遵守的一套约定俗成的规则,它相对稳定,因此索绪尔指出语言学只能研究语言系统本身,既语言。

言语是语言体系的实际使用,是具体的。

它因人而异,千变万化,所以索绪尔认为无法对言语进行系统的研究。

1.3.5能力和运用能力和运用的区别由乔姆斯基在20世纪50年代后期提出的。

“能力”指一个理想的语言使用者所具有的语言规则的知识,它是一整套内在化语言使用者脑海中的语言规则。

“使用”是“能力”的具体使用,是在交际活动中语言知识具体的体现。

乔姆斯基认为,语言学家应该研究“能力”,揭示人脑中已经内在化的语言规则,而不是研究“使用”,因为“使用”会受到各种偶然因素的影响,如口误等,因而是不体系的。

乔姆斯基的能力和使用之分与索绪尔的语言和言语之分有其相似性,两人都强调把语言体系与语言的使用区分开来,但是索绪尔是从社会的角度来分析语言,把语言看成社会的约定,而乔姆斯基则是从心理学的角度出发,把语言看成是个人人脑的特性。

2.1语言的定义语言学家对语言作了不同的定义,比较普遍地为语言学家所接受的一个定义是“语言是一种用于人类交际的任意的语音符号系统。

”这一定义包涵了语言的一些最重要的特征,即语言是一个受规则制约的体系,语言的符号是任意的,语言是有声的。

2.2语言的识别性特征美国语言学家 C. Hockett提出了人类语言的 12种识别性特征,其中最重要的识别性特种有5种:即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。

这些特征是所有人类语言所共有的。

人类语言的识别性特征是动物“语言”所不具有的。

1)任意性:它指音与义之间没有逻辑联系。

比如说,不同的语言使用不同的音指相同的事物。

2)创造性:语言的创造性主要表现在语言使用者能够以有限的语言规则为基础说出和理解无限的句子,包括他们以前从没有听说过的句子。

3)二重性:它指语言在结构上存在两个层次:低层次和高层次。

在低层次是一个个没有意义的音,如/p/,/g/,/i/等,但是这些处在低层次的没有意义的音可以依照一定的语言规则结合在一起形成语言体系的高层次,即:有意义的单位,如词素,单词等。

4)移位性:移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过去的事情,现在的事情或将来的事情;语言也可以用来谈论我们客观世界中的事情,或假想世界中的事情。

总之,语言的使用可以脱离交际的直接情景语境,从而不受语言时空距离的影响。

5)文化传递性:文化的传递性是指,虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素的原因,但是语言体系具体内容的习得不是通过遗传来传递的,而是要通过后天的学习来获得。

第二章音系学1.语言的声音媒介语言的形式有声音和文字。

在这两种媒介中,声音是语言最基本的媒介,是第一性的。

这是因为在语言的发展过程中,声音媒介早于文字。

文字是对声音的记录。

在日常交际中,大量信息是通过口头交际来完成的,只有在无法进行口头交际的情况下人们才使用文字形式。

除此之外,人们是通过声音媒介来习得自己的母语的。

2. 语音学2.1什么是语音学语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介,即人类语言中使用的全部语音。

语音学有三个分支:发声语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学。

它们各有自己的侧重点但又互有联系。

发声语音学主要研究语言使用者是如何使用发音器官发出语音,并对所发出的音进行分类。

听觉语音学主要是从受话人的角度来研究语音,即语音是如何被受话人感知和理解的。

声学语音学主要研究语音的物理特性。

通过对语音声波的研究,声学语音学家得出了一些重要的结论。

最为重要的结论,所说出的这些通常被认为是同一个话语,如果从声音的物理特性上去分析,其实它们的声波并不相同,只是由于它们之间存在的差异太小,是人耳所不能辨别的。

如果它们的声波相同,这只是一种巧合。

因此,语音的等同只是一种理论上的理想。

2.2发音器官发音图(见课本)人类的发音器官存在于咽腔、口腔和鼻腔腔内。

咽腔内最重要的发音器官是位于喉头的声带,发音时声带在气流的冲击下发生颤动决定了声音的浊音化(voicing)。

浊音化是所有元音以及部分辅音,如[b],[g],[m]等所具有的特性。

声带不发生颤动所发出的音是清音,如[t],[k],[f]等。

声带颤动的频率决定了声音的高低。

口腔中发音器官最多,有舌头、小舌、软腭、硬腭、齿龈隆骨、牙齿和嘴唇。

其中舌头是最灵活、最重要的发音器官。

发音时,来自肺部的气流在口腔中受到不同的阻碍,从而发出不同的音。

鼻腔和口腔相通。

发音时软腭后移关闭鼻腔,气流只能从口腔通过,所发出的音没有鼻音化。

但当鼻腔通道打开,允许气流从鼻腔通过,所发出来的音便是鼻音。

2.3音标——宽式和严式标音法音标是在国际上被广为接受的一套对语音进行标音的标准符号体系。

标音分为宽式和严式标音法。

宽式标音法是用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式。

严式标音法是一种使用变音符号的标音方式,旨在记录同一个音在不同的语音环境下所发生的细微的变化,如在star 和tar中的/t/的发音就不一样,前者/t/是不送气音,后者/t/是送气音。

这些细微区别只有通过严式标音法才能表示。

2.4英语语音的分类英语中的语音根据气流的受阻情况分为元音和辅音。

气流没有受到任何阻碍所发出的音是元音;气流在口腔里受到不同方式的阻碍所发出的音是辅音。

2.4.1英语辅音的分类(注:音标不正确的可以参照课本改正过来)根据发音方式,英语的辅音可以分为:1)爆破音:发爆破音时,气流开始完全受阻,然后突然释放,如[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]2)摩擦音:发摩擦音时,气流部分受阻,气流从狭窄的通道挤出,产生摩擦,如[f],[v],[s],[z],[ θ],[ ❆ ], [∫ ], [ ✞ ], [h]3)塞擦音:发塞擦音时,气流开始完全受阻,然后气流从狭窄通道缓慢释放,并伴有摩擦发生,如:[t∫], [d✞ ]4)流音:在发流音时,受阻的气流从舌头与上部(roof of the mouth)形成的通道释放出,如:[l],[r]。

5)鼻音:发音时,气流从鼻腔释放出所发出的音为鼻音,如[n],[m],[☠ ]6)滑音:滑音又称之为半元音。

英语中滑音有[w]和[j]。

它们的发音方式与[u]和[i]相同。

根据发音部位,英语辅音可以分为:1)双唇音:气流受阻部位在双唇,如[p],[b],[m],[w]2)唇齿音:下唇与上齿接触使气流受阻,如[f],[v]3)齿音:舌尖与上齿接触使气流受阻,如:[θ],[ ❆]4)齿龈音:舌尖与上齿龈隆骨接触使气流受阻,如:[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]5)腭音:受阻部位发生在舌根与硬腭之间,如:[∫], [ ✞],[ t∫ ], [d✞ ], [j]6)软腭音:舌根与软腭接触使气流受阻,如: [k], [g], [ ☠ ]7)喉音:声带短时接触使气流受阻,如:[h]元音与辅音不同,不能根据辅音的发音方式和发音部位来分类。

元音常根据舌位的高低、开口度、嘴唇形状、元音的长度和发音时喉部的紧张程度来分类。

1)舌位的高低发音时,舌头前部抬得最高的音为前元音,通常有:[i:] [i] [e] [✌] [a].发音时,舌头的中部抬得最高为中元音,如:[ :], [☯],[✈]发音时,舌根部位抬得最高为后元音,如:[u:] [☺] [ :], [ ]and [ :].2)开口度:根据开口度,通常把元音分为以下四种:闭元音:如:[i:],[ i],[u:],[☺]半闭元音:如:[e], [з: ]半开元音:如[ ☯ ], [ : ]开元音:如:[æ], [a], [Λ], [ ], [ɑ:]3)嘴唇形状:圆唇元音:英语中除了[ɑ:]以外,所有的后元音都是圆唇元音。

不圆唇元音:英语中所有的前元音和中元音都是不圆唇元音。

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