最新现代外语教学复习资料

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现代外语教学复习资料

现代外语教学复习资料绪论我国外语教学存在得问题:(P2-P5)1、theoretical researches are weak2、teachers' faculty is not strong3、schools are short of teaching resources4、teaching concepts lag behind the society5、education is mainly exam-oriented6、the interference related to power and money is serious第二章1、外语教学研究得三个层次:(P32-P38)ontology: essential characteristics of language itself and language teaching 2、语言得本质特点:1)、the most important tool to municate2)、a linguistic system made up of various subsystems3)、a tool to think and a carrier for culture4)、require special physiological basis2、外语教学研究得三个层次:(P32-P38)② positivism: principles of foreign language teachinga、systematic principleb、municative principlec、cognitive principled、cultural principlee、affective principle外语教学研究得三个层次:(P32-P38)③ methodology: organization, strategies and methods of foreignlanguageteaching存在得问题:a、exclusivenessb、one-sidednessc、intricacy第三章1、外语学习者得生理与认知因素:(P46-P52)②intelligence:a、take different steps to students of different level of intelligenceb、general intelligence → municationhigher intelligence → form2、外语学习者得生理与认知因素:(P46-P52)③aptitude:a、phonetic coding abilityb、grammatical sensitivityc、inductive sensitivity3、外语学习者得生理与认知因素:(P46-P52)④cognitive style:a、field dependenceb、field independence4、外语学习者得情感因素:(P52-P55)①motivation and attitude:a、Brown:global motivationsituational motivationtask motivationb、Gardner and Lambert:integrative motivation instrumental motivation②personality:extrovert vs、introvert5、对教学得启示:a、strengthen students' merits in different occasionsb、change students of different personality to the contrary6、理想得外语学习者:(P55-P56)(二语习得P122)a、group dynamicsb、use the target languagec、attend to meaning rather than to formd、use of study techniquese、the early stages of grammatical developmentf、analytic skillsg、integrative motivation/ task motivationh 、take risksi、adapt to different learning conditions7、EA得一般步骤:(P62)(二语习得P52)a、a corpus of language is seletedb、the errors in the corpus are identifiedc、the errors are classifiedd、the errors are explainede、the errors are evaluated8、EA得作用:(P62)a、recognize which stages are students in/how much contents are remainedb、evidence of how the learners learn or aquire languagec、a means used to aquire language/ a means used to inspect the essence of the language9、EA得局限性:(P64-P65)a、it's difficult to define and distinguish errorsb、lack of a mon standard to classify errorsc、it's difficult to distinguish avoidence from errors10、中介语得特点:(P66)a、openb、flexiblec、systematic11、中介语构建得手段:(P67)a、language transferb、overgeneralization of target language rulesc 、transfer of trainingd、trategies of L2 learninge、strategies of L2 munication12、成功得外语学习者所采用得五大策略:(P71)a、participate language learning positively by searching and ultilizing favourable learning environmentb、set language as a system of formsc、set language as a tool to municated、accept and deal with the affective needs during the learning processe、expand and revise the foreign language system by inferencing and monitoring、13、学习者策略对外语教学得启发:(P83)a、guide students to make the best use of existing knowledgeb、make the best use of learning strategies to improve language learning abilitiesc、help learners use municative strategies correctly第四章1、CLT得理论基础:(P89-P90)a、theories of language munication:a system made up of basic unitsfundamental function is municationthe language structure reflect the function and municative uasge the basic units of language are showed in the municative functions of discourese rather than just grammaticalcharacteristics②learning theories:municative principletask principlemeaningful principle2、语法编写得原则:(P103)a、systematic principleb、municative principlec、contrastive principled、cognitive principle3、词汇教学得原则:(P108-P109)a、systematic principleb、municative principlec、cultural principled、cognitive principlee、affeive principle3、影响听力得重要因素:(P111-P115)rules and structural a、the characteristics of listening materials (speed/pause/hesitation)b、the characteristics of the speakers (sex/authority of the speaker)c、the characteristics of the tasksd、the charateristics of the learnerse、the charateristics of the process4、外语阅读与母语阅读不同特点得比较:(P118-P119)a、the positive transfer has its limits/language rules and pragmatic principleb、the shortings of the abilities and skills on mother-tongue reading influence the process of positive transfer and the improvement of reading abilities in foreign languagec、affective factors also influence the process of reading5、语言与文化得关系:(P128-P129)a、language is a part of cultureb、langauge is the carrier of culturec、culture is the base of language6、文化导入得必要性与重要意义:(P130)a、cultural knowledge and acmodation ability are important parts of municative petenceb、municative petence is the essential base and method to acquire further cultural languagec、adapt to the requirements of special positions7、文化导入得重要原则:(P132-P133)a、practical principleb、stage principlec、acmodation principle8、文化导入得主要方法:(P133-P134)a、annotationb、fusionc、practiced、parisone、specifically explanation第五章1、课程设计得阶段:(P136)a、fact-findingb、the theory and practical evidence of course design and syllabus designc、make the goals to plans, recognize the aims and contentsd、prepare the materials and pile the textbook2、教材编写得原则:(P144)a、authentic principleb、gradual principlec、interesting principled、diverse principlee、modern principlef、practical principle3、合格得外语教师应具备得素质:(P151)a、solid professional knowledge and skillsb、abilities of classroom management and implementc、good characters and delightful personalitiesd、systematic knowledge of modern languagee、considerable knowledge of foreign language acquisition theoriesf、knowledge of foreign language teaching4、外语教学得实施得主要过程:(P155)a、needs analysisb、curriculum designc、material developmentd、classroom instructionf、course evaluation5、传统课堂教学模式(PPP)得不足:(P156-157)a、teaching model is teacher-centredb、the result of PPP model is exam-oriented educationc、students haven't received enough inputd、mislead students to a worry learning way6、课堂教学最基本目标:(P159-162)a、cultivate students' interestsb、provide authentic language inputc、help students use learning strategies which are benefit to foreign language learningd、help students overe the difficulties during the learning process 7、外语测试得类型:(P167-170)a、测试目得:aptitude testachivement testdiagnostic testproficiency testexit testb、外语测试得类型:(P167-170)②测试得方法与方式:direct testingindirect testing③测试题型:a、discrete-point testingb、integrative testingc、外语测试得类型:(P167-170)④考试成绩判别得标准:norm-referenced testingcriterion-referenced testing⑤判卷标准:a、subjective testingb、objective testing8、效度(test validity):(P170)a、whether the test can test what it meant to exactlyb、content validityc、criterion-related validityd、construct validitye、face validity9、信度(test reliability):(P172)a、whether the result of the test are reliableb、test itselfc、marking of papers第六章1、外语教学法得主要流派:(P180-P206)a、The Oral Approach and the situational Language Teachingb、The Audiolingual Meathodc、municative Approachd、Total Physical Responsee、The Silent Wayf、munity Language Learningg、The natural Approachh、Suggestopedia2、任务型教学得原则:(P209-P210)a、interactive principleb、authentic in linguistic materialsc、process principled、emphasize the improvement made by learners' experiencef、classroom language learning is related to language application outside the class3、任务型教学得优点:(P221)a、reflect new ideas about language learning and teachingc、shorten the distance between class and lifed、it aims at cultivating students' learning capacity/ cooperative learning 4、任务型教学得局限性:(P221-P222)a、the recognition of language learning is extremeb、the randomness of task selectingc、the limitation of application scoped、instead special tests of whether the tasks have been acplished。

外语教学法期末复习参考

外语教学法流派介绍外语教学法主要流派及其特点翻译法(T r a n s l a t i o n M e t h o d)* 翻译法也叫语法翻译法(Grammar-Translation Method)、阅读法(Reading Method)、古典法(Classical Method)。

翻译法最早是在欧洲用来教授古典语言希腊语和拉丁语的外语教学方法，到18世纪末和19世纪中期开始被用来教授现代语言。

翻译法的教学目的是培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力。

其突出的特点是：教师用母语授课，授课重点是讲解与分析句子成分和语音、词汇变化与语法规则。

*翻译法历史悠久，其优点是：* 1.学生语法概念清晰；* 2.阅读能力较强，尤其是遇到长而难的句子时通过分析句子结构便能理解意思；* 3.有助于培养翻译能力和写作能力。

* 翻译法的缺点是：* 1. 忽视口语教学，学生的语音语调差，不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力；* 2. 教学方式单一，学生容易失去兴趣。

直接法(D i r e c t M e t h o d)* 直接法也叫自然法(Natural Method)、口语法(Oral Method)、改良法(Reformed Method)。

针对翻译法不能培养学生听说能力的缺点，直接法于19世纪末在欧洲产生。

* 它包含三个方面的意思：直接学习、直接理解和直接应用。

其主要特点是：不允许使用母语，用动作和图画等直观手段解释词义和句子。

* 直接法是在19世纪后半叶作为语法－翻译法的对立物在西欧出现的，主要代表人物是贝力兹（M.D.Berlitz）、艾盖尔特（B.Eggert）和帕默（H.E.Palmer）。

直接法还有别的名称，如改革法、自然法、心理法、口语法、妥协法、综合直接法、折衷直接法、循序渐进直接法等，虽各有差异，但同属一类。

* 所谓直接法，就是直接用外语教外语，不用学生的母语，不用翻译，也不注重形式语法。

《现代英语词汇学》(新版)复习

英语词汇学复习的内容：.一、考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。

1-9cahptersⅡ.填空（30分）：考定义概念。

1-10chaptersⅢ.（20分）习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题：第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图（依据上下义关系作图）(20分)：第二、六章二、教材内容简介陆国强编著：《现代英语词汇学》（新版），上海外语教育出版社，2003年7月第一章词的概述；第二章词的结构和词的构成方式；第三章词的理据；第四章词的语义特征；第五章词义的变化；第六章词的语义分类；第七章词的联想与搭配；第八章英语习语；第九章美国英语；第十章词的使用和理解；第十一章词汇衔接；第十二章词汇衔接和语篇连贯。

教学内容是: 词形结构构词法, 词法特点及分类, 词义转换, 英文习语, 美式英语, 词汇及文学风格, 英语词汇学, 词汇学研究方法及其新的发展方向等方面的理论与研究动态。

《现代英语词汇学教材》以现代语言理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象。

主要内容有单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。

本课程可以使学生比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。

本课程特别强调和重视研究生广泛阅读英语词汇学、语言学、语义学、词源学方面的书籍，以教师精讲、学生宽学为目的。

本课程的教学目的, 在于指导学生用现代语义学和语法学的有关理论分析研究现代英语词汇现象, 揭示现代英语词汇规律。

要求学生通过英汉词汇的对比研究, 探讨英语词汇教学规律, 指导英语语言实践, 不断提高对现代英语词汇的理解, 应用和研究能力。

主要参考书汪榕培，《英语词汇学研究》，上海外语教育出版社，2000年4月第一版王文斌，《英语词汇语义学》，浙江教育出版社，2001年6月第一版汪榕培、卢晓娟编著：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997年10月第1版.汪榕培主编：《英语词汇学高级教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2002年11月张韵斐:《英语词汇学》北京师范大学出版社.汪榕培《英语词汇学教程读本》上海外语教育出版社.1. Carter, R. (1987), V ocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives. London: Allen & Unwin.2. Carter, R. & M. McCarthy, (1988), V ocabluary and Language Teaching. Harlow; Longman.教学手段：采用多媒体教学本课程要求学生能够比较全面、比较系统地了解现代英语词汇学这一领域的一些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论，能够运用词汇学理论去分析和解决词汇学习中的一些问题。

英语下学期总复习资料

英语下学期总复习资料英语下学期总复习资料英语作为一门重要的国际语言，对于我们来说具有重要的意义。

下学期即将结束，为了帮助大家复习英语，我整理了一些总复习资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

一、语法复习1. 时态：复习各种时态的构成和用法，包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。

注意各种时态的肯定、否定和疑问句的构成。

2. 从句：复习宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句的构成和用法。

注意从句的引导词和语序的变化。

3. 名词和代词：复习名词的单复数形式、所有格和代词的人称、数和格的变化规则。

4. 形容词和副词：复习形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式的构成和用法。

5. 介词和冠词：复习介词和冠词的用法，特别是一些常见的固定搭配。

二、词汇复习1. 同义词和反义词：复习一些常见的同义词和反义词，扩大词汇量。

2. 词根和词缀：复习一些常见的词根和词缀，帮助理解和记忆生词。

3. 短语和习惯用语：复习一些常用的短语和习惯用语，提高语言表达的准确性和流利度。

三、听力复习1. 听力技巧：复习一些常用的听力技巧，如预测、推测和判断等，提高听力理解能力。

2. 听力材料：找一些有关主题的听力材料进行听力训练，注意听懂关键信息和主旨要点。

四、阅读复习1. 阅读技巧：复习一些常用的阅读技巧，如快速阅读、略读和详读等，提高阅读理解能力。

2. 阅读材料：找一些有关主题的阅读材料进行阅读训练，注意理解文章的结构和主题要点。

五、写作复习1. 写作技巧：复习一些常用的写作技巧，如段落结构、句子连接和词汇替换等，提高写作表达的准确性和流利度。

2. 写作练习：找一些有关主题的写作练习，注意练习各种写作形式，如记叙文、说明文和议论文等。

六、口语复习1. 口语技巧：复习一些常用的口语技巧，如表达观点、提出建议和回应问题等，提高口语表达的准确性和流利度。

2. 口语练习：找一些有关主题的口语练习，注意练习各种口语形式，如对话、演讲和辩论等。

以上是英语下学期总复习资料的简要介绍。

现代语言学-复习要点

Chapter1Introduction绪论1什么是语言学what is linguistics?1.1定义definitionLinguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.1.2语言学的研究范畴the scope of linguisticsa.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。

b.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of lingu istics called phonetics.语音学phoneticsHow speech sounds are produced and classified.c.how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning.phonology音位学/音系学phonology交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式d.The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to form words has constituted the bran ch of study calledmorphology.形态学morphologyhow morphemes are combined to form words.这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支，如对形态学的研究。

大一英语复习资料

大一英语复习资料大学的英语学习，无论是语法、词汇还是阅读、写作，都需要一定的复习资料来帮助巩固知识点，提高学习效率。

下面是一些大一英语复习资料的推荐。

一、语法1.《英语语法教程》（第二版）——杨寿林这本书是国内比较流行的英语语法教材，适合初学者使用。

全书分为分为基础、句型、时态、语态、文章、补充等6个部分，详细讲解了英语语法的各个方面，并附有练习。

有助于理解英语语法的纷繁复杂。

2.《英语语法基础教程》（第二版）——钟道隆这本书是国外较有名的英语语法教材，也适合初学者使用。

全书分为基础、词性、句型、语法意义、时态、语态、进阶等章节，以简单易懂的语言讲解各个语法知识点，并提供了大量的例句和练习题。

二、词汇1.《实用英语词汇》（词根+词缀）——李琦这本书主要介绍词根和词缀的具体含义和组合方式，让读者通过学习词根和词缀加深词汇记忆，扩展词汇量。

此外，书中也附有相关的练习题，方便巩固记忆。

2.《牛津3000词表》这份词表是牛津大学根据英语语料库中的数据整理出来的一个常用词表，包含3000个左右的词汇，这些词汇在日常英文交流中经常出现。

可以帮助大家更好地掌握英语的基础词汇。

三、阅读1.《大学英语读物》系列这套书包括三个级别（初级、中级、高级），每个级别都有课文和课后练习。

初级阶段主要讲述一些简短的故事、文章，适合在英语阅读技巧方面进行练习。

中级阶段的语言难度和篇幅都有所加强，适合培养阅读长篇文章的技巧。

高级阶段的阅读材料则更加丰富，难度相对较高，适合提升英语阅读和理解能力。

2.英语新闻网站BBC、CNN、Reuters等国际新闻媒体的英文网站可以帮助大家深入了解国际新闻，并锻炼英语阅读能力。

同时，国内的《中国日报》、《中国经济网》等网站也可以加以使用，关注国内外的大事小情。

四、写作1.《大学英语写作》——EmmaMackenzie这本书为大学生提供了很多实用的写作技巧，包括写作步骤、写作格式、句型搭配、段落组织，以及一些常用的写作技巧，如排比、比喻、比较等等。

英语教学法复习资料

英语教学法复习资料英语教学法复习资料在当今全球化的时代，英语已经成为一门必备的语言技能。

因此，英语教学法的研究和实践变得尤为重要。

本文将回顾一些常见的英语教学法，帮助读者巩固他们的知识，并提供一些实用的教学技巧。

一、交际法交际法是一种以交流为中心的教学法。

它强调学生在真实的语境中使用英语，以提高他们的交际能力。

在交际法中，教师应该创造一个积极互动的学习环境，鼓励学生参与各种交际活动，如角色扮演、小组讨论和真实情境模拟等。

通过这种方式，学生可以更好地理解和运用英语。

二、语法翻译法语法翻译法是一种传统的英语教学法。

它注重语法规则的学习和应用，并通过翻译来帮助学生理解和运用这些规则。

在语法翻译法中，教师通常会使用课文翻译、句子翻译和篇章翻译等练习，以帮助学生提高他们的语法和翻译能力。

然而，这种教学法也存在一些问题，如过度依赖母语和缺乏真实语境等。

三、听说法听说法是一种以听力和口语为核心的教学法。

它强调学生在真实的听力和口语活动中提高他们的听力理解和口语表达能力。

在听说法中，教师应该提供大量的听力材料，如录音和视频，以帮助学生培养他们的听力技巧。

同时，教师还应该鼓励学生参与各种口语活动，如对话练习、演讲和辩论等。

通过这种方式，学生可以更好地理解和运用英语。

四、任务型教学法任务型教学法是一种以任务为导向的教学法。

它注重学生在解决实际问题的过程中学习和应用英语。

在任务型教学法中，教师应该设计一系列有挑战性的任务，以激发学生的学习兴趣和动机。

同时，教师还应该提供必要的语言支持和反馈，以帮助学生完成任务。

通过这种方式，学生可以更好地运用英语解决问题，并提高他们的学习效果。

五、多媒体教学法多媒体教学法是一种以多媒体技术为支持的教学法。

它通过使用电脑、投影仪和互联网等工具，提供丰富多样的学习资源，以帮助学生更好地理解和运用英语。

在多媒体教学法中，教师可以使用动画、音频和视频等多媒体材料，以增加学生的学习兴趣和参与度。

现代外语教学-复习笔记

现代外语教学绪论我国外语教学存在的问题外语理论研究薄弱（最大问题也是根本原因之一）缺乏专业研究队伍（2）缺乏系统的研究和对重大宏观问题的研究（3）理论研究和教学实际脱节（4）教师理论意识淡薄师资力量不高教学资源匮乏教学理念落后应试倾向明显权钱干扰严重外语教学研究的主要内容和范围（三方面的研究）“本体论”——研究事物的本来面目，为基础研究“实践论”——研究具体实施某一计划的步骤、原则和方法“方法论”——研究达到某一目标的最佳途径中国人学外语的规律：前脑的布罗卡区位置不同；讲中文的人语言功能区位置要高些，更接近大脑运动功能区。

既然中文语言功能区与运动区紧密相连，那么中文要多看多写多说，靠运动来记，而学英文则注重环境，重多听多说，因为英文的语言功能区更靠近听力区。

外语教学研究的若干重要课题本体论研究语言学理论研究、对语言学习的研究、中国人学习英语的其他影响因素实践论研究需求分析、课程设计、课堂教学、过程评估3、方法论研究教学方法和教学目标的关系教师发展研究外语教学质量的高低取决于师资力量的高低理想的外语教师——09年简答优秀的人品扎实的外语基本功良好的研究能力广博的知识较强的课堂组织能力和沟通能力敬业精神第一章当代外语教学理论研究中的几个重要发展趋势第一节从研究如何教到研究如何学原因：（1）越来越重视和强调“以学习者为中心”的教学理念（2）许多教学方法不能达到预期目的，必须研究学习主体（3）越来越意识到学习者之间的各种差异（4）学习者在语言学习过程中的积极主动作用得到证实对学习主体的研究包括：1、学习者个人差异的研究；2、学习过程的研究1、学习者个人差异研究的内容有：年龄、语言潜能、动机、认知风格、性格——10年填空2、学习过程的研究：CA→EA→IL研究重点（两方面）原有知识（母语知识、对语言的一般知识、世界知识）的作用——正负迁移学习着策略研究（重点：学习者策略的定义、学习者策略的分类、在外语过程中的作用、影响学习者使用的因素）第二节语言使用研究和学习着语言使用能力的培养现代语言学研究的一个最大特点是由注重语言形式的分析到注重语言功能的分析，或者说更加注重使用中的语言的研究，如社会语言学、语言学和话语分析。

新一代大学英语听说读写英语复习资料

新一代大学英语听说读写英语复习资料随着全球化的发展和国际交流的加强，学好英语已经成为大学生必备的基本技能之一。

英语听说读写是英语学习的四项基本技能，在大学英语课程中占据重要地位。

为了提高学生英语水平，许多大学开设了新一代的大学英语听说读写课程，提供了全方位的英语复习资料，以满足学生的学习需求。

一、听力篇1. 听力理解训练大学英语听力复习资料包括大量的听力材料和习题，可以帮助学生提高听力理解能力。

复习资料中的听力材料涵盖了各个主题和场景，如日常生活、学习、工作等，以帮助学生更好地应用所学知识。

2. 听力技巧指导复习资料中还包含有关听力技巧的指导，如提高听力速度、有效记录关键信息、辨别主旨和细节等。

这些指导可以帮助学生更好地应对各种听力题型，在考试中取得更好的成绩。

二、口语篇1. 口语练习材料复习资料中提供了大量的口语练习材料，包括对话、短文和辩论等。

这些材料可以帮助学生提高口语表达能力，培养流利的口语表达能力和良好的语音语调。

2. 口语话题讨论复习资料中还提供了丰富多样的口语话题，如环境保护、教育、科技等。

学生可以选择自己感兴趣的话题进行讨论，锻炼自己的口语表达和思维能力。

三、阅读篇1. 阅读材料复习资料中的阅读材料包括各种题材的文章，如新闻报道、社论、文化评论等。

学生可以通过阅读不同题材的文章，扩展自己的词汇量和阅读理解能力。

2. 阅读技巧讲解复习资料还提供了关于阅读技巧的讲解，如如何快速定位关键信息、如何理解上下文等。

这些技巧可以帮助学生提高阅读速度和阅读效果。

四、写作篇1. 写作素材复习资料中提供了丰富多样的写作素材，包括写作话题、范文和写作要点等。

学生可以选择自己感兴趣的话题进行写作练习，提高自己的写作能力。

2. 写作指导复习资料还提供了关于写作技巧和写作结构的指导，如如何组织文章、如何提升写作逻辑等。

这些指导可以帮助学生提高写作的质量和效果。

综上所述，新一代大学英语听说读写英语复习资料提供了全面的学习资源，包括听力、口语、阅读和写作等方面的内容。

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter9

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of WordsDefinition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words.9.1 Causes of Changes in Word MeaningA. Historical cause 历史原因It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed .*Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science.Eg.pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning ―a little tail ‖or ―a fine brush ‖, like our Chinese ―pen‖毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a ―pencil‖.atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meantoriginally ―an particle too small to be divided ‖. Thmiseaning is now out-of-date, because scientisthave found out that atom can be split.B. Social cause 社会原因Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic change.Some technical words have lost their specialized meaning and have come to be used in more general senses.Eg.feedback (Electr.) =means ―response‖in common use ,as in ―The teacher likes to have feedbackfrom his students‖;allergic (Med.)=means ―being unusually sensitive to the action of particular foods, pollens,insect-bites ,etc.‖*A specific environment may add a fresh and highly technical sense to a word of generaluse .Eg.energy=(Phys.) ability of matter or radiation to do workdecline=(Gram.) inflect, state the case-forms ofC. Foreign influences 外来文化影响A particularly important cause .eg.-pig ,sheep ,ox(cow) denote the names of both the animals and their meat in the Old Englishperiod ,but since the meat was called pork ,mutton and beef respectively among the Normanconquerors, the original terms are now used only as the names of the animals.- dream meant ―joy‖in OE, it gets its modern sense from the related Scandinavian word draumr.D. Linguistic cause 语言上的原因*Two tendencies:towards ellipsis省略and towards analogy类推.-Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collocations, such as adj.+n.,or attributive n.+n.,in which the noun is often deleted and only the first element (the attributive )is left ,but retaining the sense of the whole phrase .eg.a general –a general officer 一位将军uniform–uniform dress 制服an editorial –an editorial article 一篇社论transistor–transistor radio 收音机bugle–bugle horn 号角daily–daily newspaper 日报gold–gold medal ,as in the Olympic duplicate –duplicate copy 副本Games金牌-Analogical tendency: New meanings developed in one part of speech are passedon to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.eg.diplomatic ( 外交的，外交上的)which had earlier meant only ―skillful in managing internationalrelations,‖had by 1826 developed the sense of ―tactful in the management of relations of any kind ;artful management it dealing with others. ‖By 1848 ，this new meaning had been passed on to the noun diplomacy . （外交；外交手腕；交际手段）E. Psychological cause心理学上的原因*Three formsa) Euphemism委婉People have a tendency to use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, unfortunate events or crime), and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body.eg. hencedeath and things related to death-to pass away -to go west-to breathe one’s last -to kick the bucket-to cease to think -to be no more-to fall asleepb) Grandiloquence 夸张Grandiloquence refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effort .The desire to upgrade or raise the social status of a position, occupation, or institution by changing its common name to one felt to confer greater dignity or importance is another psychological factor in the change of word meaning.eg.janitor 看门人；守卫；门警–custodian 管理人；监护人；保管人gardener 园丁；花匠；园艺家–landscape architect 造园技师；环境美化设计家reform school 教养院；少年犯管教所–community home少年感化院；c) Cynicism 嘲讽Cynicism: the desire to sneer and to be sarcastic.eg .pious 虔诚的；敬神的；可嘉的；尽责的--hypocritically virtuous 伪善地善良fanatic 狂热的；盲信的—unreasonably enthusiastic ,almost approaching to madnessgrandiloquent 夸张的；夸大的；大言不惭的—pompous in language ;given to beautiful talksanctimonious 假装虔诚的；假装圣洁的；假装诚实的–devout ,holy or sacre d9.4Four Tendencies in Semantic ChangeA. Restriction of meaning (specialization) 词义的缩小/具体化Restriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow , specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.eg.Condition Words Original meaning Meaning after restrictionmeat food,esp.solid food , as the flesh of animals used asdistinguished from drink food ,excluding fish and birdswife woman married woman esp. in relation toher husbandsuccess result ,outcome a favourable or satisfactoryoutcome or result when it passes into a clean room a room for the manufacture or special field /white room assembly of objects (as precisionparts )that is maintained at a highlevel of cleanliness by specialmeansdependent on one’s pipe To musician –a simple tubelike profession or chief musical instrument ,played by interests in life blowingTo tobacco smoker and anarchitect –it suggests other andquite different meanings under the influence of Nickel in the U.S. means ―a coin ,value 5 local conditions cents ‖new words move into washable sth. is able to be washed sth. esp. clothing ,that can be the language washed in water without beingsolidedbreakable sth. is easily broken implies that one has to take goodcare of it and handle it carefullyB. Extension of meaning (generalization) 词义的扩大/普遍化Extension of meaning: means the widening of a word ’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.*Two main reasons for this tendency :9.2 The predominant developmental trend is in the direction of differentiation rather than ofsynthesis;9.3 Related to the first ,is that the formation of general concepts from specific terms is of lesserimportance in non-scientific communication though it is rather a characteristic of scientific endeavor .eg.Condition Words Original meaning Meaning after extendedbird from OE bird ,a a general term for featheredyoung bird creatures with two legs andwings ,usually able to flyplant from L planta ,a a generic term for the wholesprout botanical species lost their precise thing a council ,court ,or used as a substitute for meaning and (business ,state ,condition, controversy nearly any noun depending have gradually matter,circumstance, fact , on the context in which it is faded into such a etc.) all-purpose word usedvague sense thatthey may standfor almostanythinggenerous from L generosus of willing to give or―noble birth‖share ;unselfish ;liberalC. Degeneration of meaning (pejoration)词义的降格/语义转贬Two main forms:1. The failing of word meaning into disrepute, for one reason or another .eg. silly1) Originated from the AS s?lig meaning ―blessing and happy‖2) Since the blessed people are usually those innocent of evil ,the word came to mean―innocent‖inthe 17th century3) As innocent people are so often those leading simple lives, it later came to mean ―simple‖and―simple-minded‖, which is often associated with ―lack of intelligence ‖4) hence the modern meaning of the word silly :―foolish ‖.2. This form may take the form of the gradual extension to so many senses that any particularmeaning which a word may have had is completely lost.*This form refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.D. Elevation of meaning (amelioration) 词义的升格/语义改良Elevation of meaning: a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time, and has either risen from a―snarl‖word to a―purr‖word ,or from a slang term to a common word.eg.Words Original meaning Meaning after elevationmarshal a horse tender 驯马师officer of highest rank 元帅；司仪minister an attendant ,a servant牧师 a person at the head of a Department of State部长；大臣fond foolish tender and affectionate喜欢的；温柔的；宠爱的9.5Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of WordsA. Metaphor隐喻，暗喻Metaphoris a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing in applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.eg.food for thought ,a heart of stone ;thunderous applausea cunning person–foxa beautiful woman –vision 美景Two types:a) The similarity between tenor and vehicle may be based on likeness in form or appearance; on aresemblance in relative position; in quality or in function.eg. eye of a needlethe teeth of a combthe bridge of a pair of eyeglassesthe crest of a mountainb) There is one psychological process which also produces linguistic results similar to those ofmetaphor:eg. synaesthesia. 联觉―which is based on transportation from one sense to another‖*Many words have been used so frequently as metaphors that their metaphorical sense have become well- established in people ’msinds. They are called faded metaphors and appear as one of the word’s meanings listed in any standard dictionaries.B. Metonymy 借喻，转喻，借代Metonymyis a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.eg. the white house –the president or for the presidential staff of the USCategories of metonymy:a) Sign for the person or thing signified;eg. from the cradle to the grave(for ―from infancy until death‖)b) Container for its contents; the place for the people occupying it;eg. the bottle (for alcoholic drink ) wardrobe (for a person’s collection of clothes)c) The abstract for the concrete;eg.the pride (of our university ) the management(for governing body ,board of directors ect.)d) The concrete for the abstract;eg. tongue (for language ) the floor (the right of one member to speak, as in ―to have the floor )e) A part for the whole and vice versa;eg. asail for a ship (as in―a fleet of fifty sail )f) The material for the ting made.eg.silver f or coins made of silver (as in―￡20 in notes and 3 in￡burglars)。

英语复习资料完整版

英语复习资料完整版导言：英语是一门国际通用语言，具备良好的英语能力对于学习、工作和生活是非常重要的。

无论是参加英语考试还是日常交流，都需要具备扎实的英语基础和充足的复习资料。

本文将提供一份完整版的英语复习资料，以帮助读者进行全面的英语复习。

一、基础知识复习1. 词汇复习：重点复习常用单词和短语，包括动词、名词、形容词、副词等，并掌握它们的用法和搭配。

建议使用词汇书籍或手机应用程序进行词汇记忆。

2. 语法复习：回顾英语的基础语法知识，包括时态、语态、句型转换等。

重点复习一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时等常用时态的用法。

3. 句子结构复习：了解英语句子的基本结构和语序规则，掌握主谓宾从等句子结构的用法。

二、听力技巧提升1. 听力材料选择：选择适合自己听力水平的听力材料进行练习。

可以选择录音课程、听力短文、英语新闻等。

通过多次听取和理解，提高自己的听力能力。

2. 笔记记述：在听力练习过程中，可以尝试边听边记笔记。

记录关键词、重点内容和自己的理解，有助于加深记忆和提高理解能力。

3. 对话练习：和他人进行英语对话练习，增强自己的听力和口语能力。

可以选择参加英语角、在线英语聊天室或找外教进行对话练习。

三、口语能力提升1. 模仿发音：通过模仿英语母语者的发音，训练自己的口语能力。

可以选择听力材料进行模仿，也可以参考口语教材中的例句进行跟读。

2. 口语练习：多参与口语练习，提高口语表达能力。

可以找语伴或参加英语角，进行对话练习。

同时，可以尝试进行口头演讲或自由辩论等口语训练。

3. 背诵口语素材：背诵一些常用的口语表达和例句，帮助提高口语流利度和表达能力。

四、阅读理解能力提升1. 阅读材料选择：选择适合自己英语水平和兴趣的阅读材料进行阅读理解练习。

可以选择英语小说、英语杂志、英文报纸等。

2. 阅读技巧：掌握好的阅读技巧，包括快速阅读、精读和扫读等。

通过多次练习，提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。

3. 生词积累：阅读过程中，遇到不认识的单词和短语，可以进行积累和记忆。

英语教学法教程复习资料

英语教学法教程复习资料近年来，随着全球化进程的推进，英语已成为国际通用语言，越来越多的人开始学习英语。

而在英语学习过程中，掌握好合适的英语教学法，既可以提高学习效率，又可以更好的提高学习成果。

本文将为您提供一些英语教学法的复习资料。

1.基础教学法基础教学法是最基本也是最常用的英语教学法。

在这种教学法中，老师会先讲一些简单的单词和基础的语法规则，然后让学生进行语音、语法、词汇等方面的练习。

在这个过程中，鼓励学生多多练习，掌握语法规则的同时，提高英语能力。

2.词汇教学法词汇是英语学习的重中之重，因此词汇教学法也非常重要。

在这种教学法中，老师会先让学生记忆一些常用的单词，并在学习过程中慢慢引入生词，进一步提高学生的词汇量。

3.阅读教学法阅读教学法是英语学习的重点之一，它不仅可以提高学生的阅读能力，也可以加深他们对语言的理解。

在这种教学法中，老师会让学生阅读一些有趣的文章，并且分析一些生词和语法规则，让学生从中学习。

4.听力教学法听力教学法对于掌握英语听力能力非常重要。

在这种教学法中，老师会播放一些英语听力材料，让学生进行听力练习。

同时，老师会讲解一些常用的英语词汇和语法规则，让学生更好地理解听力材料。

5.口语教学法口语教学法是英语教学中最具挑战性和难度的教学法。

在这种教学法中，老师会对学生进行口语练习，并给出一些针对性的建议和指导，让学生不断改进口语表达能力。

以上就是几种常见的英语教学法，当然这些教学法并非独立的存在，老师可以根据学生的实际情况，将以上教学法进行有机结合，构建适合学生的教学方案。

总之，英语教学法不仅是学生提升英语能力的重要工具，也是教师们提高英语授课质量的重要途径。

希望本文提供的英语教学法复习资料能对广大英语学习者和教师有所帮助。

大学英语复习资料

大学英语复习资料大学英语复习资料随着社会的发展和全球化的趋势，掌握一门流利的英语已经成为现代人不可或缺的技能之一。

而在大学阶段，学习英语更是一个重要的任务。

为了帮助大学生更好地复习英语，以下是一些有用的复习资料。

首先，英语课本是复习的基础。

大学英语教材通常分为听力、口语、阅读和写作四个部分。

通过仔细阅读教材中的知识点和例句，了解每个单元的重点内容，并进行相关练习，可以帮助巩固基础知识。

此外，课本中的听力材料也是提高听力技能的好资源。

学生可以多次听录音并跟读，以提高自己的发音和听力理解能力。

其次，网络资源是现代大学生复习英语的重要辅助工具。

各种在线学习平台和网站提供了大量的英语学习资源，如英语词汇、语法、阅读理解等。

学生可以根据自己的需要选择合适的网站，进行针对性的学习。

此外，还可以通过观看英语电影、听英语音乐和播客等方式提高自己的听力和口语能力。

第三，参加英语角和英语俱乐部是提高口语表达能力的好方法。

在这些活动中，学生可以与其他英语学习者交流，分享学习经验，提高口语表达能力。

此外，还可以参加一些英语演讲比赛或辩论赛，锻炼自己的演讲和辩论技巧。

第四，考试模拟题是复习的重要工具。

通过做一些历年的英语考试模拟题，可以了解考试的题型和难度，并提前适应考试的环境和压力。

同时，对于一些常见的考试技巧，如阅读理解的快速扫描和定位，写作中的段落组织等，也可以通过模拟题进行练习和掌握。

最后，背诵英语经典文学作品也是提高英语水平的有效方法。

通过背诵一些经典的英语文学作品，不仅可以提高词汇量和语法运用能力，还可以了解英语国家的文化和历史背景。

同时，背诵也是提高记忆力和口语表达能力的有效途径。

综上所述，大学英语复习资料的选择和使用对于学生的学习效果至关重要。

除了课本和网络资源外，参加英语角、做考试模拟题和背诵经典文学作品都是提高英语水平的好方法。

希望以上的复习资料能够帮助大学生们更好地备考和提高英语能力。

(完整word版)新一代大学英语听说读写英语复习资料

一单元一、1、when I was a child , I often hung out with my neighbors in the town park -riding bicycles and playing hide-and-seek.2、i don’t think your friend should blame you even if you were at fault yesterday.3、what used to be considered basic back-to-school items-schoolbags , pencil cases , stationery , and the like- have now become fashion accessories in the classroom.4、david , my close friend , may be younger and faster than me , but when it comes to being smart , there’s no contest.5、many young people prefer to take up white-collar jobs after graduating from college.6、if the costs for using skype are so low , how come companies have not adopted it on a broader scale.二、1、she broke off the relationship when she found out about his gambling .2、researchers have now discovered a connection between loneliness and depression.3、I sensed a close intimacy between them form their casual and relaxed conversation.4、i bumped into an old acquaintance when I visited the art museum yesterday.5、he found that the people he had trusted turned out to be fair-weather friends.6、the two old men in their 70s have successfully maintained their lifelong friendship.二单元一、1、people with high self-awareness are able to speak accurately and openly about their emotions and the impact they have on their work.2、the professor’s findings mesh(ed) with previous studies on emotional intelligence.3、socially skilled people , for instance , are adept at managing teams –that’s their empathy at work.4、people with high emotional intelligence never show great anxiety when confronted with sudden change.5、with this basic insight into the human cost of ignoring emotions on the job the company initiated a workshop for crews to get them to see that how they are feeling has consequences.6、one after another , each manager declared , in effect , that every woman in this group didn’t have the self-confidence needed to be promoted.7、the organization has enlisted the help of many famous people in raising money to help of many famous people in raising money to help homeless children.二、1、the man realized gradually that his low EQ was causing problems for a long time.2、knowing the bad effects , he gradually got out of the habit of interrupting others while they are speaking.3、IQ is no longer the only standard to test an employee , so college graduates should also try to improve their emotional intelligence.4、in order to improve the efficiency of communication , you should always read your partner’s reaction and monitor yours.5、only an executive low on empathy would force his people to achieve striking result over a stretch of two days.6、if you have a tendency to misread other people , neglect to ask clarifying questions , or miss nonverbal cues , you probably need to improve empathy.三单元一、1、science is not just a discipline ; it is a system of examining the world . in its simplest terms , you start by observing the world and asking questions about how the world works.2、”I don’t have a mobile telephone ,” he tells me with a slight hint of pride .” I think sometimes gadgets get in the way of the clear use of the English language.3、we should engage students at all levels in doing science rather than just reading about it .4、for more details on this phenomenon , check out this educational video from the university of Nebraska.5、the debate finally came down to a question of which scientist proposed the hypothesis first.6、the investigators made great endeavors to find out what led to the air crash , but all in vain .7、the students who intend to apply for the summer research program have to writea proposal in the first instance.8、making English grammar conform to Latin rules is like asking people to play baseball using the rules of football.9、the virtue of the camera is not the power it has to transform the photographer into an artist , but the impulse it gives him to keep on looking.10、why did you have to put me dow n in front of my team members like that.二、1、the students are going to present their research findings at the international conference.2、scientists make predictions based upon their hypothesis and then do experiments in the lab to confirm these ideas about how something works.3、using novel methods to track developments could offer new discoveries.4、one of the main characteristics of Chinese language is that it uses characters to represent words.5、it is no wonder that the general public has only a(n) hazy notion of that genetically modified food is.6、the students are required to test the hypothesis that bubble making can be affected by adding chemicals to a mixture for blowing bubbles.7、scientists have proposed a(n) bold hypothesis that there might be life on Mars.8、the last few years have seen gradual changes in consumer’s behavior.四单元一、1、in view of the heavy flow of tourists , our visit to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum was finally canceled.2、the persecution was carried out in stages . initially the German government passed laws to exclude Jews form civil society .3、in Schindler’s List（《辛德勒的名单》）, Oskar Schindler is a greedy German businessman who later felt compelled to save his Jewish employees from the gas chambers.4、we can’t put blame for the Holocaust on Hitler and the Nazis only . those who shared the anti-Jewish hostility and kept silent about the Nazis’deeds must alsoshare responsibility.5、when the Nazi Part gained control of Germany , Jews are were denied the right to vote and to hold public office or civil service positions.6、during the second World War , still a small number of Jews were able to seek refuge within Germany with courageous German families.7、the writing of Elie Wiesel , a Holocaust survivor and also a Nobel Peace Prize winner , led people to think about what the Holocaust did , not just to the Jews ,but by extension , to humanity.8、thousands of refugees poured over Syria’s border into Iraqi Kurdistan,the UN says , in one of the biggest waves of refugees in the Syrian conflict.五单元一、1、professor Nye argues that the essence of power lies in the conversion of resources into influence , which is the exercise of power .2、the Chinese government has made great efforts trying to build its soft power and improve its international image since 2008 .3、the study indicates that China’s rise requires creative thinking to engage in global governance.4、we believe that government should not gobble up all the proceeds(收益) of growth , and that those who create prosperity should enjoy it.5、there simply isn’t enough money in the world to build enough roads to soak up that kind of demand.6、his whole mind was concentrated on one thing only-how to turn the tables onhis foreign opponents.7、the local government succeeded in reducing the unemployment rate , partly by design and partly by happenstance.8、we are taking the initial baby steps toward the exploration of Mars.9、Putin doesn’t want to be perceived as the Russian leader that “lost Ukraine.”10、with written records dating back over 3,000 years ,China is recognized as one of the great ancient civilizations of the world.二、1、the article indicates that China has become the world’s fastest expanding strong economy .2、Germany , Europe’s biggest power , shows signs of more active diplomacy in global affairs under the new government .3、the new policies were designed to attract investment from domestic sources as well as more foreign capital.4、the auto company announced that they would undergo a(n) aggressive into the luxury car market.5、the conservative coalition (同盟) could delay reforms or block them altogether.七单元一、1、unlike its Indian and African cousins , it is typical of the critically endangered Sumatran rhino to be covered with patches of stiff hair , most prominent on its ears.2、with only several hundred living in the world the Siberian tiger does not seem to be able to escape extinction . but should we therefore just let it slip away ?3、the city used to be famous for its climate which was changeable in the extreme.4、when a long sweep of the distant hills could be seen , we realized that we were now far away from the urban civilization and approaching nature.5、humans are wiping out species at lest 1,000 times faster than nature is creating new species , according to a new study in Conservation Biology.6、the Sumatran rhino is the only surviving representative of the most primitive group of the rhino species , which originated in the Miocene(中新世).7、although some critically endangered animals have been successfully bred in captivity , many people are against this practice because they believe that in cages the animal’s freedom is taken away.8、to keep an ecological balance , we often need to address complicated issue . for example , on the one hand , wild animals are endangered in many regions , and on the other hand , invasive animals –animals not native to the land—quickly spread into the habitat of native animals.9、A caterpillar must pass through the cocoon(茧) stage to become a butterfly . inside the cocoon it radically transforms its body , eventually emerging as a butterfly or moth .B文章课后练习一单元1、parents need to make opportunities for children to meet and interact with others.2、in contrast to a previous report , we found no significant relationship between someone’s personality and how many friends he or she has .3、before you start ,ask yourself : which people do me want to reach , what do we want them to take from this event--- in person or through the media and press?4、there are a variety of definitions of word “friend”. Americans use the word “friend”in a very general way .they may call both casual acquaintances and close companions “friends”.5、David claims that a man who can use social media will always have an advantage over others.6、at this point it is a good idea to say out loud to yourself , “Now I am going to give up socializing online,” and from then on not to change your mind .三单元1、lest anyone had missed the point the professor explained the equation again .2、the view that the Earth revolves on its axis and circles the Sun in a year accounts much better for the changing of the seasons than the old geocentric (以地球为中心的), view.3、the mysterious noise which bothered her turned out to be just the dog scratching at the door.4、the idea came to researchers after viewing a layer of coffee that remained on a table after a person lifted the mug .5、clearly , evaporation at the edge of the drop was important for the formation ofa coffee ring .6、your health care provider will instruct you , if necessary , to stop taking any drugs that may interfere with the test results.7、milk is well—known as a great dietary source of protein and calcium , not tomention an indispensable companion to cookies.8、as the climate shifts , many species will migrate to more favorable destinations , altering their natural range.听力一单元二单元三单元四单元五单元七单元。

(完整word版)新编英语语法教程复习资料

1.主谓一致主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。

1.1指导原则(1)语法一致语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致eg.A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.(2)意义一致和就近原则意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。

补充解释和例句见书P22就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。

常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either…or…，neither…nor …，not only…but also …等.例句见书P23英语中，有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语，此时，谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。

如：(1)There is a desk and five chairs in his room.他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。

There are five chairs and a desk in his room.他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。

(2)Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there.要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。

Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there?是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去？1.2-s结尾的名词作主语(1)以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称(2)以-ics结尾的学科名称(3)以-s结尾的地理名称(4)其他以-s结尾的名词1.3以集合名词作主语(1)通常作复数的集体名词见书P27【注】goods(货物),clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：Such clothes are very cheap.那样的衣服很便宜。

(完整word版)现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter8

Lexicalcontext:refersto the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.
*Linguistic context is the linguistic environment, in which a linguistic unit is used.
Extra-linguistic context /Context of situation语言外或情景语境
1.The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs.
*In daily life, word meaning is more often dependent on the actual situation in which a word is used rather than on verbal context.
do fish (cook)
do science at school (study)
do a museum /city /country (visit)
2.Grammatical context语法语境
In grammaticalcontext, thesyntactic structure of a certain word is the meaning of the lexical items with which the word is combined.
8.1 Two types of Contexts
Linguistic context语言类语境
There are 3 types of linguisticcontext: lexical, grammatical, and verbal context.

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现代外语教学复习资料绪论我国外语教学存在的问题：（P2-P5）1. theoretical researches are weak2. teachers' faculty is not strong3. schools are short of teaching resources4. teaching concepts lag behind the society5. education is mainly exam-oriented6. the interference related to power and money is serious第二章1.外语教学研究的三个层次：（P32-P38）ontology: essential characteristics of language itself and language teaching 2.语言的本质特点：1). the most important tool to communicate2). a linguistic system made up of various subsystems3). a tool to think and a carrier for culture4). require special physiological basis2.外语教学研究的三个层次：（P32-P38）② positivism: principles of foreign language teachinga. systematic principleb. communicative principlec. cognitive principled. cultural principlee. affective principle外语教学研究的三个层次：（P32-P38）③ methodology: organization, strategies and methods of foreign language teaching存在的问题：a. exclusivenessb. one-sidednessc. intricacy第三章1.外语学习者的生理和认知因素：（P46-P52）② intelligence：a. take different steps to students of different level of intelligenceb. general intelligence → communicationhigher intelligence → form2.外语学习者的生理和认知因素：（P46-P52）③aptitude：a. phonetic coding abilityb. grammatical sensitivityc. inductive sensitivity3.外语学习者的生理和认知因素：（P46-P52）④cognitive style：a. field dependenceb. field independence4. 外语学习者的情感因素：（P52-P55）①motivation and attitude:a. Brown: global motivationsituational motivationtask motivationb. Gardner and Lambert: integrative motivationinstrumental motivation②personality:extrovert vs. introvert5. 对教学的启示：a. strengthen students' merits in different occasionsb. change students of different personality to the contrary6. 理想的外语学习者：（P55-P56）（二语习得P122）a. group dynamicsb. use the target languagec. attend to meaning rather than to formd. use of study techniquese. the early stages of grammatical developmentf. analytic skillsg. integrative motivation/ task motivationh . take risksi. adapt to different learning conditions7. EA的一般步骤：（P62）（二语习得P52）a. a corpus of language is seletedb. the errors in the corpus are identifiedc. the errors are classifiedd. the errors are explainede. the errors are evaluated8. EA的作用：（P62）a. recognize which stages are students in/ how much contents are remainedb. evidence of how the learners learn or aquire languagec. a means used to aquire language/ a means used to inspect the essence of the language9.EA的局限性：（P64-P65）a. it's difficult to define and distinguish errorsb. lack of a common standard to classify errorsc. it's difficult to distinguish avoidence from errors10. 中介语的特点：（P66）a. openb. flexiblec. systematic11. 中介语构建的手段：（P67）a. language transferb. overgeneralization of target language rulesc . transfer of trainingd. trategies of L2 learninge. strategies of L2 communication12. 成功的外语学习者所采用的五大策略：（P71）a. participate language learning positively by searching and ultilizing favourable learning environmentb. set language as a system of formsc. set language as a tool to communicated. accept and deal with the affective needs during the learning processe. expand and revise the foreign language system by inferencing and monitoring.13. 学习者策略对外语教学的启发：（P83）a. guide students to make the best use of existing knowledgeb. make the best use of learning strategies to improve language learning abilitiesc. help learners use communicative strategies correctly第四章1. CLT的理论基础：（P89-P90）a. theories of language communication:a system made up of basic unitsfundamental function is communicationthe language structure reflect the function and communicative uasge the basic units of language are showed in the communicative functions of discourese rather than just grammatical rules and structural characteristics②learning theories:communicative principletask principlemeaningful principle2. 语法编写的原则：（P103）a. systematic principleb. communicative principlec. contrastive principled. cognitive principle3. 词汇教学的原则：（P108-P109）a. systematic principleb. communicative principlec. cultural principled. cognitive principlee. affeive principle3. 影响听力的重要因素：（P111-P115）a. the characteristics of listening materials (speed/pause/hesitation)b. the characteristics of the speakers (sex/authority of the speaker)c. the characteristics of the tasksd. the charateristics of the learnerse. the charateristics of the process4. 外语阅读和母语阅读不同特点的比较：（P118-P119）a. the positive transfer has its limits/ language rules and pragmatic principleb. the shortcomings of the abilities and skills on mother-tongue reading influence the process of positive transfer and the improvement of reading abilities in foreign languagec. affective factors also influence the process of reading5. 语言和文化的关系：（P128-P129）a. language is a part of cultureb. langauge is the carrier of culturec. culture is the base of language6. 文化导入的必要性和重要意义：（P130）a. cultural knowledge and accommodation ability are important parts of communicative competenceb. communicative competence is the essential base and method to acquire further cultural languagec. adapt to the requirements of special positions7. 文化导入的重要原则：（P132-P133）a. practical principleb. stage principlec. accommodation principle8. 文化导入的主要方法：（P133-P134）a. annotationb. fusionc. practiced. comparisone. specifically explanation第五章1. 课程设计的阶段：（P136）a. fact-findingb. the theory and practical evidence of course design and syllabus designc. make the goals to plans, recognize the aims and contentsd. prepare the materials and compile the textbook2. 教材编写的原则：（P144）a. authentic principleb. gradual principlec. interesting principled. diverse principlee. modern principlef. practical principle3. 合格的外语教师应具备的素质：（P151）a. solid professional knowledge and skillsb. abilities of classroom management and implementc. good characters and delightful personalitiesd. systematic knowledge of modern languagee. considerable knowledge of foreign language acqu isition theoriesf. knowledge of foreign language teaching4. 外语教学的实施的主要过程：（P155）a. needs analysisb. curriculum designc. material developmentd. classroom instructionf. course evaluation5. 传统课堂教学模式（PPP）的不足：（P156-157）a. teaching model is teacher-centredb. the result of PPP model is exam-oriented educationc. students haven't received enough inputd. mislead students to a worry learning way6. 课堂教学最基本目标：（P159-162）a. cultivate students' interestsb. provide authentic language inputc. help students use learning strategies which are benefit to foreignlanguage learning d. help students overcome the difficulties during the learning process7. 外语测试的类型：（P167-170）a. 测试目的：aptitude testachivement testdiagnostic testproficiency testexit testb. 外语测试的类型：（P167-170）②测试的方法和方式：direct testingindirect testing③测试题型：a. discrete-point testingb. integrative testingc. 外语测试的类型：（P167-170）④考试成绩判别的标准：norm-referenced testingcriterion-referenced testing⑤判卷标准：a. subjective testingb. objective testing8. 效度(test validity)：（P170）a. whether the test can test what it meant to exactlyb. content validityc. criterion-related validityd. construct validitye. face validity9. 信度(test reliability)：（P172）a. whether the result of the test are reliableb. test itselfc. marking of papers第六章1. 外语教学法的主要流派：（P180-P206）a. The Oral Approach and the situational Language Teachingb. The Audiolingual Meathodc. Communicative Approachd. Total Physical Responsee. The Silent Wayf. Community Language Learningg. The natural Approachh. Suggestopedia2. 任务型教学的原则：（P209-P210）a. interactive principleb. authentic in linguistic materialsc. process principled. emphasize the improvement made by learners' experience f. classroom language learning is related to language application outside the class3. 任务型教学的优点：（P221）a. reflect new ideas about language learning and teachingc. shorten the distance between class and lifed. it aims at cultivating students' learning capacity/ cooperative learning4. 任务型教学的局限性：（P221-P222）a. the recognition of language learning is extremeb. the randomness of task selectingc. the limitation of application scoped. instead special tests of whether the tasks have been accomplished编号劳动合同书甲方（用人单位）名称：湘潭市富菱电梯有限公司住所：湘潭市岳塘区东泗路206号岚园小区1栋2单元31号性质：法定代表人（主要负责人）：张剑宇乙方（劳动者）姓名：性别：出生年月：家庭住址：居民身份证号码：湖南省劳动和社会保障厅印制。

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