英文专利文献翻译探讨
英文专利文献中EQUIVALENT译法[论文]
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浅谈英文专利文献中EQUIVALENT的译法摘要专利文献是一种即涉及专业领域又要符合相关法律要求的文件。
英文专利文献中有很多专门的用语，这些用语是在专利发展过程中逐渐形成的，其中部分用语翻译成中文时有可能采用的是字典中不常引用的甚至完全没有的解释。
本文主要探讨的是英文专利文献部分常用或特定的用语在翻译成中文过程中的标准译法或者建议译法，以供专利文献译、校人员在翻译过程中作为参考。
关键词专利文献翻译特定用语词义辨析中图分类号：h059 文献标识码：a1概述专利文献是一种既涉及专业领域又要符合相关法律要求的文件，因此，专利文献的笔译工作在遣词造句方面要求非常细致严谨，其要求译者不仅具备丰富的专业技术知识，还要具备较强的外语语法功底。
专利文献格式统一，行文规范，会经常出现一些使用频率极高的“小词”，这些词的含义看起来并不深奥，但要将它翻译好却不是那么简单，如果翻译不当，或是稍有疏忽，就可能引起专利文献解释时的歧义，这部分词在专利文献中所占的比重虽然很小，但是译者如果在把技术内容翻译准确之外也能将这些词义认真准确地翻译出来，整个专利文献的译文才能称得上是一篇翻译质量很好的文献，可谓锦上添花。
专利翻译中值得研究的词语很多，但本文拟就专利文献中常用词equivalent的译法作粗浅的探讨。
在现代英汉综合大辞典中，equivalent词性及解释如下：n. 同等物，等价物，相等物；a. 相等的，相当的，同意义的；【计】等价的；【化】当量；【医】同等的，等值的，当量，【替】代症；【经】等量，等值，等价物；adj.【建】等效的。
在专利文献中，医学专业领域一般译为当量，但在专利固定用法中通常译为“等价物、等效物、等效、等同于…”等多种意思，译者应该根据不同语境，翻译成不同的汉译，现根据专利文献中的一些实例，对一些译法进行简单分析并提出建议。
2当量例句：adding about 1 equivalent of a sodium salt of a base to the solution of cefsulodin to provide a solution of cefulodin sodium.译文：往头孢磺啶溶液中加入1倍量的钠盐的成盐剂以提供头孢磺啶钠溶液。
英汉专利翻译技巧浅析
英汉专利翻译技巧浅析作者：张玉洁来源：《新丝路杂志（下旬）》2016年第03期摘要：文章首先对专利英语的语言特点进行了阐述，总结出了一些常见的规律。
接着是实际案例分析，结合专利英语的特点，从词语和句型的角度对译文中的典型例子进行了详细分析。
最后为翻译实践总结，笔者针对自己在翻译过程中遇到的问题、采取的解决办法以及对未来工作的启发进行了总结。
关键词：专利文本；功能对等理论；翻译实践；翻译策略【DOI】10.19312/ki.61-1499/c.2016.03.079一、专利的语言特点专利是一种典型的科技型文本，突出显示了信息传递型文本的语言特点。
针对专利的翻译有着独特的规则与规律，在翻译的过程中，我们需要使用相关的技巧和方法指导专利翻译。
1.词汇特点专利中有着大量的专业术语，具有单一性、专业性和规范性，它对于词语的选择非常重视，力求用词准确、精炼，在选择词语对应的翻译时，我们应该及时查阅专业词典和书籍，根据词类和上下文选择词义。
2.句式特点科技人员在研究和解决科学技术问题时，总是要从客观事物出发，力求做出客观准确的陈述或论证；所以就专利文本的语句结构而言，复杂多样是其主要特征。
在句子层面，专利文献中经常会出现被动语态或者结构复杂，动词名词化的用法等，我们要首先认真分析句型，找出各个成分，然后按照逻辑进行翻译。
二、翻译案例分析1.合成词合成词是专利文献中的一大特点，形容词结合名词，名词结合名词，动词结合名词等，这样的词语简洁明了，又十分形象，巧妙地将信息表达出来，如下：Binding-protein结合蛋白 analog-to-digital模拟变数字的multiple-input 多重输入 anti-hypertensive therapy高血压治疗方法对于这种合成的复合词，我们一般采取直译的方法，结合所修饰的部分确定该合成词的词性，就可以实现奈达功能对等理论中的“准确传达信息”的功能，我们来看个例子：Genetic constructs of the invention include a gene promoter sequence and a sequence encoding a plant F-box protein that is functionally linked to a seed-specific gene promoter to produce the effect.（原文）译文：该发明的基因结构包括一个基因启动子序列和一个能够编码一种F-box型植物蛋白的序列，后者可以与一个种子特异性基因启动子连接进行这种编码。
英语专利文献的词法特征与翻译
、
引 言
专利文献 ， 广 义 地讲 ， 不 仅 包 括 专 利 申请人 的发 明说 明 书、 主 管 机 关 处 理 专 利 申请 以及 专 利 诉 讼 等 文 件 ， 还 包 括 根 据 此 等原 始文 件 编 印 的 二 次 情 报 资 料 ， 诸 如 专 利摘 要 和 专 利题 录 等 。狭 义地 讲 ， 专 利 文 献仅 指发 明说 明书 ， 经 专 利 主 管机 关 审 查 和 公 布 后 ， 一 般 称 为 专 利 说 明 书 。在 全 球 经 济 体 化 的 进程 中 ， 无 论 是 引 进 国 外 专利 技术 ， 还 是 中 国 产 品 打入国际市场 ， 都 需 要 阅读 、 使 用 国 外 的 专 利 文献 ， 这 必 然 会涉及专利文献翻译的问题 ， 因此 专 利 文 献 的 翻 译 在 当 今 正 发 挥 着 越 来 越 重 要 的 作 用 。本 文通 过 对 英 语 专 利 文 献 词 法特征的分析 ， 总 结 出英 语 专 利 词 汇 翻 译 的几 点 方 法 与 技 巧， 对 英 语 专 利 文献 的 翻 译 研 究 与 实 践 具 有 一 定 的借 鉴 意
郑 阳
２ ７ ６ ８ ２ ６ ）
（ 曲阜 师范大学 翻译 学 院 ，山东 日照
［ 摘
要］ 在分析英语专利文献词法方面的五个特征基础 上， 探讨英语 专利文献词 汇翻译 的方法与技巧 。
希望通过分析与总结 ， 丰 富 英 语 专 利 文 献词 ｊ Ｆ － 翻 译 研 究 的 内容 ， 并 对 英语 专利 文献 译 者 有 一 定 帮 助 。
［ 关键词］ 专利文献 ； 词法 ； 特征 ； 翻 译
［ 中 图分 类号 ］ Ｈ３ １ ５ ． ９
一
［ 文献标识码］Ａ
功能对等视角下汉英专利摘要翻译实践报告
功能对等视角下汉英专利摘要翻译实践报告功能对等视角下汉英专利摘要翻译实践报告摘要：专利翻译是一项非常重要的翻译工作，尤其是在国际贸易和技术交流领域。
在这个高速发展的时代，汉英翻译之间的交流变得越来越频繁，但由于不同语言之间的文化和语言差异，汉英专利翻译也受到了很大的挑战。
本文旨在探讨汉英专利摘要翻译的实践方法和技巧，通过功能对等的视角，提高汉英翻译的准确性和质量。
本文从专利摘要翻译的特点、汉英专利摘要翻译的难点、功能对等的视角下汉英专利翻译方法等方面进行了研究。
在研究过程中，本文使用了定量分析法和质性分析法，收集了大量的案例和文献资料，并对汉英语言和文化的差异进行了分析，以提高专利翻译的质量和准确性。
通过研究发现，汉英专利摘要翻译存在一些难点，如技术术语、语言和文化差异、词汇选择和语法结构等方面。
此外，汉语和英语在逻辑结构和表达方式上存在很大的不同，在翻译时需要格外注意。
从功能对等的视角出发，可以提高专利翻译的质量和准确性。
功能对等指的是在翻译过程中，在保持原意与风格的前提下，按照功能来进行翻译。
其中的核心原则是翻译目的导向，即翻译的目的要与原文的功能相同。
当翻译需要表达的语义和语法在不同语言之间存在差异时，我们应该考虑将翻译目的与翻译资源平衡起来，寻找到最合适的翻译策略和技巧。
最后，本文总结了在汉英专利摘要翻译实践中需要遵循的一些原则，如语言准确性、术语一致性、语言流畅性等等。
在实践中，应该根据具体的情况和需求，灵活运用不同的翻译方法和技巧，力求达到最佳的翻译效果。
关键词：汉英专利翻译、专利摘要、功能对等、翻译方法、翻译技Abstract translation of patent documents is a critical task in the global patent industry, and it demands a high level of language skills and technical knowledge. This research aims to study the characteristics of Chinese-English translations, the difficulties in abstract translation, and the methods of achieving functional equivalence in patent translation techniques. Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis, this research collected and analyzed a large number of case studies and literature materials to enhance the quality and accuracy of patent translation.The study reveals that abstract translation in patent documents encounters several difficulties such as technical jargon, language and cultural differences, word choices, and syntactic structures. Furthermore, Chinese and English languages have significant differences in logic structure and expression. Attention should be given when translating to ensure the meaning of the text is retained.To achieve functional equivalence in patenttranslation techniques, we recommend that translation be done from a functional equivalence perspective. Functional equivalence is a translation technique that incorporates the aim of the translated text while retaining the original style and content. The core principle of functional equivalence is to keep the goals of translation aligned with the function and nature of the original text. When translating concepts and syntax, translators should balance the purposes of translation and translation resources to find the most suitable translation approach.Finally, this research summarizes several principles to follow when translating patent abstracts, including language accuracy, consistent terminology, and fluent language. In practice, it is essential to be flexible and adaptable to specific circumstances and needs, anduse a variety of translation techniques and approaches to achieve optimal translation results.Keywords: Chinese-English patent translation, abstract, functional equivalence, translation method,translation techniquesWhen translating patent abstracts from Chinese to English, it is important to follow certain principles to ensure accuracy and coherence. One key principle is to focus on functional equivalence, meaning that the translation should accurately convey the same meaning and function as the original text. This requires a deep understanding of the technical field and terminology used, as well as the context of the patent.Another important principle is to maintain consistent terminology throughout the translation. This not only ensures accuracy but also helps readers understand the technical terms used in the patent. A glossary ofterms can also be useful to provide readers with a quick reference to key terminology.In addition, fluent language is important when translating patent abstracts. The translation shouldbe clear and concise, and avoid excessive wordiness or ambiguity. This requires a good understanding of thelinguistic concepts and cultural nuances of both languages.To achieve optimal translation results, it is important to be flexible and adaptable to the specific circumstances and needs of each project. This may require using a variety of translation techniques and approaches, such as machine translation, human translation, or a combination of both. It may also involve collaborating with technical experts or patent attorneys to ensure the translation is accurate and meets the necessary legal requirements.In conclusion, translating patent abstracts from Chinese to English requires careful and precise attention to functional equivalence, consistent terminology, and fluent language. It also requires flexibility and adaptability to meet specific needs and circumstances. By following these principles and employing appropriate translation techniques, translators can produce high-quality translations that accurately convey the purpose and function of the original patentAdditionally, translators should be aware of any legal requirements that must be met during the translation process. For example, some countries require thatpatent translations be certified by a qualified translator or translation agency. It is important for translators to have a thorough understanding of these legal requirements in order to avoid any potential legal issues.Translating patent abstracts also often involves working with technical subject matter. Translators should have a strong understanding of the relevant technical terminology in both Chinese and English in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This may require researching industry-specific terminology and familiarizing oneself with thespecific technology being discussed in the patent.Finally, it is important for translators to remain flexible and adaptable throughout the translation process. They may need to make adjustments to their translation approach depending on the specific patent they are working on, as well as any specific requirements or preferences from the client. By being open to feedback and continuously improving their translation techniques, translators can produce high-quality translations that meet the needs of their clients and accurately convey the function and purpose of the original patent abstract在翻译专利摘要时，译者需要具有高水平的语言翻译技巧和对技术术语的理解。
专利摘要汉译英翻译问题及策略
汇报人：
目录
01.
专利摘要汉 译英翻译中 的常见问题
02.
专利摘要汉 译英翻译的 策略
03.
提高专利摘 要汉译英翻 译质量的措 施
专利摘要汉译英翻译中的常见问题
1
语义理解偏差
专利摘要中术语和概念的理解偏差
专利摘要中文化和背景的理解偏差
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
专利摘要中句子结构和语法的理解 偏差
专利摘要中技术和专业的理解偏差
语法错误
主谓不一致： 句子的主语和 谓语在数、时 态、语态等方
面不一致
词性错误：单 词的词性使用 错误，如名词 用作动词，形 容词用作名词
等
句子结构错误： 句子结构不完 整，如缺少主 语、谓语、宾
语等
搭配错误：单 词与单词之间 的搭配不当， 如形容词与名 词的搭配，动 词与宾语的搭
对术语进行分类 和整理
定期更新术语库 ，确保术语的准 确性和时效性
在翻译过程中， 充分利用术语库 ，提高翻译质量 和效率
引入机器翻译辅助工具
机器翻译的优势： 速度快、效率高、 成本低
机器翻译的局限 性：准确性较低， 需要人工校对
如何选择合适的 机器翻译工具： 考虑翻译质量、 速度、价格等因 素
如何使用机器翻 译辅助工具：设 置合适的参数， 进行初步翻译， 然后进行人工校 对和修改。
配等
词汇选择不当
专业术语翻译不准确 词汇选择过于简单或复杂 词汇搭配不当 词汇使用不符合英语习惯
缺乏专业术语
专利摘要中涉 及的专业术语 较多，需要准
确翻译
缺乏专业术语 可能导致翻译 不准确，影响
理解
专利说明书的英译策略
said与where + prep., there + prep.与here + prep.thereof（=of that），thereby (= by that ),therein(=in that),thereto, therebetween，therewith，thereon，therefrom, therethrough,hereinafter(=in the following text：在下文中), hereinabove, herein, hereto, hereunder, herewith,wherein（= in which：在其中）, whereby, wherefore, whereupon, whereof, whereat.（here =this，there=that，where =what/which）1.hereafter=after this time 此后2.hereby=by doing or saying so=by means/reason of this；特此，兹3.herein=in this piece of writing=in this ；此中，于此4.hereinafter=after this time=later in this paper；在下文；今后在下文中5.hereof=of or belonging to this 在本文中6.hereto=to this piece of writing 次，至此7.heretofore=until now, hitherto 迄今为止，在次之前8.hereunder=below, following 在下文中9.hereupon=at or after the time＝after that因此，于是，不久以后，就在此时，随即10.herewith=with this 与此一道, 随函附上1.thereafter=afterwards；此后，后来，其后2.thereby=by saying or doing that=by that means ；因此；由此；因而，在那方面，3.therefrom=from that 从中4.therein=in that piece of writing=from that ；在那里；在那点上，在其中5.thereinafter=later in the same paper；在下文中，以下6.thereof=of that 其中7.thereon=on that 在其上，就此8.thereto=to that 加于……之上，随函附上9.thereunder=under that 在其下10.thereupon=about that matter 关于此事1.whereas=but 但是，却2.whereat＝at which 在哪儿3.whereby=by means of which=by what ； by which；由是；凭那个以……方式4.wherein=in which=in what；在哪里；在哪点上，在哪方面5.whereof=of which 关于6.whereto=to which 向哪里，到什么地方专利说明书的英译策略引言专利说明书是对某项专利发明的清楚完整的说明。
英语专利翻译技巧
英语专利翻译技巧为您讲述的专利文献翻译技巧专文献既是技术文件又是法律文件，它有一些惯用的词语，下面作一简要介绍。
一、专利惯用的词组 Appl.No.(Application Number)申请号 Ser.No.(Serisl Number)申请书，登记号 Int.Cl.3 (International Patent Classification,3 rd Edition)国际专利分类表（第三版） Abstract of the disclosure发明摘要Preferred embodiments最佳实施方案 Cross-Sheet 5 第5页（图共5页） Sheet 3 of 4第3页（图共4页）二、常用的句子 1.Reference is made to our copending application No.25838/78 filed 31 st May 1978.请参阅我们在1978年5月31日登记的与此有关的申请书，其申请号为25838/78。
说明：make reference to:参考，提及。
Copending:与此有关的，尚待批准的。
2.The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent applications Ser.No.626245, filed Mar.27, 1967,now abandoned and Ser.No.767046,filed Sept.26,1968, now patent No.3619220.本专利申请书是下列两件美国专利申请书的继续。
其中第一件于1967年3月27日提出申请，申请号626245，现已放弃。
第二件于1968年9月26日提出申请，申请号767046，专利号3619220。
说明：continuation-in-part:指的是接续专利。
Ser.No.:流水号，档案号，申请号，登记号。
专利中翻英技巧
专利中翻英技巧摘要：一、引言二、专利翻译的重要性1.专利文件的特点2.专利翻译对创新和发展的影响三、中翻英专利翻译的技巧1.词汇准确性a.专业术语的处理b.词汇选择的注意事项2.句子结构调整a.被动语态的运用b.长句拆分3.语言风格把握a.保持原文风格b.语言简洁明了4.语法规范a.动词时态和语态的统一b.名词单复数的处理四、实例分析1.专利摘要翻译2.专利权利要求翻译五、中翻英专利翻译实践建议1.积累专业词汇和行业知识2.注重翻译质量和审校3.学习借鉴优秀译文六、总结正文：一、引言随着全球化的不断推进，专利领域的国际合作日益增多。
在这个过程中，专利翻译发挥着至关重要的作用。
本文旨在探讨中翻英专利翻译的技巧，以帮助读者提高专利翻译的水平。
二、专利翻译的重要性1.专利文件的特点专利文件具有专业性强、技术含量高、法律性质明显等特点。
因此，在翻译过程中，要求译者具备扎实的专业知识、准确的词汇表达和严谨的法律意识。
2.专利翻译对创新和发展的影响专利翻译不仅关系到专利权的保护和行使，还直接影响到技术创新和产业发展的进程。
高质量的专利翻译有助于发明人更好地推广和应用创新成果，为企业创造价值。
三、中翻英专利翻译的技巧1.词汇准确性（1）专业术语的处理在专利翻译过程中，正确处理专业术语至关重要。
译者应充分了解相关领域的技术背景，确保翻译准确无误。
（2）词汇选择的注意事项在选择词汇时，译者要考虑词汇的精准度、通用性和可读性。
此外，还需注意词汇的褒贬色彩，以保持原文的语气。
2.句子结构调整（1）被动语态的运用被动语态在专利翻译中具有重要作用。
译者应根据实际情况，恰当运用被动语态，以突出专利的发明特点和技术创新。
（2）长句拆分为提高译文的可读性，译者需要将长句进行拆分。
拆分后的句子应保持逻辑关系清晰，便于读者理解。
3.语言风格把握（1）保持原文风格在翻译过程中，译者要尽量保持原文的风格。
这包括语气、表达方式和修辞手法等。
英文专利文献的语言特点及翻译——以林业类文献为例
作者简介：万佳琦，硕士在读。
研究方向：英语笔译。
肖飞，通讯作者，教授。
研究方向：英语应用语言学。
当前，全球化不仅包括商品、资本等有形产品的流通，还包括知识产权和信息等无形产品的流通（张思，2019）。
专利作为知识产权的一个重要组成部分，已成为当今世界各国关注的热点。
为了确保各国的技术和创新得到正确而且有效的保护和利用，专利文献起着非常重要的作用。
专利文献的翻译属于科技翻译的领域，其涉及面广、专业性强（鲍志坤，2019），译者需要输出高质量的译文才能保证各方的经济效益。
本文试从分析英文专利文献的语言特点和翻译难点出发，结合林业类文献实例来探讨专利文献的翻译策略，以期为后期的翻译研究和实践积累有益的经验。
1 英文专利文献的语言特点和翻译难点为了恰当地处理英文专利文献的翻译，译者要深入了解和总结英文专利文献的特点和翻译难点。
本文主要从词汇和句法两方面来进 英文专利文献的语言特点及翻译——以林业类文献为例□ 万佳琦 肖 飞南京林业大学外国语学院[摘 要] 专利翻译的质量影响到多方的经济利益，这就要求译者能输出高质量译文以确保信息的准确性。
由于英文专利文献具有特殊性，其翻译并非易事。
本文从英文专利文献的语言特点出发，结合林业类文献实例，探讨专利文献的翻译处理方法，以期为专利文献的翻译研究和实践提供一定的启示和建议。
[关键词] 专利文献翻译；语言特点；林业类文献[中图分类号] H059 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1009-6167（2020）29-0049-04行总结。
1.1 词汇特点：涉猎范围广，专业术语多专利文献涉及范围广、领域多，几乎涵盖了人类生产活动的全部技术领域，如林业、农业、化工、工程、航天等各行各业。
同时，由于其文本是由经过专门训练的专利代理人或专利律师所撰写的，因此其对于术语的使用要比普通文献更准确，具有很强的专业性（张雪梅，2019）。
除此之外，相关资料显示，专利文献对新技术的报道比其他文献平均早3～5年，这就会导致专利文献中会出现很多新的科技名词。
专利文献翻译技巧
如何做好英文专利翻译Ⅰ.总则1. 专利说明书的中译，应特别注重"信"与"达"两大要求，即译文必须与原文内容完全相符，不得有任何出入或节略。
但中文必须通顺易读，使任何人不必参阅原文，即能了解中文内容。
2. 一件专利申请会包含「说明书摘要」、「摘要附图」、「权利要求书」、「说明书」及「说明书附图」，除摘要附图不需编页码外，其它个部分均需独立编页，亦即每一部份均需从「1」开始编页码（见附件一）。
3. PCT案件之摘要附图为首页之附图，CN案件本所则会另有指示，「摘要附图」不需加上页码，同时必须将「图X」之字样去除。
4. 在「说明书附图」中，请勿以「1/4」之页码编排而应在下方加阿拉伯数字自然排序，就如同「说明书」页码一样，但是附图中之「图1」，「图2」...则仍须保留。
5. 专利申请中的说明书应依以下各部分编译并写明各部分的标题（发明名称除外），每一部份之标题均需完全与下列标题完全相同：3.1 发明名称(Title)3.2 技术领域(Technical Field)：要求保护的技术方案所属的技术领域；3.3 背景技术(Background Art)：对要求保护的技术方案的理解、检索、审查有用的背景技术；3.4 发明内容(Contents of the invention)：要求保护的技术方案所要解决的技术问题以及解决该技术问题所用的技术方案，及对照现有技术所得的有益效果；3.5 附图说明(Description of figures)：各幅附图的简略说明；3.6 具体实施方式(Mode of Carrying out the Invention)：要求保护的技术方案的优选方式得详细说明，其中可能包含实施例或对照附图的说明。
6. 书写规则：4.1 规格：用纸规格为297毫米×210毫米（A4）；4.2 页边：译文的顶部（有标题的，从标题上沿至页边）应当留有25毫米空白；左侧应当留有25毫米空白；右侧应当留有15毫米空白，底部从页码下沿至页边应当留有15毫米空白；4.3 字体：应当使用宋体、仿宋体或者楷体，不应当使用草体及其它字体；4.4 字高：应当在3.5毫米至4.5毫米之间；行距应当在2.5毫米至3.5毫米之间。
浅析专利名称的英语翻译
专利名称的种类多种多样 ，按照专利名称所表 达的意念，可将其常见结构及翻译方法归纳为 以下
［ 收稿 日期 ］ ０ ２ ０ ３ ２ １ — ４ １ ［ 作者 简介 ］ 冬 冬 （９ ４ ）， ， 宋 １７－ 女 河北清 河人 ， 讲师 ， 究方 向： 知语言 学和 语用 学 研 认
邢 台 学 院 学报
２ １ 年 第 ３期 ０２
１３ ３
几 类： （ ）表 示 “ 一 目的” 的结构
（ ）表 示 “ 六 制造 、制备 、生 产方 法” 的结构 常用 Ｍ ｔ ｏ ｏ ｒ ｄ ｃ ｎ …，Ｐ ｅ ａ ａ ｎ ｅｈ ｄ ｆ ｒｐｏ ｕ ｉｇ ｒ ｐ ｒ ｔｏ ｉ
关键 词：专利名称 ；英语翻译；准确；主题 中图分类号：Ｈ３ ５ １． ９ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编 号：１７ ．６ ８２ １ ）３０ ３ ．３ ６２４ ５ ｆ０ ２０ ．１２０
科学技术作为社会进步 的重要生产力越来越得 到社会的重视和关注。专利作为知识产权的一个重 要组 成部 分 ，成为 当今世界 各 国关注 的 一种经 济利 益。专利是独特的一种经济形 式，它保 护的不是具 体 的物质利益，而是抽象的知识产权。专利文献是 科技文献 中一种最重要 的类型， 包括专利说 明书， 也 包括专利公报、专利文摘 、专利题录、专利分类表 等检 索工 具书 。 Ｗ ０对专利文献下的定义是 “ Ｔ 专利 文献是包含 已经 申请或被确认为发现、发明、实用新型和工业 品外观设计的研究 、设计、开发和试验成果 的有关 资料，以及保护发 明人 、专利所有人及工业品外观 设计和实用新型注册证书持有人权利的有关资料的 已出版或未 出 的文件 （ 版 或其摘要 ）的总称。”虽 然专利文献的翻译属于通用翻译之列 ，但其学科特 色明显，迥异于一般的报刊文章和文学作 品。美籍 荷 兰学者 Ｊｍ ｓ ｇ ｌｅ ａ ｅ ｏｍ ｓ在 “ 翻译学的名与实”中 阐述观点，翻译学实质上是 以经验为依据 的学科。 经验 “ 告诉”我们 ，像其他事物一样 ，专利文献翻 译有其 自身特质和规律。我国专利英文文摘——我 国专利技术的对外窗口，不仅是对外经济技术交流 的桥梁，同时也是我国知识产权风貌的体现， 优质、 高效地加工我国专利英文文摘，关系我国专利技术 的对外交流和专利工作 的声誉。本文试图从专利名 称翻译 的基本要求、常见结构和常见错误方面探讨 中文专利文献英语翻译的基本技巧。 专利 名称 翻译 的基本 要求 专利名称翻译属于信息类文献加工，语言浓缩， 涉及 的技术领域极其宽泛，对翻译、编辑人员中、 英文水平和专业知识面要求较高。庞大而专业的专利 文献的英文翻译，难点在于准确、规范和高效。在实 际翻译 中，各种类别词典也并不能做 到一一对症下 药，查词、选词过程不仅繁琐 ，并且难 以保证用词 的 准确性和一致性，严重影响翻译的质量和效率。 专利翻译 中的发明名称只有一句话 ，一般不得 超过 ２ ５个字，但在特殊情况下， 以 可 增加到 ４ ０个 字，但要译好也不容易。在专利名称的翻译 中，不
专利文献中译英中的通用术语错译
目前，中国是专利合作条约（Patent Coopera-tion Treaty，PCT）申请量最大的国家，每年都有大量中文专利申请需要翻译成英文予以公开，走出国门，可见此类翻译的需求量很大。
专利文件具有专业技术性强、领域广泛等特点，翻译的质量要求高、难度大。
翻译好坏对于技术方案能否被正确理解、后续的实质审查能否通过，以及确权后的保护范围，都有重要影响。
但是主管PCT申请的世界知识产权组织（World Intellectual Property Organi-zation，WIPO）从未公布过关于翻译的任何标准、规范及指导性文件。
笔者从事PCT申请文件的翻译与校对工作多年，曾与WIPO翻译组有过多年接触，对其关于翻译的相关要求及评判标准有一定了解。
本文主要结合已经公布的PCT摘要中的一些翻译实例，列举了专利文献翻译实践中的看似最简单却常见的通用专利术语问题，并从语言学的角度分析其成因，提出修改意见，以期帮助同业对通用术语进行更准确的翻译。
通用专利术语，在本文中是指广泛出现于各技术领域的申请文献中，且并未在某一特定技术领域有区别性技术含义的术语。
通用专利术语不受技术领域影响，是区别于技术性专利术语的。
笔者提取了5类常见通用术语翻译错误，并分析其原因。
1中英文之间主谓逻辑关系对于专利套话的影响“本发明公开了……”是专利申请文件中最常见的套话，笔者接触过的过七成PCT申请的摘要都以此开头。
在校对时，笔者发现近三成按其中文字面含义被翻译成“The present invention discloses…”。
下文举例加以说明。
例1原文：本发明公开了一种实现业务转发的方法、系统和装置。
常见错译：The present invention discloses a method,system and device for enabling service forward-ing.分析：笔者获知WIPO认为这样翻译是错误的，因为“invention（发明）”无法“disclose（公开）”任何内容，正确译法是“Disclosed in the present in-vention is/are…”。
知识产权论文中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献1外文参考文献译文the well-known trademarks and dilute anti-diluted First, well-known trademarks SummaryWell-known trademarks is a long-term use, in the market enjoy a high reputation, known for the relevant public and by certain procedures that the trademark. Since the "Paris Convention" was first introduced the concept of well-known trademarks, the well-known trademarks for special protection legislation has become the world trend.Paris Convention stipulates: all of the members were identified as the well-known trade marks, or registered First, the first to ban others, and the other is to prohibit the use of others with identical or similar logo. Trips further provides: 1, the Paris Convention for the special protection and extension of the services of well-known trademarks, 2, the scope of protection does not extend to prohibit similar goods or services with the well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo, 3, on how to That a well-known trademarks in principle a simple requirement.National legislation on the practice, the well-known trade marks that standards vary, often based on specific trade mark promotion of public awareness of related areas, logo merchandise sales and the scope of national interests, and other factors identified. From an international treaty to protect the well-known trademarks mind, that well-known trade marks and protection of well-known trade marks are closely linked.Second, the well-known trademarks protected modeOn the protection of the main trademarks of relative and absolute protectionism two models.The former refers to ban others with well-known trademarks identical or similar trademark with the trademark owner the same or similar industries in the registration or use of similar goods in non-use of the same or similar trademarks is permitted, "the Paris Convention "That is, relative to protectionism.While the latter refers to ban others in any industry, including the well-known trade mark goods with different or similar to those in the industry to register with the well-known trade marks and the use of the same or similar trademarks, TRIPS agreement that is taken by the expansion of the absolute protectionism.In simple economic form, as specified by the trade mark goods at a single, specific trade mark goods and the link between more closely. With, a valuable well-known trademarks have been more and more use of different types of commodities, which are among the types of goods on the property may be totally different, in a trademark associated with the commodity groups and the relative weakening of trade marks Commodity producers and the relative isolation. Not well-known trademarks such as cross-category protection and allow others to register, even if the goods obvious differences, the public will still be in the new goods and reputable well-known trademarks to establish a link between people that the goods may be well-known trademark, the new commodities , Or the well-known trademarks of goods and people between the existence of a legal, organizational or business association, thus leading to the misuse of consumers purchase. The rapid development of the commodity today, the relative protectionism has not improved the protection of the public and well-known trademark owner's interests.In view of this, in order to effectively prevent the reputation of well-known trademarks, and the identification of significant features and advertising value by the improper use of the damage, many countries on the implementation of a well-known trademarks is protectionism, which prohibits the use of any products on the same or with the well-known trademarks Similar to the trademark.TRIPS Agreement Article 16, paragraph 3 states: Paris Convention 1967 text, in principle, applicable to the well-known trademarks and logos of the commodities or services are not similar goods or services, if not similar goods or services on the use of the trademark will be Suggest that the goods or services with the well-known trademarks on a link exists, so that the interests of all well-known trademarks may be impaired.Third, the well-known trademarks dilutedThe protection of trademark rights, there are mainly two: one for the confusion theory, a theory for desalination.The main traditional trademark protection for trade marks the difference between functional design, and its theoretical basis for the theory of confusion. In summary, which is to ensure that the trademark can be identification, confirmation and different goods or services different from the significant features, to avoid confusion, deception and E Wu, the law gives first use of a person or persons registered with exclusive rights, which prohibits any Without the permission of the rights to use may cause confusion among consumers in the same or similar trademarks. Clearly, the traditional concept of trademark protection, to stop "the possibility of confusion" is the core of trademark protection.With the socio-economic development and commercialization of the continuous improvement of the degree, well-known trademarks by the enormous implication for the growing commercial value have attracted the attention of people. Compared with ordinary marks, bearing well-known trademarks by the significance and meaning beyond the trademark rights to the general, and further symbol of product quality and credit, contains a more valuable business assets - goodwill. Well-known trade mark rights of people to use its excellent reputation of leading the way in the purchasing power, instead of the use of trademarks to distinguish between different products and producers.When the mark beyond the role of this feature to avoid confusion, then, this factor is obviously confused and can not cover everything, and other factors become as important as or more important. Thus, in theory confusion on the basis of further development of desalination theory.Trademark Dilution (dilution), also known as trademark dilution, is one of trademark infringement theory. "Watered down", according to the U.S. "anti-federal trademark law dilute" means "regardless of well-known trade mark rights and theothers between the existence of competition, or existence of confusion, misunderstanding or the possibility of deception, reduce and weaken the well-known trademarks Its goods or services and the identification of significant capacity of the act. " In China, some scholars believe that "refers to dilute or weaken gradually weakened consumer or the public will be trademarks of the commercial sources with a specific link between the ability." Trademark faded and that the main theory is that many market operators have Using well-known trademarks of the desire of others, engage in well-known trademarks should be to prevent others from using its own unique identification of special protection.1927, Frank • Si Kaite in the "Harvard Law reviews" wrote the first trademark dilute theory. He believes that people should not only be trademarks of others prohibit the use of the mark, he will compete in the commodity, and should prohibit the use of non-competitive goods on. He pointed out: the real role of trade marks, not distinguish between goods operators, but satisfied with the degree of difference between different commodities, so as to promote the continuous consumer purchase. From the basic function of trademarks, trade mark used in non-competitive goods, their satisfaction with regard to the distinction between the role of different commodities will be weakened and watered down. Trademarks of the more significant or unique, to the public the impression that the more deeply, that is, should be restricted to non-compete others in the use of goods or services.Since then, the Intellectual Property Rights Branch of the American Bar Association Chairman Thomas • E • Si Kaite Smith on the theory made a fu rther elaboration and development. He said: "If the courts allow or laissez-faire 'Rolls Royce' restaurants, 'Rolls-Royce' cafeteria, 'Rolls-Royce' pants, 'Rolls-Royce' the candy, then not 10 years, ' Rolls-Royce 'trademark owners will no longer have the world well-known trademarks. "Si Kaite in accordance with the theory of well-known trade marks have faded because of the effect of non-rights holders with well-known trademarks in the public mind the good image of well-known trademarks will be used in non-competitivegoods, so as to gradually weaken or reduce the value of well-known trademarks, That is, by the well-known trademarks have credibility. Trademark tag is more significant or unique characteristics, which in the public mind the impression that the more deep, more is the need for increased protection, to prevent the well-known trade marks and their specific goods was the link between the weakening or disappearance.In practice, trademarks diluted share a wide range of operating methods, such as:A well-known trademarks of others will still use as a trademark, not only in the use of the same, similar to the goods or services. For example, household appliances, "Siemens" trademark as its own production of the furniture's trademark.2. To other people's well-known trademarks as their corporate name of the component. Such as "Haier" trademark for the name of his restaurant.3. To the well-known trademarks of others as the use of domain names. For example, watches trademark "OMEGA" registered the domain name for themselves ().4. To the well-known trademarks of others as a commodity and decorating use.5. Will be others as well-known trade marks of goods or services using the common name. For example, "Kodak" interpreted as "film, is a camera with photographic material", or "film, also known as Kodak,……" This interpretation is also the mark of the water down. If the "Kodak" ignored the trademark owner, after a period of time, people will Kodak film is, the film is Kodak. In this way, the Kodak film-related goods has become the common name, it as a trademark by a significant, identifiable on limbo. The public well-known Jeep (Jeep), aspirin (Aspirin), freon (Freon), and so was the registration of foreign goods are due to improper use and management and the protection of poor, evolved into similar products common name, Thus lost its trademark logo features.U.S. "anti-diluted Federal trademark law" before the implementation of the Federal Court of Appeal through the second from 1994 to 1996 case, identified thefollowing violations including the Trademark Dilution: (1) vague, non-means as others in similar goods not on Authorized the use of a trademark so that the sales of goods and reduce the value of trademarks or weakened (2) pale, that is because of violations related to the quality, or negative, to demonize the acts described a trademark goods may be caused to others The negative effects of the situation, (3) to belittle, or improperly changed, or derogatory way to describe a trade mark case.The majority of our scholars believe that the well-known trademarks diluted There are two main forms: watered down and defaced. The so-called dilute the people will have no right to use the same or similar trademark with the well-known trademarks used in different types of commodities, thus making the mark with the goods weakened ties between the specific acts the so-called defaced is that people will have no right to use the same Or similar marks for the well-known trade marks will have to belittle good reputation, tarnished the role of different types of goods on the act.Some scholars believe that the desalination also refers to the three aspects of well-known trademarks damage. First, in a certain way to demonize the relevant well-known trademarks; Second, some way related to well-known trademark dark; Third is the indirect way so that consumers will distort trade mark goods for the general misunderstanding of the name.In general, can be diluted in the form summarized as follows:1, weakeningWeakening is a typical diluted form, also known as dark, is that others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, thereby weakening the mark with its original logo of goods or services The link between, weakening the mark was a significant and identifiable, thus bearing the trade mark by the damage caused by acts of goodwill. Weakening the mark of recognition of the significant damage is serious, it can be the recognition of trademark dilution, was significant, or even make it completely disappeared, then to the mark bycarrying the reputation of devastating combat.First, the weakening of the identification is the weakening and lower. Any unauthorized person, others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, will reduce its recognition of. But consumers were referred to the mark, it may no longer think of first is the original goods or services, not only is the original or goods or services, consumers simply will not even think of goods or services, but the Trademark Dilution of goods Or services. There is no doubt that this marks the recognition of, is a heavy blow.Weakening of the mark is significantly weakened and the lower. Mark is significantly different from other commercial trademark marked characteristics. A certain well-known trademarks, which in itself should be a very significant, very significant and can be quickly and other signs of its own separate. However, the Trademark Dilution of the same or similar trademarks used in different goods or services, so that was the trademark and other commercial marked difference in greatly reduced, to the detriment of its significant.Of course, regardless of the weakening of the mark was a significant or identifiable, are the ultimate impact of the mark by the bearer of goodwill. Because the trade mark is the carrier of goodwill, the mark of any major damage, the final performance for all bearing the trade mark by the goodwill of the damage.2, tarnishedMeans others will have some well-known trademarks in the use of the good reputation of the trademark will have to belittle, defaced role of the goods or services on the act. Contaminate the trademarks of others, is a distortion of trade marks to others, the use of the damage, not only reduced the value of the mark, even on such values were defaced. As tarnished reputation is a trademark of damage, so tarnished included in the diluted acts, is also relatively accepted view. Moreover, in the field of trademark faded, tarnished than the weakening of the danger of even greater acts, the consequences are more serious.3, degradationDegradation is due to improper use of trademarks, trade mark goods for the evolution of the common name recognition and loss of function. Trademark Dilution degradation is the most serious kind. Degradation of the event, will completely lose their identification marks, no longer has the distinction function as the common name of the commodity.Fourth, protection against diluteBased on the well-known trademarks dilute the understanding, and accompanied by a serious weakening of well-known trademarks, all countries are gradually legislation to provide for the well-known trademarks to protect anti-diluted. There are specific models:1, the development of special anti-dilute the protection of well-known trademarksThe United States is taking this protection on behalf of the typical pattern.1995, in order to prevent lower dilute "the only representative of the public eye, the unique image of the trademark" to protect "the trademark value of advertising," the U.S. Congress passed the National reunification of the "anti-federal trademark law watered down", so as to the well-known trademarks All provide the unified and effective national anti-dilute the protection.U.S. anti-diluted in trademark protection has been added a new basis for litigation, which is different from the traditional basis of trademark infringement litigation. Trademark infringement of the criteria is confusing, the possibility of deception and misleading, and the Trademark Dilution criteria is unauthorized to others well-known trademarks of the public to reduce the use of the trademark instructions for goods and services only and in particular of Feelings. It is clear that the U.S. law is anti-diluted basis, "business reputation damage" and the possibility of well-known trade mark was a significant weakening of the possibility of providingrelief. Moreover, anti-faded law does not require the application of competitive relations or the existence of possible confusion, which is more conducive to the exercise of trademark right to appeal.2, through the Anti-Unfair Competition Law ProtectionSome countries apply anti-unfair competition law to protect famous trademarks from being watered down. Such as Greece, "Anti-Unfair Competition Law," the first one: "Prohibition of the Use of well-known trademarks in order to take advantage of different commodities on the well-known trademarks dilute its credibility was significant." Although some countries in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law does not explicitly prohibits trademark faded, but the Trademark Dilution proceedings, the application of unfair competition litigation.3, through or under well-known trademark protection within the scope of trademark protectionMost civil law countries is this way. 1991, "the French Intellectual Property Code," Di Qijuan trademark law section L.713-5 of the provisions that: not in similar goods or services on the use of well-known trade marks to the trademark owner or a loss caused by the improper use of trademarks , Against people should bear civil liability.Germany in 1995, "the protection of trademarks and other signs of" Article 14 also stipulates that: without the consent of the trademark rights of third parties should be banned in commercial activities, in and protected by the use of the trademark does not like similar goods or services , And the use of the trademark identical or similar to any signs.4, in the judicial precedents in the application of anti-dilute the protection ofIn some countries there are no clear legislative provisions of the anti-dilute well-known trademarks, but in judicial practice, they are generally applicable civil law on compensation for the infringement of the debt to protect the interests of allwell-known trademarks, through judicial precedents to dilute the protection of applicable anti.China's well-known trademarks in the protection of the law did not "water down" the reference, but on the substance of the relevant legal provisions, protection of anti-diluted. 2001 "Trademark Law" amendment to increase the protection of well-known trademarks, in particular, it is important to the well-known trademarks have been registered to conduct cross-category protection. Article 13 stipulates: "The meeting is not the same as or similar to the trademark application for registration of goods is copied, Mofang, translation others have been registered in the well-known trademarks, misleading the public, the standard of the well-known trade mark registration may be the interests of the damage, no registration And can not be used. "But needs to be pointed out that this provision does not mean that China's laws for the well-known trademarks has provided an effective anti-dilute the protection. "Trademark Law" will prohibit only well-known trademarks and trademarks of the same or similar use, without the same or similar goods not on the behavior, but the well-known trade marks have faded in various forms, such as the well-known trademarks for names, domain names, such acts Detract from the same well-known trademarks destroyed the logo of the ability to make well-known trade mark registration of the interests of damage, this is not a legal norms.It must be pointed out that the trade mark that should be paying attention to downplay acts of the following:1, downplay acts are specifically for the well-known registered trade marks.Perpetrators diluted one of the main purpose is the free-rider, using the credibility of well-known trademarks to sell their products, and general use of trademarks do not have this value. That acts to dilute limited to well-known trademarks, can effectively protect the rights of trademark rights, have not excessively restrict the freedom of choice of logo, is right to resolve the conflict right point of balance. "Trademark Law" will be divided into well-known trademarks have beenregistered and unregistered, and give different protection. Anti-has been watered down to protect only against the well-known trade marks registration, and for China not only well-known trade marks registered in the same or similar ban on the registration and use of goods. This reflects the "Trademark Law" the principle of protection of registered trademarks.2, faded in the different categories of goods and well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo.If this is the same or similar goods with well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar to the logo should be in accordance with the general treatment of trademark infringement. There is also a need to downplay the use of the tags are similar to a well-known trademarks and judgments.3, not all the non-use of similar products on the well-known trade marks and logos of the same or similar circumstances are all faded.When a trademark has not yet become well-known trademarks, perhaps there are some with the same or similar trademarks used in other types of goods on. In the well-known trademarks, the original has been in existence does not constitute a trademark of those who play down.4, acts that play down the perpetrator does not need to consider the subjective mental state.Regardless of their out of goodwill or malicious, intentional or fault, is not watered down the establishment. But the acts of subjective mental state will assume responsibility for its impact on the manner and scope. Generally speaking, if the perpetrator acts intentionally dilute the responsibility to shoulder much weight, in particular, bear a heavier responsibility for damages, if the fault is the commitment will be less responsibility. If there are no mistakes, just assume the responsibility to stop infringement.5, due to anti-faded to protect well-known trade marks with a specific goods orservices linked to well-known trademarks a long time widely used in a variety of goods, will inevitably lead to trademark the logo of a particular commodity producers play down the link, well-known trademarks A unique attraction to consumers will also be greatly reduced. So that should not be watered down to conduct a source of confusion for the conditions of goods, after all, not all the water down will cause consumers confusion. For example, a street shop's name is "Rolls-Royce fruit shop," people at this time there will be no confusion and that the shop and the famous Rolls-Royce trademark or producers of the contact. However, such acts can not be allowed, a large number of similar acts will dilute the Rolls-Royce trademark and its products linked to undermine the uniqueness of the trademark, if things continue this way when the mention of Rolls-Royce trademark, people may think of is not only Automobile, food, clothing, appliances, etc.. That faded as to cause confusion for the conditions, some will not dilute norms and suppression of acts, makes well-known trade marks are not well protected. Therefore, as long as it is a well-known trademark detract from the logo and unique ability to act on the behavior should be identified as diluted.1. Zheng Chengsi: "Intellectual property law", legal publishers 2003 version.2. Wu Handong editor: "Intellectual Property Law," China Politics and Law University Press 2002 edition.3. Susan. Sela De: "The United States Federal trademark law dilute the anti-legislation and practice," Zhang Jin Yi, contained in the "Law on Foreign Translation" 1998 No.4.4. Kong Xiangjun: "Anti-Unfair Competition AFP theory," People's Court Press, 2001 edition.5. Liu Ping, Qi Chang: "On the special protection of famous trademarks", in "law and commercial" 1998 No.6.6. Well-Tao, Lu Zhou Li: "On the well-known trademarks to protect the anti-diluted", in "Law" 1998 No. 5.2 外文参考文献原文浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化一、驰名商标概述驰名商标是指经过长期使用，在市场上享有较高声誉，为相关公众所熟知，并经一定程序认定的商标。
专利文献汉英翻译浅析
2182019年01期总第441期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS中国文化中虽有一些和西方文化“devil”对应的词汇，但在这一习语中，“devil”的意思却无法按照惯有的关于邪恶力量的对应词来翻译。
而中国有句从古到今、从老到少都高频使用的俗语叫“说曹操，曹操就到”，译文在这里将“devil”对应为“曹操”既清楚传递原文意思，又能带给中国观众以亲切感。
3.人物语言的性格化。
人物语言性格化即指翻译的语言要贴近人物的性格特点，给人物“贴标签”，从而让每一个人物都有自己的独一无二的“语言身份”，让观众能够通过他的话语了解并记住人物的特色。
译制片若要再现人物性格，必须做到“言如其人”，不能所有的人物说话的风格都相近得难以区分，二是应尽可能地通过语言使人物的形象生动活泼，从平面走向立体。
例：You can’t touch me, Carrots.你抓不了我，小不点。
I’ve been doing this since I was born.我从小就在这儿混。
这是主人公尼克在影片初始时以“小混混”形象说的台词，他作为一只狐狸，给观众的印象就是狡猾的地痞流氓形象。
译者在这里将他对朱迪的称呼“Carrots”译为“小不点”，充分体现了尼克对朱迪的不屑一顾;另一句“我从小就在这儿混”则将尼克的“狂妄”和“自以为是”体现的淋漓尽致。
这是译者充分代入角色，准确把握其语境与内心世界得来的出色译文。
例：Ice them!办了他们！这一句出于影片中的黑帮老大“大先生”。
作为一句黑道用语，它的意思等同于“Kill them”。
在这里用中文的“办”字十分符合中国社会文化的习语，并且与原文所达到的效果是完全相同的。
这是译者精准把握人物性格与特点的表现。
三、结语译制片作文一种综合性极强的艺术，其翻译涉及到许多复杂的技巧与考量因素。
通过对优秀译制片《疯狂动物城》的分析，可以总结出译制片需要遵守的三个重要原则：(1)信、达、雅原则与“声画对位”；(2)译制语言需进行本土化处理；(3)人物语言要有其鲜明的性格特征。
基于知识产权保护制度的专利英译研究
2462021年36期总第580期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS基于知识产权保护制度的专利英译研究文/崔一凡 楚立峰【摘要】伴随着经济全球化的进一步发展，中国的科技创新势头正盛，也向中国的知识产权保护提出了挑战。
专利英译是专利申请授权的重要一环，高质量的专利申请文件翻译对专利申请能否获得授权具有重要意义。
由于缺乏方法指引，难以保证译文高质量。
本文以知识产权保护制度为背景，阐述明确专利英译的发展现状及重要性，以专利文摘和专利说明书为例，剖析专利英译的特点与方法，解决译者面临的常见困难，并从专业术语、规范化语言、语法三个层面总结一般规律，提出具体翻译策略。
【关键词】专利制度；知识产权保护；专利英译【Abstract】With the further development of economic globalization, China's scientific and technologicalinnovation is gaining momentum, which also challenges China's intellectual property protection. English patent translation is an important part of patent application authorization, and high-quality translation of patent application documents is of great significance to the authorization. Due to the lack of methodological guidance, it is difficult to guarantee the high quality of translation. Based on intellectual property protection, this paper clarifies thedevelopment status and importance of English patent translation. Taking patent abstracts and patent specifications as examples, this paper analyzes the characteristics and methods of English patent translation. By solving the common difficulties faced by translators, this paper summarizes the general rules from three aspects: terminology, standardizedlanguage and grammar, and puts forward specific translation strategies.【Key words】patent system; IPR(intellectual property protection); patent translation【作者简介】崔一凡(2000.09-)，女，青岛农业大学，本科，研究方向：英语(跨境电商)；(通讯作者)楚立峰(1978.07-)，男，青岛农业大学外国语学院，教授，硕士，研究方向：典籍英译、解构主义翻译观。
类似于 专利文献的英汉翻译 书籍
类似于专利文献的英汉翻译书籍摘要：一、引言1.介绍英汉翻译在专利文献领域的重要性2.阐述专利文献英汉翻译的难度和挑战二、专利文献英汉翻译的特点1.专业性强2.语言表达要求精确3.需要熟悉相关法律法规和行业规范三、专利文献英汉翻译的方法与技巧1.准确理解英文原文含义2.注重词汇和语法的准确性3.保持译文的通顺和简洁4.利用工具书和网络资源提高翻译质量四、专利文献英汉翻译实践中的问题与解决办法1.遇到生僻词汇和短语的处理方法2.如何解决英汉翻译中的文化差异问题3.如何保证翻译速度与质量的平衡五、结语1.总结专利文献英汉翻译的重要性2.强调不断提高翻译水平的重要性正文：随着全球化的加速推进，我国与世界各国的科技交流与合作日益频繁，专利文献的英汉翻译成为了一个重要的课题。
专利文献涉及众多技术领域，其英汉翻译具有一定的难度和挑战。
本文旨在探讨专利文献英汉翻译的特点、方法和技巧，以及在实践过程中可能遇到的问题与解决办法。
首先，专利文献英汉翻译的特点主要表现在专业性强、语言表达要求精确以及需要熟悉相关法律法规和行业规范。
由于专利文献涉及的技术领域广泛，因此在翻译过程中需要具备扎实的专业知识基础。
同时，专利文献的语言表达要求严谨、精确，一个用词的差别可能影响到专利的有效性。
此外，熟悉相关法律法规和行业规范对于保证翻译质量至关重要。
其次，专利文献英汉翻译的方法与技巧包括准确理解英文原文含义、注重词汇和语法的准确性、保持译文的通顺和简洁以及利用工具书和网络资源提高翻译质量。
在翻译过程中，应尽量忠实于原文，避免对原文进行随意删减或发挥。
遇到生僻词汇和短语时，可以通过查阅相关资料或请教同行来解决。
此外，要注重译文的通顺和简洁，使读者能够更容易理解专利文献的内容。
在专利文献英汉翻译实践过程中，可能会遇到一些问题，如生僻词汇和短语的处理、英汉翻译中的文化差异问题以及翻译速度与质量的平衡等。
针对这些问题，可以通过积累词汇、学习翻译技巧、利用翻译软件和网络资源等途径来解决。
英文专利文献翻译探讨
英文专利文献翻译探讨
潘宗桃;吴红霞;贺林茂
【期刊名称】《九江学院学报（哲学社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2010(029)003
【摘要】本文从专利文献翻译的基本原则、专利说明书中套语的翻译以及专利文献中常用词汇的翻译等多个方面探讨了翻译英文专利文献的基本技巧.
【总页数】2页(P104-105)
【作者】潘宗桃;吴红霞;贺林茂
【作者单位】九江学院外国语学院,江西九江,332005
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H059
【相关文献】
1.英文化工专利文献中长句翻译的功能对等
2.PCT专利文献英文翻译质量要素及评价标准
3.PCT专利文献英文翻译质量要素及评价标准
4.英文专利文献的语言特点及翻译研究
5.英文专利文献的语言特点及翻译——以林业类文献为例
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英文专利文献翻译探讨潘宗桃 吴红霞 贺林茂收稿日期:2010-05-09作者简介:潘宗桃(1966-),女,九江学院外国语学院副教授。
(九江学院外国语学院 江西九江 332005)摘要:本文从专利文献翻译的基本原则、专利说明书中套语的翻译以及专利文献中常用词汇的翻译等多个方面探讨了翻译英文专利文献的基本技巧。
关键词:专利文献 英文翻译 探讨中图分类号:H 059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-4580(2010)03-0104-(02)专利文献是科技文献中一种最重要的类型,包括专利说明书,也包括专利公报、专利文摘、专利题录、专利分类表等检索工具书。
专利文献贮存了整个人类的技术知识,是一座取之不尽用之不竭的技术宝库。
历史上许多大大小小的发明,以及后来的一系列改进,在专利文献中都有着详尽的记录。
随着中国加入WTO,全球经济一体化进程的加速,中国与世界各国之间在科技、经济、文化、教育等方面的交流日益增多,中国企业引进国外专利技术、中国产品进入国外市场越来越频繁。
无论是引进国外专利技术,还是中国产品进入国外市场,都需要阅读、使用国外专利文献。
因此翻译英文专利文献成为目前翻译工作者的一项主要任务之一。
本文试图从专利文献翻译的基本原则、专利说明书中套语的翻译以及专利文献中常用词汇的翻译等多个方面探讨翻译英文专利文献的基本技巧。
一、专利说明书中套语的翻译各个国家提供的专利文献虽然千差万别,但专利说明书中各个部分常有一些固定的句式,在每篇专利文献中只要出现,其形式或内容都大致相同,因此这些套语的翻译基本上是相对固定的。
以下列出了英文专利说明书中出现的一些常用的套语及其相应的翻译实例:Additi o na l features and advantages of the inven -ti o n w ill be set forth i n the descri p ti o n wh ich fo llo w s ,and i n part w ill be apparent to those hav i n g o r d i n ar ysk ill in the art upon exa m i n ation of the fo llo w i n g or m ay be lear ned fro m a practi c e o f the invention.The objectives and other advantages of the invention w ill be realized and atta i n ed by the sub jectm atter particu -larly po i n ted ou t in t h e specificati o n and c lai m s hereo f as w ell as in the appended dra w i n g s .译文:本发明的其它特征和优点见以下说明,本领域普通技术人员可从以下说明或从本发明的实施中清楚看出本发明的一部分。
本发明的目的和其它优点由在说明书及其权利要求以及附图中特别指出的主题实现。
上面的一段英文也可以翻译成:本发明的其它特征和优点在随后的说明中给出,部分地可从该说明中明显看出,或可从本发明的实施中看出。
本发明的目的和其它优点可从以下书面说明、权利要求以及附图特别给出的结构来理解、获得。
The acco m pany i n g dra w i n gs wh ich are i n cl u ded to prov ide a further understandi n g of the i n vention and are i n corporated in and constitute a part o f th is appl-i cation illustrate e m bod i m ent (s)o f the invention and toge t h er w ith the description serve to expla i n the prin -ci p le of the i n venti o n.I n the dra w ings :译文:构成本说明书的一部分、用于进一步理解本发明的附图示出本发明各实施例并与说明一起用来说明本发明原理。
附图中:或者译为:组成本说明书的一部分的附图有助于进一步理解本发明,这些附图图解了本发明(总第158期)(Au tN 0158)2010年第3期N o ,3,2010九江学院学报(哲学社会科学版)Journal of Ji u jiang U n i ve rsity (Ph ilosophy and Soc i a l Sc i ence)的一些实施例,并可与说明书一起用来说明本发明的原理。
附图中:Un less other w ise defined,a ll ter m s(i n c l u d i n g technical and scientific ter m s)used here i n have the sa m e m ean i n g as co mm only understood by one of o r d-i nary skill in the art to w hich this i n venti o n belongs.It w ill be f u rther understood that ter m s,such as those defi n ed i n co mmonly used dictionaries,should be i n-ter preted as hav i n g a m ean i n g that is consistent w ith t h e ir m eaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure,and w ill not be interpreted i n an-i dealized or overly for m a l sense unless expressl y so de-fi n ed here i n.译文:除非特别指明,这里所使用的所有术语(包括技术和科技术语)具有与本发明所属领域技术人员的通常理解相同的含义。
还可以理解,术语,例如常用词典定义的那些术语,应该解释为具有与它们在相关技术和本公开的上下文中的含义一致的含义,而不应该解释为理想化的或过于正式的含义,除非这里特别地加以定义。
二、专利文献中出现的一些常用词的翻译虽然专利文献属于一种较特殊的科技文献,但在英文专利文献中同样会出现一些高频英语词汇,而这些词汇通常有其固定的中文表达方式。
1.专利文献中出现的/apparatus0、/de-vice0、/m eans0的翻译在专利文献中同时出现/apparatus0、/de-vice0、和/m eans0的情况下,如果三者均翻译成/装置0不会导致混淆,例如,三者的定语不同,则可以将这三者均翻译成/装置0。
也可以将/apparatus0翻译成/设备0,将/dev ice0和/m eans0翻译成/装置0,以示区别。
如果将/apparatus0和/dev ice/m eans0均翻译为/装置0会导致混淆,例如,两者的定语相同,则将/apparatus0翻译成/设备0,将/de-vice0或/m eans0翻译成/装置0。
一般情况下,/dev ice0和/m eans0均应当翻译成/装置0,也有例外情况,例如,在涉及半导体技术领域的专利文献中,有时会将/dev ice0翻译成/器件0。
如果/dev ice0和/m eans0的定语相同,则将/m eans0翻译成/装置0,根据具体的上下文来确定如何翻译/dev ice0。
2.专利文献中出现的ele m en,t co m ponen,t par,t asse m bly的翻译。
一般情况下,e le m en,t co m ponen,t par,t可分别译为/元件0、/构件0、/部件0,但这几个英文词视情况都可译为/元件(素)0、/构(组)件0、/部件0中的某一个词,有时译为/@件0将更恰当。
而asse mb l y通常译为/组件0。
3.专利文献中出现的a p l u ra lity o,f a l a rge a-m ount o,f a num ber of等表示大数量的词语,应当译为/多个0,不应译为/大量的0或/很多0等。
三、权利要求书中冠词/a0,/the0的翻译专利文献中的权利要求书是最重要的一个部分,其在法律含义上要求非常严谨,对权利要求书中出现的/a0,/the0有其固定的翻译原则。
一般而言,英文中不定冠词/a0不需译出,不应译为/一个0等,因为在英文专利文献中要表达确切的/一个0数量时会用/one0。
而定冠词/the0则应译为/所述0,也就是说,当权利要求中第一次出现某一名词时,直接译出该名词而其前的/a0不需译,当其后再次出现该名词并带有定冠词/the0时,应当译为/所述,,0(或/该,,0)。
这种处理是专利文献中特有的翻译表现方式,用以表明后面出现的该名词(如某一部件),就是特指前面出现过的那一个名词(部件),从而对其进行限定,以表达出法律上的严谨关系。
值得注意的是,当某一名词前有较多限定性定语时,也可仅译出第一个名词前的/the0,例如:wherein the m ov i n g o f the substrate i n the w i d th d irecti o n of the laser bea m is i n a range fro m1to10 L m.译文:其中所述基板在所述激光束的(所述)宽度方向上的(所述)移动距离是在1L m至10 L m的范围内。
还一个需注意的事项是在一项权利要求的中间不能出现句号。
由于专利文献涉及的都是最新的技术,有些英文词或词组本身在英语语言中就是一个很新的词,这时不但在英汉词典中无法查到,即使是在互联网上也难见其踪影,这种情况下只有根据上下文或整篇专利说明书所披露的技术方案内容来判断确定译词,同时将该词原文用括号括于译词后。
(责任编辑吴国富)#105#潘宗桃吴红霞贺林茂:英文专利文献翻译探讨。