戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(导言) 【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(第二语言习得) 【圣才出品】
第11章第二语言习得I. Multiple choices:1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. AcquisitionB. LearningC. StudyingD. Acquirement【答案】B【解析】儿童在自然环境中无意识的习得第一语言的过程被语言学家称为语言习得（acquisition），而在非自然环境下（如学校教育）经过有意识的努力学习第二语言的过程则被称为语言学习（learning）。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
2. The distinction between acquisition and learning is put forward by ______.A. ChomskyB. KrashenC. SaussureD. Bloomfield【答案】B【解析】语言习得（acquisition）和语言学习（learning）这两个概念是由美国学者Stephen Krashen提出来的，以区分这两个过程之间的差异。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3. L2 learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as______.A. language interferenceB. language fossilizationC. contrastive analysisD. language transfer【答案】D【解析】在学习第二语言时, 学习者会无意识地运用他们的一语知识，这是一种非常自然的现象，这种现象被语言学家称为语言的转移（language transfer）。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（下）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（下）【圣才出品】第8章语⾔与社会1. How is language related to society?Key: (1) While language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”, “How is your family?”, “Nice day today, isn’t it?”(2) Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker.(3) Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and social environment of a society. For example, while there is only one word in English for “snow”, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather thanlinguistic.Key: As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.To a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communication functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore,judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.A case in point is the use of the postvocalic []. While in England accents without postvocalic [] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [] enjoys more prestige and considered more correct than without it.3. What are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? How do they jointlydetermine idiolect?Key:The main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, age and gender. Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. These factors jointly determine the way she/he talks. While the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.4. In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?Key: (1) The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language in that it is not related to any particular group of language users, but it is the variety which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.(2) The standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language;usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. For example, standard English developed out of the English dialects used in and around London as they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. Gradually, the English used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the English used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well.(3) The standard dialect is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. It is a superimposed variety; imposed from above the range of regional dialects.(4) The standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purpose as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.5. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own. Key: According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.For example, a lecture on biology in a technical college could be identifiedas:Field: scientific (biological)Tenor: teacher-students (formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)6. What linguistic features of Black English do you know? Do you think Black English is an illogical and inferior variety of English? Why (not)?Key: (1) Linguistic features of Black English:Phonological features: simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. According to this consonant deletion rule, the final-position consonants are often deleted; thus “passed” is often pronounced [], mend [], desk [], and told [].Syntactic features one: the deletion of link verb “be”. In Black English, we often come across many sentences without copula verb: “They mine”, “You crazy”, “Her hands cold”, and “That house big”. In fact, copula verb deletion is not a unique feature of Black English, it is often found in other dialects of English and in languages like Russian and Chinese.Syntactic features two: the use of double negation structure. e.g.He don’t know nothing. (He doesn’t know anything.)I ain’t afraid of no ghosts. (I am not afraid of ghosts.)Some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make positive. But in fact, such double negative constructions werefound in all dialects of English of earlier period.(2) I don’t think Black English is an illogical and inferior variety of English.Linguists are agreed that no variety of a language is inherently better than any other. They insist that all languages and all varieties of a particular language are equal in that they quite adequately serve the needs of those who use them. The only exception they recognize are pidgins, which are by definition restricted varieties, or the varieties we associate with people who are impaired in some way, e.g. certain mentally or physically handicapped people. American English is considered “better”only in a social sense: it has a preferred status; it gives those who use it certain social advantages; and it increases their life chances. Black English, being a nonstandard variety, tends to produce the opposite effect. These are some of the consequences that follow from elevating one variety and denigrating others, but there is no reason to suppose that any one of the varieties is intrinsically more worthy than any other.7. What peculiar features does pidgin have?Key: A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Pidgin arose from a blending of several languages such as Chinese dialects and English, African dialects and French. Usually a European language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the European language used by traders andmissionaries. Pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss ofinflection, gender and case. The “simplified” variety performs its function as trading and employment.8. How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common? Key: Differences:(1)Bilingualism refers to the situation that two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(2)Diglossia, refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. In a diglossic situation, two varieties (high variety and low variety) of a language, instead of two different languages, exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. One of the most important features of diglossia is the specialization of function of the two varieties. Each variety is the appropriate language for certain situations with very slight overlappings.Similarity:The two languages of bilingualism and two varieties of diglossia exist side by side and have different role to play as situation changes.。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（音位学）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（⾳位学）【圣才出品】第2章⾳位学2.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech Organs发⾳器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅⾳和元⾳的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and Allophones⾳位和⾳位变体4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features⾳系规则和区别特征5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation⾳节结构、重⾳和语调本章考点：1. 语⾳学语⾳学的定义；发⾳器官的英⽂名称；英语辅⾳的定义、发⾳部位、发⾳⽅法和分类；英语元⾳的定义和分类、基本元⾳；发⾳语⾳学；听觉语⾳学；声学语⾳学；语⾳标记，国际⾳标；严式与宽式标⾳法。
2. ⾳系学⾳系学的定义；⾳系学与语⾳学的联系和区别；⾳素、⾳位、⾳位变体、最⼩对⽴体、⾃由变体的定义；⾃由变体；⾳位的对⽴分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段⾳位学；⾳节；重⾳(词重⾳、句⼦重⾳)；⾳⾼和语调。
本章内容索引：I. The phonic medium of languageII. Phonetics1. The definition of phonetics2. Three research fields3. Organs of speech▼4. Voiceless sounds▼5. Voiced sounds6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions7. Classification of English speech sounds(1) Definition(2) Classification of English consonants(3) Classification of English vowelsIII. Phonology1. Relationship between Phonology and phonetics2. Phone, phoneme3. Allophone4. Some rules in phonology(1) Sequential rules(2) Assimilation rule(3) Deletion rule5. Supra-segmental features—stress, tone, intonation(1) Stress(2) Tone(3) IntonationI. The phonic medium of language（语⾔的语⾳媒介）II. Phonetics（语⾳学）1. The definition of phonetics（语⾳学的定义）Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语⾳学被定义为对语⾔的语⾳媒介的研究；它涉及所有出现在世界语⾔中的声⾳。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-第3~5章【圣才出品】
派生和曲折诧素 5. Morphological rules of word formation
词诧构成的形态觃则 6. Derivation
派生 7. Compounds
合成词
本章考点： 词法的定义；封闭词不开放词；曲折词不派生词；构词法(合成不派生)；词素的定义；
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库规频学习平台
IV. Analyzing Word Structure（分析词汇结构） 1. Roots: constitute the core of the word and carries the major component of its
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库规频学习平台
形态学研究词的内部结构以及构词觃则，包括屈折变化和构词法两个领域。
II. Open class and closed class（开放类和封闭类） 1. Open class words: in English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language. 开放性词类：在英诧中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。它们是一门诧 言中的实义词，经常有新词产生。 2. Closed class words: The other syntactic categories include “grammatical” or “functional” words. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and new words are not usually added to them. 封闭性词类：其他的句法范畴包括“诧法性的”戒者“功能性的”词。连词、介词、冠 词和代词相对较少，通常丌会增加新词。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)章节题库(第4~6章)【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）章节题库第4章句法学I.Multiple choices:1.Among the branches of linguistics,______studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.A.syntaxB.semanticsC.pragmaticsD.morphology【答案】A【解析】句法学研究的是句子结构；词、词组和短语组成句子的规则。
B项为语义学，C 选项为语用学，D选项为形态学均不符合题意。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
2.In traditional grammar,only eight categories,called parts of speech,arerecognized.The addition of such non-traditional categories as______increases this number in current theories of grammar.A.conjunction and determinerB.determiner and qualifierC.qualifier and interjectionD.interjection and degree words【答案】B【解析】传统语法只承认8种范畴，称为词类，分别为名词、动词、形容词、介词、副词、冠词、连词、代词,但当今的语法理论增加了一些非传统的范畴，如：限定词determiner、程度词degree word和修饰词qualifier。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3.Which of the following is NOT the element that phrases formed of more than one word usually contain?A.Head.B.Specifier.C.Word category.plement.【答案】C【解析】由多个单词构成的短语通常包括：中心语、标志语和补语。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(语言与社会) 【圣才出品】
第8章语言与社会I. Multiple choices:1. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purpose of trading is called______.A. dialectB. idiolectC. pidginD. register【答案】C【解析】pidgin洋泾浜是原本讲不同语言的人们由于某些特殊原因（如商业交流）的直接交流目的而产生的特殊语言混合体。
dialect的意思是方言，idiolect是个人方言，register是语域。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
2. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______.A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic【答案】D【解析】语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。
心理语言学是语言学的一个分支。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. Which of the following is NOT the speech variety?A. Regional dialects.B. Sociolects.C. Registers.D. Discourse accents.【答案】D【解析】在社会语言学的研究中，人们对三种言语变体特别感兴趣，即：地域方言、社会方言和语域。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
4. Which of the following does NOT fall into dialectal varieties?A. Regional dialects.B. Sociolects.C. Registers.D. Idiolects.【答案】C【解析】一门语言的变体是该语言的一般概念的实际体现，它们被假定为与语言的使用者和语言的用途相关。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（中）【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》（第2版）课后习题详解（中）【圣才出品】第4章句法学1. What is syntax?Key: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that governs the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?Key: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is calleda phrase structure rule.3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Key: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. T o determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflation and distribution.4. What is coordinate structure? What properties does it have?Key: The structures that are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction are called coordinate structures. It has four properties: first, there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories. Second, a category at any level can be coordinated. Third, coordinated categories must be of the same type. Fourth, the category type of the coordinate phrase isidentical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what rule does each element play? Key: The phrase elements are specifiers, complements and modifiers. Specifiers help make more precise the meaning of the head. They typically mark a phrase. The complements provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head. Modifiers specifies optionally expressible properties of heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?Key: The structure that formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called the deep structure. The structure that corresponds to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformation is called surface structure.7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.b) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.c) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the school.d) This cloth feels quite soft.Key:8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesc) an augment against the proposalsd) already above the windowKey: a) rich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsd) already above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Key: (The modifiers are represented by italics.)a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.Key: a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function ascomplements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.Key: a) You know that I hate war.。
06422英语语言学—新编简明英语语言学教程,戴炜栋
06422英语语言学—新编简明英语语言学教程,戴炜栋06422英语语言学—新编简明英语语言学教程, 戴炜栋ContentsChapter 1 Introduction (1)Chapter 2 Phonology (5)Chapter 3 Morphology (8)Chapter 4 Syntax (9)Chapter 5 Semantics (12)Chapter 6 Pragmatics (16)Chapter 7 Historical linguistics (19)Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics (24)Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics (29)Chapter 10 Language Acquisition (32)Chapter 1 Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第6~8章【圣才出品】
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第6~8章【圣才出品】第6章语用学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech act theory言语行为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Gricean theory of conversational implicature格莱斯会话含义理论本章考点：语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论(发话行为、行事行为和取效行为)；合作原则。
实例分析言语行为、合作原则的违反和会话含义。
本章内容索引：I. Pragmatics1. Definition2. Pragmatics vs. semantics3. Context4. Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaningII. Speech act theory1. Austin’s model of speech acts2. Searle’s classificati on of speech acts3. Indirect speech actsIII. Principle of conversation1. Cooperative Principle and its Maxims2. Violation of the MaximsIV. Conversational Implicature1. Definition2. Characteristics of Conversational Implicature(1) Calculability.(2) Cancellability(3) Non-detachability(4) Non-conventionality.V. Cross-cultural Pragmatic FailureI. Pragmatics（语用学）【考点：名词解释，与语义学的关系】1. Definition（定义）It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.它是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(第1章 导 言——第3章
第1章导言1.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2. Important distinctions in Linguistics语言学的一些重要区分3. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义与识别特征4. Functions of language语言的功能本章考点：1. 有关语言学的常考考点语言学的定义；语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2. 有关语言的常考考点语言的定义；语言的识别特征(任意性、能产性、二重性、移位性、文化传递)；语言的功能。
本章内容索引：I. The definition of linguisticsII. The scope of linguistics1. Micro-linguistics2. Macro-linguisticsIII. Some important distinctions in linguistics1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic3. Speech vs. Writing4. Langue vs. Parole5. Competence vs. Performance6. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Linguistics IV. The definition of languageV. The design features of language1. Arbitrariness2. Productivity3. Duality4. Displacement5. Cultural Transmission6. InterchangeabilityVI. Functions of language1. Main functions2. Basic functions3. MacrofuntionsI. The definition of linguistics（语言学的定义）Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.语言学通常被定义为对语言进行科学性研究的学科。
(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程 戴伟栋版(word文档良心出品)
新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版第1章导言本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究范围2. Important distinction in Linguistic语言学的一些重要区分3. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义和识别特征4. Function of language语言的功能本章考点：语言学考点：语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。
语言的考点：语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure)2.The scope of linguistics语言学的范围A：micro-linguisticsPhonetics（语音学）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology（音系学）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式) Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language.Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning.Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use. B：macro-linguisticsSociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch.Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描写式与规定式Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using lan guage, i.e. to tell people what should they say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性和历时性Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.C: Speech vs writing 言语和文学These are major media of communication.D: Langue vs parole 语言与言语(Saussure 索緖尔)Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community.Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use.E: Competence vs performance 语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基) Competence: refers to a user’s underlying knowledge about the system of the rules.Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete situations.乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(语言与文化) 【圣才出品】
第9章语言与文化I. Multiple choices:1. Which of the following is NOT the correct relationship between language and culture?A. Language expresses cultural reality.B. Language embodies cultural identity.C. Language symbolizes cultural reality.D. Language determines cultural reality.【答案】D【解析】文化是语言的内容，语言是文化的载体，语言能够表达文化、体现文化，也是文化的象征和标志。
语言不能决定文化。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2. In a broad sentence, culture includes ______.A. patterns of beliefB. customs, objects and institutionsC. techniques and languageD. all the above【答案】D【解析】文化，从广义上来说，是指一个民族的整体生活方式，包括信仰、习俗、物质、体制、技能、语言、价值观等。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. According to linguists, there are two types of culture: the more concrete and observable ______ and the more abstract and hidden ______.A. material culture, spiritual cultureB. national culture, local cultureC. spiritual culture, material cultureD. local culture, national culture【答案】A【解析】广义上的文化包含内容甚广，主要可以划分为物质文化和精神文化两种类型，物质文化具体可见，而精神文化则抽象隐含。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(语言变化) 【圣才出品】
第7章语言变化I. Multiple choices:1. The ______ century is considered to be the beginning of modem English.A. 20thB. 19thC. 18thD. 17th【答案】C【解析】18世纪被认为是现代英语的开始。
公元450～1100年为古英语时期；14世纪～15世纪为中世纪英语时期；16世纪～17世纪为早期现代英语时期；18世纪～20世纪为现代英语时期；最近50年为当代英语时期。
因此，本体的正确答案为C。
2. Which of the following does NOT belong to the methods of the addition of new words?A. Acronyms.B. Back-formation.C. Functional shiftD. Semantic shift.【答案】D【解析】新词的添加主要通过以下几种方式：coinage创新词，clipped words缩略词,blending紧缩词，acronyms词首字母缩略词，back-formation逆构词法，functional shift功能转换，borrowing借用。
Semantic shift属于词义的变化。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. “Fridge” is a ______ and “B2B” is ______.A. blend, clipped wordB. clipped word, acronymC. back-formation, loan wordD. acronym, coined word【答案】B【解析】fridge是较长的词refrigerator的缩写，是缩略词（clipped word）；B2B是由几个词Business-to-Business的首字母构成的词，是词首字母缩略词acronym。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(语言与大脑) 【圣才出品】
第12章语言与大脑I. Multiple choices:1. ______ is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics【答案】A【解析】心理语言学是对语言和心理之间的关系所作的研究。
顾名思义，心理语言学是心理学和语言学的交叉学科。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
2. ______ studies the relationship between brain and language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Semantics【答案】C【解析】神经语言学研究的是人类语言和大脑之间的关系。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. A signal coming in the left ear will go to the ______ hemisphere.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back【答案】A【解析】人脑分为左脑和右脑，也可以被称为左半球和右半球，左脑负责接收来自右侧身体的信号，右脑则负责接收来自左侧身体的信号。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
4. Which of the following is NOT the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?A. Analytic reasoning.B. Temporal ordering.C. Associative thought.D. Visual and spatial skills.【答案】D【解析】左右脑容量大约相当，但是它们分管不同的认知功能，左半球主要负责语言和言语行为能力、分解推理、时间顺序、读写能力、计算、联想等，右半球则主要负责非语言声音的感知、整体推理、视觉及空间能力、模型辨认、音乐旋律的识别等。
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第1章导言I. Multiple choices:1. Which of the following does NOT state how the linguist discovers the nature and the rules of the underlying language system?A. He has to collect and observe language facts.B. He has to display and then generalize some similarities of the language facts.C. He has to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure.D. He has to deal with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models andmethods applicable in any linguistic study.【答案】D【解析】语言学家为了找出潜在的语言系统中的实质和规则，须要收集和观察语言事实，找出某些语言事实的相似性并对其作出概括；然后，对语言结构进行某种假设，再对照所观察到的事实进行反复验证以充分证明它们的有效性。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.【答案】D【解析】语言的区别性特征有五个：arbitrariness（任意性），productivity（多产性）或creativity（创造性），duality（二重性），displacement（移位性），cultural transmission （文化传递性）。
arbitrariness指一句话所表达的意思与表达这个意思的语言文字之间的关系不确定。
productivity，有时也称之为创造性，指的是人们可以构造或理解无穷多的新语句。
duality语言结构的二重性指的一个是语音结构，另一个是语义结构。
cultural transmission指的是语言不像遗传基因那样能代代相传，语言必须作为一个体系，必须一点一点地习得。
Finiteness并不属于语言的区别性特征。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. Which of the following statements concerning modern linguistics is NOT correct?A. It is mostly descriptive.B. In modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one.C. It regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language.D. It forces languages into a Latin-based framework.【答案】D【解析】现代语言学大多数是描述性的；共时性研究在现代语言学中更受关注；现代语言学把口头语看作是人类语言的自然的或基本的媒介。
现代语言学并不强迫语言进入一个以拉丁语为基础的框架，这是其与传统语言学的区别之一。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
4. Which of the following is correct concerning langue and parole?A. Langue refers to the realization of parole in actual use.B. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.C. Parole is abstract and langue is concrete.D. Langue is relatively stable while parole varies from person to person and from situation to situation.【答案】D【解析】20世纪早期，瑞士语言学家索绪尔提出语言（langue）和话语（parole）的区别：langue是指一个话语社区的所有成员所共享的抽象语言系统；而parole指语言在实际运用中的实现；A、B项颠倒。
语言是抽象的，它不是人们实际所使用的语言；话语是具体的，它指的是自然出现的语言事件，C选项混淆了langue和parole。
语言是相对稳定的，不会经常发生变化；而话语因人或场合不同而变化。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
5. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. LandladyB. GreenhouseC. UpliftD. Unacceptable【答案】D【解析】compound words（合成词）是由两个或以上的独立的词构成的，选项中的landlady, greenhouse，uplift均为合成词。
unacceptable由accept加前缀un-和后缀-able组成，是derivational word（派生词）。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
6. ______ is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language and ______ is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.A. Competence, performanceB. Performance, competenceC. Parole, langueD. Langue, parole【答案】A【解析】乔姆斯基于20世纪50年代末提出的语言能力competence和语言运用performance。
前者是理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识，后者是这种知识在语言交际中的具体实现。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
7. The study of language acquisition is generally known as ______.A. theoretical linguisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. historical linguistics【答案】C【解析】这道题考查考生对语言习得研究范畴的了解。
从狭义上讲, 应用语言学是指将语言学理论和原则应用于语言教学中，尤其是外语和第二语言教学。
理论语言学、心理语言学、历史语言学都不属于应用语言学的范畴。
因此, 本题的正确答案为C。
8. The history of English is usually divided into ______ major periods.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. two【答案】A【解析】英语语言的发展历史一般分为三个阶段：古英语阶段、中世纪英语阶段和现代英语阶段。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
9. ______is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.A. LangueB. LanguageC. LinguisticsD. Speech【答案】B【解析】语言是一个用于人类交际的、具有任意性的语音符号系统。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
10. In semantic studies, ______ refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. senseB. synonymC. homonymD. reference【答案】A【解析】意义sense和指称reference是语义研究中经常遇到的两个术语。
sense指语言形式的内在意义，是语言形式所有特征的集合，是抽象的，而且与语境无关；reference 指语言形式在现实的物质世界中所指的事物，它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系。
此题实际考查的是sense和reference之间的区别。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
11. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by anindividual or by a group of speakers is called ______.A. situational dialectB. slangC. linguistic tabooD. bilingualism【答案】D【解析】这道题考查考生对双语现象的理解。
在某些语言社区中, 两种语言并存，并起着不同的作用。
当场景发生改变时，语言转化随之出现，这就构成双语现象（bilingualism）的情形。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
12. Syntactic change includes all the following EXCEPT ______.A. rule lossB. affix lossC. rule addition。