货币金融学 米什金 期末重点总结

计算Term structureExpectations theory:i nt =i t +i t+1e +i t+2e +⋯+i t+(n−1)e nLiquidity premium theory:i nt =i t +i t+1e +i t+2e +⋯+i t+(n−1)e n +l ntBecause of people preferred short - term bonds, there is a larger liquidity premium as the term to maturity lengthens. (上升图)Yield curves tend to have an especially steep upward slope. (下降图）Yield curves will not tend to have a steep downward slope, and maybe will slope upward. Stock pricing modelOne -Period Valuation Model ：P 0=Div 1(1+k e )+P1(1+k e ) P 0=the current price of the stockDiv 1=the dividend paid at the end of year 1.k e =the required return on investments in equity.P 1=the price at the end of the first period .Generalized Dividend Valuation Model ：P 0=∑D t(1+k e )t ∞t=1Gordon Growth Model ：P 0=D 0×(1+g )(k e −g)=D 1(k e −g)D 0=the most recet dividend paid .g =the expected constant growth rate in dividends.Interest -Rate RiskA change in its interest rate:percent change in market value of security≈−persentage -point change in interest rate×duration in yearsA1：The assets fall in value by $8 million(=$100 million ×−2%×4 years )while the liabilities fall in value by $10.8 million(=$90 million ×−2%×6 years ). Because the liabilities fall in value by $2.8 million more than the assets do, the net worth of the bank rises by $2.8 million. The interest -rate risk can be reduced by shortening the maturity of the liabilities to a duration of 4 years or lengthening the maturity of the assets to a duration of 6 years. Alternatively, you could engage in an interest -rate swap, in which you swap the interest earned on your assets with the interest in another bank’s assets that have a duration of 6 years.A2: The gap is $10 million ($30 million of rate -sensitive assets minus $20 million of rate -sensitive liabilities). The change in bank profits from the interest rate rise is +$0.5 million (5%×$10 million); the interest rate risk can be reduced by increasing rate -sensitive liabilities to $30 million or by reducing rate -sensitive assets to $20 million. Alternatively, you could engage in an interest rate swap in which you swap the interest in $10 million of rate -sensitive assets for the interest on another bank’s $10 million of fixed -rate assets.The Money MultiplierM is money supply.MB is the monetary base.M=m×MBc = {C/D} = currency ratioe = {ER/D} = excess reserves ratioC is currency.ER is excess reserves.D is checkable deposits.r is the required reserve ratio.D=1r+e+c×MBM=1+cr+e+c×MBm=1+cr+e+c问答Present Value: A dollar paid to you one year from now is less valuable than a dollar paid to you today.Yield to Maturity and the Bond Price for a Coupon Bond: have 3 facts.1.When the coupon bond is priced at its face value, the yield to maturity equals the coupon rate.2.The price of a coupon bond and the yield to maturity are negatively related; that is, as the yield to maturity rises, the price of the bond falls. AS the yield to maturity falls, the price of the bond rises.3.The yield to maturity is greater than the coupon rate when the bond price is below its face value.Yield to Maturity(到期收益率):1.The interest rate that equates the present value of cash flow payments received from a debt instrument with its value today.2.Also called internal rate of return.3.Most accurate measure of i.Rate of Return:The payment to the owner plus the change in value expressed as a fraction of the purchase price.RET=CP t +P t+1−P tP tRET=return from holding the bond from time t to t+1. P t=price of bond at time tP t+1=price of the bond at time t+1C=coupon paymentCP t=current yield=i cP t+1−P tP t=rate of capital gain=gRate of Return and Interest Rates:1.The return equals the yield to maturity only if the holding period equals the time to maturity.2.A rise in interest rates is associated with a fall in bond prices, resulting in a capital loss if time to maturity is longer than the holding period.3.The more distant a bond’s maturity, the greater the size of the percentage price change associated with an interest-rate change.4.The more distant a bond’s maturity, the lower the rate of return that occurs as a result of an increase in the interest rate.5.Even if a bond has a substantial initial interest rate, its return can be negative if interest rates rise.Real and Nominal Interest Rates:1.Nominal interest rate makes no allowance for inflation.2.Real interest rate is adjusted for changes in price level so it more accurately reflects the cost of borrowing.3.Ex ante real interest rate is adjusted for expected changes in the price level.4.Ex post real interest rate is adjusted for actual changes in the price level.4 Factors of Asset Demand:An asset is a piece of property that is a store of value, such as money ,bond, stocks, and houses.1.Wealth: the total resources owned by the individual, including all assets2.Expected Return: the return expected over the next period on one asset relative to alternative assets3.Risk: the degree of uncertainty associated with the return on one asset relative to alternative assets4.Liquidity: the ease and speed with which an asset can be turned into cash relative to alternative assetsTheory of Asset Demand:1.The quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to wealth2.The quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to its expected return relative to alternative assets3.The quantity demanded of an asset is negatively related to the risk of its returns relative to alternative assets4.The quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to its liquidity relative to alternative assetsThe Structure of Interest Rates风险结构：Bonds with the same maturity have different interest rates due to: Default risk违约风险, Liquidity流动性, Tax considerations所得税因素.1. Default risk: probability that the issuer of the bond is unable or unwilling to make interest payments or pay off the face value.Conclusion: a bond with default risk will always have a positive risk premium, and an increase in its default risk will raise the risk premium. 具有违约风险的债券通常具有正的风险溢价，而违约风险的增长将会提高风险溢价水平。