英语笔译实务Lecture1
汉英翻译第一讲课程介绍学习策略概要
严复
（1854－1921） 字几道，晚号愈野老人，别 号尊疑，又署天演哲学家。中国近代资产阶级 启蒙思想家、翻译家、教育家。1877年作为首 批海军留学生入英国皇家海军学院学习，在英 国期间除学习海军专业外，还精心研读西方哲 学、社会政治学著作，并到英国法庭考察审判 过程，作中西异同比较。
than she:
的这一身惨绿色的贞女的道服，
Be not her maid, since she is envious; 它是只配给愚人穿的。那是我
Her vestal livery is but sick and green 的意中人；啊！那是我的爱；
And none but foo》英文编译委员会委员，中共中央对外联络部
毛选英文编译定稿小组成员。长期致力于中国和西方文学的研究。
主张用比较文学、心理学、单位观念史学、风格学、哲理意义学
等多学科的方法，从多种角度理解和评价文学作品。著有散文集
《写在人生边上》，短篇小说集《人•兽•鬼》，长篇小说《围
城》，选本《宋诗选注》。文论集《七缀集》、《谈艺录》及
选》、《西厢记》、《红与黑》、《包法利夫人》、《追忆似水
年华》等众多名著。
作品初览
作品初览
傅雷
（1908-1966），一代翻译巨匠。早年留学法国， 学习艺术理论，得以观摩世界级艺术大师的作 品，大大地提高了艺术修养。回国后曾任教于 上海美专，因不愿从流俗而闭门译书，几乎译 遍法国重要作家如伏尔泰、巴尔扎克、罗曼•罗 兰的重要作品。数百万言的译作成了中国译界 备受推崇的范文，形成了“傅雷体华文语言”。 60年代以后，傅雷以其研究与翻译巴尔扎克著 作的卓越成就，被吸引为法国巴尔扎克研究协 会会员。他多艺兼通，在绘画、音乐、文学等 方面，均显示出独特的高超的艺术鉴赏力。 1957年被打成“右派”，但仍坚持自己的立场。 “文革”中因不堪忍受污辱，与夫人朱梅馥双 双含冤自尽，实现了文格与人格的统一。
汉译英技法十五讲
汉译英技法十五讲The Fifteen Lectures on Translation TechniquesPreface:Lecture One: Basic Principles of TranslationThis lecture discusses the fundamental principles of translation, emphasizing the importance of accuracy, faithfulness, and flexibility in conveying the original meaning. It also introduces the concept of translatability and untranslatability, highlighting the need for creative approaches when faced with linguistic and cultural challenges.Lecture Two: Word-for-Word TranslationLecture Three: Literal TranslationLiteral translation, although similar to word-for-word translation, focuses more on maintaining the structure and grammar of the original text. This lecture delves into the advantages and pitfalls of literal translation, explaining when and how it should be used to ensure clarity and coherence in the target language.Lecture Four: Free TranslationFree translation, also known as liberal translation, prioritizes the meaning and intention of the original text over literal accuracy. This lecture explores the boundaries andpossibilities of free translation, ensuring that the essence and style of the source text are preserved while adapting it to the target language.Lecture Five: Cultural TranslationUnderstanding and conveying cultural elements is crucial in translation. This lecture introduces the concept of cultural translation, including the adaptation of idioms, proverbs, and cultural references. It also emphasizes the importance of research and cultural immersion to accurately capture the nuances and subtleties of a particular culture.Lecture Six: Transadaptation and TranscreationTransadaptation and transcreation are creative translation techniques that involve adapting, reimagining, or recreating content to suit the target culture. This lecture provides examples and practical tips on how to effectively utilize these techniques, emphasizing the need for cultural sensitivity and originality.Lecture Seven: Technical TranslationTechnical translation requires a deep understanding of specialized terminology and subject matter. In this lecture, translators are guided through the challenges of technical translation, such as accuracy, clarity, and consistency. It alsoemphasizes the importance of continuous learning and research in the respective field.Lecture Eight: Legal TranslationLegal translation is a highly specialized field that demands precision and accuracy. This lecture explores the unique challenges posed by legal translation, including different legal systems and terminologies. It provides strategies and cautionary advice, such as consulting experts and conducting thorough research.Lecture Nine: Literary TranslationLecture Ten: Audiovisual TranslationLecture Eleven: Website LocalizationWith the rise of the internet, website localization plays a crucial role in reaching global audiences. This lecture explores the challenges and strategies of website localization, including cultural and linguistic adaptation, SEO optimization, and user experience considerations. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining brand consistency while tailoring content for different markets.Lecture Twelve: Machine TranslationLecture Thirteen: Proofreading and EditingLecture Fourteen: Continuous Learning and ImprovementTranslation is a lifelong learning process. This lecture encourages translators to embrace continuous learning and improvement through various means, such as reading, attending workshops and conferences, and staying updated on language and cultural trends. It also emphasizes the cultivation of critical thinking and analytical skills to tackle translation challenges effectively.Lecture Fifteen: Ethics and ProfessionalismAs professionals, translators are bound by ethical standards and principles. This lecture discusses the importance of ethical behavior, confidentiality, and respect for intellectual property rights. It also highlights the need for professionalism, including punctuality, collaboration, and continuous self-improvement, to ensure high-quality translations and professional integrity.Conclusion:。
Lecture 1翻译概述
What is a good translation?
I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.
我相信如果你有足够的好心支持我的话，它将会 改变形势。 【译文】 我相信如果你非常好心能撑我一把的 话，情况就不一样了。
情书 绝交信 坚硬的岩石 艰难岁月 冷酷的笑 辛苦的工作 / 努力工作 严寒的冬天 对某人严厉 认真思考 让人难以回答的问题
Forms
oral translation written translation computer-aided / machine translation
2. Basic Differences between Chinese & English
2．The president stood there, hat in hand, begging ． congress(国会 for their votes. 国会) 国会
a.总统站在那里手里拿着礼帽，乞求国会投他的票。 a.总统站在那里手里拿着礼帽，乞求国会投他的票。 总统站在那里手里拿着礼帽 总统立在那里， 毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员投赞成票。 b. 总统立在那里 ， 毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员投赞成票 。
3. Criteria of translation Yan Fu’s three-character criterion of translation
“信” 信 Being faithful to the original（忠实于原文） “达” Being explicit and smooth（明白晓畅） “雅” Being elegant in diction (words)（措辞的优雅）
英语笔译实务二级教材第一单元
英语笔试二级指定教材第一单元英译汉Benjamin Franklin-”the first American”How does one characterize Benjamin Franklin?characterize英/ˈkærəktəraɪz/ vt. 描绘…的特性；具有…的特征vi. 塑造人物我们如何来描述富兰克林呢？Journalist,scientist,educator,politician,writer,administrator,philosopher-he truly seemed to be able to do almost everything.1.journalist英/ˈdʒɜːnəlɪst/ n. 新闻工作者；报人；记日志者2.politician英/ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn/ n. 政治家，政客3.administrator英/ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtə(r)/ n. 管理人；行政官4.philosopher英/fəˈlɒsəfə(r)/ n. 哲学家；哲人记者、科学家、教育家、政治家、作家、管理者、哲学家-他似乎真的无所不能。
His accomplishments and the talents and interests which he displayed during the course of his long life-1706 to 1790-have caused him to called both“the first American”and “the last universal man”.1.accomplishment英/əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt/ n. 成就；完成；技艺，技能2.universal英/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/ adj. 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的；全世界的；全体的n. 一般概念；普通性在他漫长的生命历程中（1706-1790），他取得的成就和展现出的非凡才能和广泛兴趣，使他赢得了“美国第一人”和“最后一个通人”的称号。
商务英语笔译课件(1)完整版
词汇words and phrases句法syntax ['sintæks]sentence structure文体style英音：[stail]词义的选择（Choice of Meanings）词义的引申（extension）[iks'tenʃən]词义的转换（conversion）：[kən'və:ʃən]视角转换法（Shift of Perspectives）[pə'spektiv]增减法（Amplification & Pruning ）['pru:niŋ]重复法（Repetition）[,repi'tiʃən]否定句式（negation）[ni'geiʃən]比较句式（comparative）[kəm'pærətiv]被动句式（passive）：['pæsiv]定语从句（attributive clause）：[ə'tribjutiv]商号与名片Trade Names Business Card商务广告商标与品牌商标（trademark）和品牌(Brand) [brænd]商务信函1. 词义的选择（Choice of Meanings）countdown英音：['kauntdaun]n倒计时fallout英音：['fɔ:laut]n辐射性落尘,economy英音：[i'kɔnəmi]n节约,节省, 经济;经济情况;经济结构, (客机的)经济舱(=economy class), orientation英音：[,ɔ:rien'teiʃən]n定位,定向, 东方meat英音：[mi:t]n【古】食物,餐食liquor英音：['likə]n液体烈性酒figure英音：['figə]income英音：['in,kʌm]pound英音：[paund]n英镑[C]一，词义的选择（Choice of Meanings）（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义1. a low figure 小数目2.workers on low incomes低收入工人3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。
2005-2014年CATTI英语二级《笔译实务》真题全集
2005年11月英语二级《笔译实务》试题Section 1: English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）Part A Compulsory Translation（必译题）Hans Christian Andersen was Denmark's most famous native son. Yet even after his fairy tales won him fame and fortune, he feared he would be forgotten. He need not have worried. This weekend, Denmark began eight months of celebrations to coincide with the bicentenary of his birth, and Denmark is eager that the world take note as it sets out to define the pigeon-holed writer in its own way.The festivities began in Copenhagen on Saturday, Andersen's actual birthday, with a lively show of music, dance, lights and comedy inspired by his fairy tales before a crowd of 40,000people -- including Queen Margre the II and her family -- at the Parken National Stadium. The opening, called Once Upon a Time, will be followed by a slew of concerts, musicals, ballets, exhibitions, parades and education programs costing over US$40 million.So more than in recent memory, Danes -- and, they hope, foreigners -- will be reliving the humor, pain and lessons to be found in evergreen stories like The Little Mermaid, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Ugly Duckling, The Little Match-Seller, The Steadfast Tin Soldier, The Shadow, The Princess and the Pea and others of Andersen's 150 or so fairy tales.In organizing this extravaganza, of course, Denmark is also celebrating itself. After all, Andersen is still this country's most famous native son. Trumpeting his name and achievements not only draws attention to Denmark's contribution to world culture, but could also woo more foreign tourists to visit his birthplace in the town of Odense and to be photographed beside the famous bronze statue of the Little Mermaid in Copenhagen's harbor.And Denmark has even more in mind. Local guardians of the Andersen legacy evidently feel his stories have lost ground in recent years to the likes of J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings and J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter. Andersen's fairy tales may remain central to the Danish identity, serving as homespun guides to the vagaries of human behavior, but what about the rest of the world? "What we really need is a rebirth of Andersen," noted Lars Seeberg, secretary general of the Hans Christian Andersen 2005 Foundation. "Two centuries after his birth, he still fails to be universally acknowledged as the world-class author he no doubt was.Part B Optional Translation（二选一题）Topic 1（选题一）Independent Information and Analysis from the USAThe Gap between Rich and Poor Widened in U.S. Capital Washington D.C. ranks first among the40 cities with the widest gap between the poor and the rich, according to a recent report released by the D.C. Fiscal Policy Institute on July 22nd. The top 20 percent of household in D.C. have an average yearly income of $186,830, 31 times that of the bottom 20 percent, which earns only $6,126 per year. The income gap is also big in Atlanta and Miami, but the difference is not as pronounced.The report also indicates that the widening gap occurred mainly during the 1990s. Over the last decade, the average income of the top 20 percent of households has grown 36 percent, while the average income of the bottom 20 percent has only risen 3 percent."I believe the concentration of the middle- to high-income families in the D.C. area will continue, therefore, the income gap between rich and poor will be hard to bridge," David Garrison told the Washington Observer. Garrison is a senior researcher with the Brookings Institution, specializing in the study of the social and economic policies in the greater Washington D.C. area.The report attributed the persistent income gap in Washington to the area's special job opportunities, which attract high-income households. Especially since the federal government is based in Washington D.C., Government agencies and other government related businesses such as lobbying firms and government contractors constantly offer high-paying jobs, which contribute to the trend of increasing high-income households in the D.C. area. For example, a single young professional working in a law firm in D.C. can earn as much as $100,000 in his or her first year out of law school."In addition, high-quality housing available in Washington D.C. is one of the main reason swhy high-income families choose to live here, while middle and low-income families, if they can afford it, choose to move out of Washington D.C. to the Virginia and Maryland suburbs so that their kids can go to better schools," stated Garrison."As rich families continue to move into D.C. and middle and low-income families are moving out, the poorest families are left with nowhere to move, or cannot afford to move. This creates the situation we face now: a huge income gap between the rich and poor."The Washington D.C. area to which Garrison refers is the District of Columbia city itself, not including the greater Washington metro area. "The greater Washington metro area has a large population of about 5 million, but the low-income households are often concentrated in D.C. proper," Garrison explained. Tony Blalock, the spokesperson for Mayor Anthony Williams, said resignedly, "No matter what we seem to do to bring investment into the District, a certain population is not able to access the unique employment opportunities there. The gap between the rich and poor is the product of complex forces, and won't be fixed overnight."Garrison believes that the D.C. government should attract high-income families. By doing so, the District's tax base can grow, which in turn can help improve D.C.'s infrastructure. "But in the meantime, the District government should also take into consideration the rights of the poor, set up good schools for them, and provide sound social welfare. All these measures can alleviate the dire situation caused by income disparity. "Garrison, however, is not optimistic about the possibility of closing the gap between the rich and poor. He is particularly doubtful that current economic progress will be able to help out the poor. "Bush's tax-cut plan did bring about this wave of economic recovery, and the working professionals and rich did benefit from it. It is unfair to say that the plan did not help the poor at all… it just didn't benefit them as much as it did the rich, " Garrison said. "The working class in America, those who do the simplest work, get paid the least, and dutifully pay their taxes, has not benefited from Bush's tax-cut plan much." Garrison concludes, "A lot of cities in America did not enjoy the positive impact of the economic recovery. Washington D.C., on the other hand, has always been sheltered by the federal government. The wide gap between rich and poor in the District, therefore, deserves more in-depth study and exploration."Topic 2（选题二）Sometimes you can know too much. The aim of screening healthy people for cancer is to discover tum ours when they are small and treatable. It sounds laudable and often it is. But it sometimes leads to unnecessary treatment. The body has a battery of mechanisms for stopping small tum ours from becoming large ones. Treating those that would have been suppressed anyway does no good and can often be harmful.Take lung cancer. A report in this week's Journal of the American Medical Association, by Peter Bach of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre in New York and his colleagues, suggests that, despite much fanfare around theuse of computed tomography (CT) to detect tum ours in the lungs well before they cause symptoms, the test may not reduce the risk of dying from the disease at all—indeed, it may make things worse.The story begins last year, when Claudia Henschke of Cornell University and her colleagues made headlines with a report that patients whose lung cancer had been diagnosed early by CT screening had excellent long-term survival prospects. Her research suggested that 88% of patients could expect to be alive ten years after their diagnosis. Dr Bach found similar results ina separate study. In his case, 94% of patients diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer were alive four years later.Survival data alone, though, fail to answer a basic question: “com pared with what?” People are bound to live longer after their diagnosis if that diagnosis is made earlier. Early diagnosis is of little value unless it results in a better prognosis.Dr Bach, therefore, interrogated his data more thoroughly. He used statistical models based on results from studies of lung cancer that did not involve CT screening, to try to predict what would have happened to the individuals in his own study if they had not been part of that study. The results were not encouraging.Screening did, indeed, detect more tum ours. Over the course of five years, 144 cases of lung cancer were picked up in a population of 3,200, compared with a predicted number of 44.Despite these early diagnoses, though, there was no reduction in the number of people who went on to develop advanced cancer, nor a significant drop in the number who died of the disease (38, compared with a prediction of 39). Considering that early diagnosis prompted at enfold increase in surgery aimed at removing the cancer (the predicted number of surgical interventions was 11; the actual number was 109), and that such surgery is unsafe—5% of patients die and another 20-40% suffer serious complications—the whole process seems to make things worse.Section 2: Chinese-English Translation（汉译英）Part A25年来，中国坚定不移地推进改革开放，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。
11月翻译资格考题二级英语笔译实务试卷及答案
11月翻译资格考题二级英语笔译实务试卷及答案Section 1: English-Chinese Translation （英译汉）（ 60 point ）This section consists of two parts: Part A "Compulsory Translation" and Part B "Optional Translations" which comprises "Topic 1" and "Topic 2". Translate the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into Chinese. Write "Compulsory Translation" above your translation of Part A and write "Topic 1" or "Topic 2" above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 100 minutes.Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题）（30 points）Until recently, scientists knew little about life in the deep sea, nor had they reason to believe that it was being threatened. Now, with the benefit of technology that allows for deeper exploration, researchers have uncovered a remarkable array of species inhabiting the ocean floor at depths of more than 660 feet, or about 200 meters. At the same time, however, technology has also enabled fishermen to reach far deeper than ever before, into areas where bottom trawls can destroy in minutes what has taken nature hundreds and in some cases thousands of years to build.Many of the world's coral species, for example, are found at depths of more than 200 meters. It is also estimated that roughly half of the world's highest seamounts - areas that rise from the ocean floor and are particularly rich in marine life - are also found in the deep ocean.These deep sea ecosystems provide shelter, spawning and breeding areas for fish and other creatures, as well as protection from strong currents and predators. Moreover, they are believed to harbor some of the most extensive reservoirs of life on earth, with estimates ranging from 500,000 to 100 million species inhabiting these largely unexplored and highly fragile ecosystems.Yet just as we are beginning to recognize the tremendous diversity of life in these areas, along with the potential benefits newly found species may hold for human society in the form of potential food products and new medicines, they are at risk of being lost forever. With enhanced ability both to identify where these species-rich areas are located and to trawl in deeper water than before, commercial fishing vessels are now beginning to reach down with nets the size of football fields, catching everything in their path while simultaneously crushing fragile corals and breaking up the delicate structure of reefs and seamounts that provide critical habitat to the countless species of fish and other marine life that inhabit the deep ocean floor.Because deep sea bottom trawling is a recent phenomenon, the damage that has been done is still limited. If steps are taken quickly to prevent this kind of destructive activity from occurring on the high seas, the benefits both to the marine environment and to future generations are incalculable. And they far outweigh the short-term costs to the fishing industry.Part B Optional Translations （二选一题）（ 30 points ）Topic 1 （选题一）Most of the world's victims of AIDS live - and, at an alarming rate, die - in Africa. The number of people living with AIDS in Africa was estimated at 26.6 million in late 2003. New figures to be published by the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS （ UNAIDS ）， the special UN agency set up to deal with the pandemic, will probably confirm its continued spread in Africa, but they will also show whether the rate of spread is constant, increasing or falling.AIDS is most prevalent in Eastern and Southern Africa, with South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya having the greatest numbers of sufferers; other countries severely affected include Botswana and Zambia. AIDS was raging in Eastern Africa - where it was called "slim", after the appearance of victims wasting away - within a few years after its emergence was established in the eastern Congo basin; however, the conflicting theories about the origin of AIDS are highly controversial and politicized, and the controversy is far from being settled.Measures being taken all over Africa include, first of all, campaigns of public awareness and device, including advice to remain faithful to one sexual partner and to use condoms. The latter advice is widely ignored or resisted owing to natural and cultural aversion to condoms and to Christian and Muslim teaching, which places emphasis instead on self-restraint.An important part of anti- AIDS campaigns, whether organized by governments, nongovernmental organizations or both, is the extension of voluntary counseling and testing （ VCT ） .In addition, medical research has found a way to help sufferers, though not to cure them.Funds for anti- AIDS efforts are provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and affected communities around the world; the fund was launched following a call by the UN Secretary-General in 2001. However, much more is needed if the spread of the pandemic is to be at least halted.Topic 2 （选题二）As a leader of a least developed country, I speak from experience when I say that poverty is too complex a phenomenon, and the strategies for fighting it too diverse and dependent on local circumstances, for there is no single silver bullet in the war on poverty.We have learned the hard way over the years. We have experimented with all kinds of ideas.Yet a report recently released by the World Economic Forum shows that barely a third of what should have been done by now to ensure the world meets its goals to fight poverty, hunger and disease by 2015 is done. I am now convinced that the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations in 2000 can only be attained through a global compact, anchored in national policies that take into account local circumstances.Aid and trade are both necessary, but they are not enough on their own. Neither is good governance enough in itself. Above all, nothing can move without the direct participation of local communities. I fear that we lecture too much. This is not the best way.I will give an example of how such a compact worked in Tanzania to achieve universal basic schooling.In the mid-1990s, almost all indicators for basic education were in free fall. The gross enrollment rate had fallen from 98 percent in the early 1980s to 77.6 percent in 2000. The net enrollment rate had likewise fallen, from over 80 percent to only 58.8 percent.Then several things happened. We decided at the top political level that basic education would be a top priority, and adopted a five-year Primary Education Development Plan to achieve universal basic education by 2006 - nine years ahead of the global target.Good governance produced more government revenues, which quadrupled over the last eight years. In 2001, we received debt relief under the World Bank's enhanced HIPC （ heavily indebted poor countries ） Initiative. Subsequently, more donors put aid money directly into our budget or into a pooled fund for the Primary Education Development Program （ PEDP ） .The government's political will was evidenced by the fact that over the last five years the share of the national budget going to poverty reduction rose by 130 percent. We abolished school fees in primary schools.Then we ensured that all PEDP projects are locally determined, planned, owned,implemented and evaluated. This gave the people pride and dignity in what they were doing. After only two years of implementing PEDP, tremendous successes have been achieved.Section 2: Chinese- English Translation （汉译英）（ 40 point ）This section consists of two parts: Part A "Compulsory Translation" and Part B "Optional Translations" which comprises "Topic 1" and "Topic 2".Translation the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into English. Write "Compulsory Translation" above your translation of Part A and write "Topic 1" or "Topic 2" above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 80 minutes.Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题）（ 20 points ）进入新世纪，国际形势继续发生深刻复杂的变化。
翻译二级笔译实务2013年05月
翻译二级笔译实务2013年05月Section Ⅰ English-Chinese Translation1. For more than a decade, archaeologists and his（江南博哥）torians have been studying the contents of a ninth-century Arab dhow that was discovered in 1998 off Indonesia's Belitung Island. The sea-cucumber divers who found the wreck had no idea it eventually would be considered one of the most important maritime discoveries of the late 20th century.The dhow was carrying a rich cargo—60,000 ceramic pieces and an array of gold and silver works—and its discovery has confirmed how significant trade was along a maritime silk road between Tang Dynasty China and Abbasid Iraq. It also has revealed how China was mass-producing trade goods even then and customizing them to suit the tastes of clients in West Asia."Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds," at the new, lotus-shaped Art Science Museum designed by Moshe Safdie, presents items from the Belitung wreck. Curated by the Asian Civilisations Museum here and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington, the show is expected to travel to museums around the world over the next five to six years."This exhibition tells us a story about an extraordinary moment in globalization," said Julian Raby, director of the Smithsonian's Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. "It brings tolife the tale of Sinbad sailing to China to make his fortune. It shows us that the world in the ninth century was not as fragmented as we assumed. There were two great export powers: the Tang in the east and the Abbasid based in Baghdad."Until the Belitung find, historians had thought that Tang China traded primarily through the land routes of Central Asia, mainly on the Silk Road. Ancient records told of Persian fleets sailing the Southeast Asian seas but no wrecks had been found, until the Belitung dhow. Its cargo confirmed that a huge volume of trade was taking place along a maritime route, said Heidi Tan, a curator at the Asian Civilizations Museum and a curator of the exhibition.Mr. Raby said: "The size of the find gives us a sense of two things: a sense of China as a country already producing things on an industrialized scale and also a China that is no longer producing ceramics to bury." He was referring to the production of burialpottery like camels and horses, which was banned in the late eighth century. "Instead, kilns looked for other markets and they started producing tableware and they built an export market."正确答案：自从1998年在印度尼西亚勿里洞岛附近发现了一艘9世纪阿拉伯三角帆船的残骸以来，考古学家和历史学家一直在研究沉船上的出水文物。
商务英语笔译实务课件以及课后题答案詹书权
Wet Paint！ Keep Dry
油漆未干
Hands Off
切勿受潮 请勿触摸
Motor Vehicles Only 非机动车辆禁行
• Keep Off the Grass! 请勿践踏草地！ • 请勿将头伸出窗外 Keep Head Inside Vehicle • 贵重物品，请随身携带 Please Don’t Leave Valuables Unattended • 请节约用水 Don’t Waste Water!
• • • • • • 如Open Now 现在营业、 Check In 入住登记、 Drive-in Cinema 汽车影院、 Duty Manager 值班经理、 Game Reserve 野生动物保护区、 Meter Parking 记时收费停车场等。
• 3. 4 缩略语的应用 • 公众和旅游者最常接触和使用的公共设施 和服务的公示语会使用缩略语显示,一目了 然, 如: I 咨询、P 停车场、F &B 餐饮服 务、YHA 青年旅舍、sq广场、cntr 中心、 VIP Suite 贵宾候机室、ENT Department 耳鼻喉科等。
3. 6 祈使句的使用
• 由于外出或旅游的公众多是行色匆匆,公示 语针对的目标公众又是明确的,所以公示语 便避免了程式化的客套,大量应用祈使句, 如: Do Not Disturb 请勿打扰、 Keep Off The Grass勿踏草坪、 Handle With Care 小心轻放、 Beware Pedestrians 注意行人等。
4. 去繁从简
汉语的标识语在翻译成英语的时候，其功能性比词语本身 的含义更为重要，因此，翻译应该将标识语的功能性放在 首位，删繁就简，仅保留其功能性和目的性的词语。 城市让生活更美好。
2021年下半年11月全国翻译专业考试二级笔译实务真题(含官方参考译文-CATTI考试)
2021年下半年11月全国翻译专业考试二级笔译实务真题(含官方参考译文-CATTI考试)2021年11月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语二级《笔译实务》试卷备注：该参考译文来源于官方指定的新世界出版社出版发行的《英语笔译实务真题解析2级》，仅供参考。
Section 1: English-Chinese translation(英译汉)(50points)Passage 1Y ou’ve temporarily misplaced your cell phone and anxiously retrace your steps to try to find it. Or perhaps you never let go of your phone—it's always in your hand, your pocket, or your bag, ready to be answered or consulted at a moment’s notice. When your battery life runs down at the end of the day, you feel that yours is running low as well. New research s hows that there’s a psychological reason for such extreme phone dependence: According to the attachment theory, for some of us, our phone serves the same function as the teddy bear we clung to in childhood.Attachment theory proposes that our early life experiences with parents responsible for our well-being, are at the root of our connections to the adults with whom we form close relationships. Importantly, attachment in early life can extend to inanimate objects. Teddy bears, for example, serve as “transitional objects.” The teddy bear, unlike the parent, is always there. We extend our dependence on parents to these animals, and use them to help us move to an independent sense of self.A cell phone has the potential to be a “compensatory attachment”obje ct. Although phones are often castigated for their addictive potential, scientists cite evidence that supports the idea that “healthy, normal adults also report significant emotional attachment to special objects”Indeed, cell phones have become a pervasive feature of our lives: The number of cell phone subscriptions exceeds the total population of the planet. The average amount of mobile or smartphone use in the U.S. is 3.3 hours per day. Phones have distinct advantages. They can be kept by your side and they provide a socialconnection to the people you care about. Even if you’re not talking to your friends, lover, or family, you can keep their photos close by, read their messages, and follow them on social media. Y ou can track them in real time but also look back on memorable moments together. These channels help you “feel less alone”. Passage 2Many countries have adopted the principle of sustainable development it can combat environment deterioration in air quality, water quality and production in developing countries. Health education serves as a viable role for every member in the world. But some argue that it's a vague idea, some organizations may use it in its own interests, whether environmental or economic is the nature of interests. Others argue that sustainable development in developing countries overlook the local customs, habitude and people.Whereas interdependence is desirable during times of peace, war necessitates competition and independence. Tariffs and importation limits strengthen a country's economic vitality while potentially weakening theeconomies of its enemies. Moreover, protectionism in the weapons industry is highly desirable during such circumstances because reliance on another state for armaments can be fatal.For the most part, economists emphasize the negative effects of protectionism. It reduces international trade and raises prices for consumers. In addition, domestic firms that receive protection have less incentive to innovate. Although free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business, the displaced workers and resources are ultimately allocated to other areas of the economy.Imposing quotas is a method used to protect trade, since foreign companies cannot ship more products regardless of how low they set their prices. Countries that hope to help a new industry thrive locally often impose quotas on imported goods. They believe that such restrictions allow entities in the new industry to develop their own competitive advantages and produce the products efficiently.Protectionism’s purpose is usually to create jobs for domestic workers. Companies that operate in industriesprotected by quotas hire workers locally. Another disadvantage of quotas is the reduction in the quality of products in the absence of competition from foreign companies. Without competition, local firms are less likely to invest in innovation and improve their products and services. Domestic sellers don’t have an incentive to enhance efficiency and lower their prices, and under such conditions, consumers eventually pay more for products and services they could receive from foreign competitors. As local companies lose competitiveness, they become pressured to outsource jobs. In the long-run, increasing protectionism commonly leads to layoffs and economic slowdown. Section 2: Chinese-English translation(汉译英)(50points)Passage 1。
人事部三级英语笔译实务讲义
service.
本资料由中正法律英语翻译网（ ）和 中正翻译论坛（/ ）收集自互联网。
Skills � 断句 / 顺句操作 e.g. [E-C]-2-1 1. 最近的情况表明，中国在控制车市、楼市等领域投资方面所作的努力正在显出成效，这在 某种程度上将有助于打消人们的顾虑： 即作为全球增长的重要动力源—中国经济有可能崩盘。 2. 外国企业越来越多地转向中国，或提供部件、或制造产品。而这类交易成了美国总统竞选 前期的一个热门话题，因为一些行业团体担心在中国低成本的竞争面前会处于下风。 3. 尽管中国的通讯落后，或者说正是由于这种落后，中国希望跨跃式进入数字时代，一下子 越过耗资巨大的过渡技术阶段。而这种过渡技术，工业化国家正在寻求用先进的数字系统取 而代之。 4. 六月份中国汽车销售增长大幅放缓，这使得国内和跨国汽车制造企业面临更大的风险， 因 为他们最近在中国专门投入 100 多亿美元来提高产能。 � 词性转换 e.g. [E-C]-2-2 1. 我国政府的外交政策是基于以下传统：反对殖民主义及各种形式的歧视；反对使用武力作 为镇压或屈服的工具；反对干涉别国内政；支持各民族间平等；支持尊重人权；支持和平解 决争端；支持公平分配人类科学、技术、文化进步所带来的成果；但是，最为重要的是，支 持各国拥有领土完整受到尊重的权利，支持各民族享受政治自由的权利，他们能够主导自己 的命运，而不受任何外部压力的干扰。 2. 对年轻的美国人来说，这是一个迷茫的年代。在童年经历了在市郊的安逸生活，成年后又 对未来有着无限期许之后，他们却要面临窘迫的生活，这一点是其父辈们所没有经历过的。 3. 昨日，狂风暴雨肆虐英格兰南海岸和威尔士，导致一名女学生在狂风中丧生，两名男子在 深海中失踪。 4. 1968 年 9 月 30 日，当地一架波音 747 下线的时候，立刻便得到“庞然大物”的绰号，并 有人担心：其巨大的机身会使机场不堪重负，航站楼人满为患，传送带过度运转，海关和移 民部门叫苦不迭，滑行道和跑道过度使用。 5. 在过去几周中，此次论坛达成广泛共识，认为有必要加强两个强国之间的合作，以维护和 平与稳定，造福全球。 � 句式重构 e.g. [E-C]-2-3 1.日本占领韩国长达 35 年之久，在此期间，韩国人被禁止使用自己国家的语言，并且不得不 向日本天皇效忠，很多韩国人至今依然无法忘却那一段痛苦的记忆。 2.英国人极想“尝新”，需求与日俱增，于是各食品制造商带大量新产品涌入英国市场。
Lecture 1-s商务英语笔译
Translating methods
Literal
translation Free translation
直译：人们关心的是语言层面的技
术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形 式的同时，不让其意义失真； 意译：人们认为语言有不同的文化 内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译 的障碍时，就要采取意译。
6.
It is a wise man that never makes a mistake 7. It is a long night that never finds the way. 8. It is a long lane that has no turning.
Topics for presentation
crocodile
1.
from a foreign language to a native language &from a native language to a foreign language 2. Oral translation & written translation 3. Science & technology translation; literature translation; political document translation; practical writing translation 4. The whole translation; the extracting translation; the editing translation
严复的“信”
（faithfulness ）， “达” （expressiveness)， “雅” （elegance）.
严复（1854.1.8—1921.10.27）原名宗光，字
英语口译课件(lectureone)解析
➢ 上海的金融业发展尤为引人注目，现已逐渐形 成了具有相当规模和影响的金融市场体系。
➢ financial industry/ eye-catching, catch the world’s eyes/ come into shape, come into being /with a large scale, large/ influential/ financial market
2020/11/6
8
基本技巧－对译
➢ 中国和美国，在事关人类生存和发展的许 多重大问题上，例如维护世界和平和安全， 防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散，保护人类生 存环境，打击国际犯罪等，有着广泛的共 同利益，肩负着共同的责任。
➢ on many important issues which are crucial to human survival and development
➢Since the establishment of diplomatic ties/relationship between China and the U.S. ,the exchanges and mutual undersatanging between our two peoples have broadened and deepended gradually. However this is not enough.
➢ maintaining world peace and security/ prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction/debate …criminal/share …interest
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Lecture 1: Comparative Studies on Chinese & English1.1. From linguistic perspective汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan family）。
该语系包括四百余种语言和方言，是形成最早、流通最广、使用人数极多的语系。
英语属印欧语系（Indo-European family）。
该语系含12个语族和百余种语言。
世界上约一半人以该语系语言为母语。
英语是世界上使用最广的语言。
汉语属表意（ideographic）文字，英语属拼音（alphabetic）文字。
汉语是声调语言（tone language），英语是语调语言(intonation language)。
1.1.1 analytic vs. synthetic (agglutinative vs.inflective)汉语是分析型（analytic）语言，其典型特征是没有屈折（inflexions）变化，即汉语的名词不会改变自身的形式变为复数，动词也不用改变自身的形式表示过去时、现在时或将来时。
汉语词语组合成句依靠词序（word order）和虚词（empty word）。
Chinese is an analytic language seldom with inflexions. Therefore, tense, voice，etc. are usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as着，了，过，遭，被，为，由, etc.汉语还被认为是粘着型（agglutinative）语言，词的组合依靠词素的粘着。
如：光明+正大，打击+犯罪+分子。
英语是综合性（synthetic）语言。
其特征体现在词序和助词（auxiliary）的组句功能上。
英语有丰富的屈折变化形式。
English is a synthetic language marked with inflexions such as number, tense, voice, etc.For example:1) 我们对气体、液体和固体的分子状况已作了一定的讨论。
We have already discussed to some extent the molecular conditions of gases, liquids and solids.2) 这座教堂在战时遭到毁坏。
The church was damaged during the war.3) 由于受到这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。
Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.4）他们站成一个圈，笑着，谈着。
They stood in a circle, laughing and talking.Chinese affix:长度Length；硬度hardness ；密度density；浓度consistency ；精度precision；温度temperature；亮度luminosity；清晰度articulation1.1.2 Paratactic意合vs. Hypotactic形合In English, clauses or phrases are coordinated with one another or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese they are placed one after another without coordinating connectives.A Chinese sentence can be formed with several clauses by the connection in meaning without any linking words. On the other hand, relative pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions are obligatory for connecting the meaning in an English sentence.1）彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.2)该装置噪声低，符合国家噪声标准。
The noise made by this mechanism is low, which conforms to the national noise standards.1.1.3 Personal（人称）vs. Impersonal（他称）English uses more impersonal structures than Chinese does, as shown in the following examples:1) 我突然想到一个主意。
An idea suddenly struck me.2) 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。
A strange peace came over her when she was alone.3) 我们没有听到任何声音。
Not a sound reached our ears.4) 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。
From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.5) 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。
The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.6) 我兴奋得说不出话来。
Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.1.1.4 Active（主动）vs. Passive（被动）The passive is extensively used in English, while Chinese sentences are usually active.1）几年前人们还以为，观众居然能够打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播出节目是一件稀罕的事情。
A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home.1.1.5 Dynamic动态vs. Static静态English is comparatively static, and agent nouns are frequently used to replace verbs, while Chinese is dynamic, using more verbs in a single sentence.1）Poverty in the developing countries has been ascribed by the North to low productivity, inappropriate domestic policies and inadequate national effort.译文1：北方把发展中国家的贫困归因于较低的生产率、不恰当的国内政策和不足的国内努力。
译文2：发展中国家的贫困，在北方看来，是因为生产率低，国内政策不当，自身努力不够。
(better)2）他心直口快，总是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快赢得了大家的信任。
译文1：He was very outspoken and was always ready to make friends with anyone, so he won their trust.译文2: His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust. (better)1.1.6 Repetitive重复vs. Substitutive 替代Generally speaking, Eng lish doesn’t use so many repetitions as Chinese does.1）你既然答应了要帮助她就应当帮助她。
You should help her since you have promised to do so.2）他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.1.2 From psychological and cultural perspective哲学有两种基本的思维方式:悟性思维与理性思维。
悟性思维借助形象,运用直觉、灵感、联想、想象等思维形式,把感性材料组织起来,使之构成有条有理的知识,具有直觉性、形象性、主观性、整体性、模糊性等特征;理性思维借助逻辑,运用概念、判断、推理等思维形式,探索、揭示事物的本质和内在联系,具有逻辑性、抽象性、客观性、分析性、确定性等特征。
中国传统思维方式虽含有理性主义因素,但较注重直觉、体验、领悟, 因此本质上是悟性主义的,但不归为非理性主义和直觉主义;西方哲学思维方式本质上是理性主义的,德国古典哲学堪称其范本。
“中国语法是软的,富于弹性”, 这个“弹性”,体现了人的悟性。
“西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性” , 这个“硬性”,体现了人的理性。
（王力,1984:141 )中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科学文化。
在心理文化方面，人文文化“重人论、轻器物，价值取向以道德为本位。
重综合、轻分析。
重意会、轻言传。
崇尚群体意识、强调同一性。
追求人与自然的和谐，把人与自然看成浑然一体。
”科学文化“重物质、轻人论，价值取向以功利为本位。
重分析、轻综合。
重概念，忌笼统，强调人权，主张个人至上，重视特殊的辨识。
强调人与自然的对立、人对自然的索取。
”1.2.1 Intuition 直觉vs. reasoning理性Many Chinese expressions are compared to some concrete things to indicate the abstract meanings. In Chinese-English translation, literal translation can be used to keep the original flavor so that the readers of the translation can understand the connotation in the analogy by sharing the common cultural knowledge.汉语爱以具体比喻抽象，以物表感，状物言志。