中苏关系破裂英文 The Sino-Soviet Split
部分核禁试条约的签订与中苏关系(1962-1963)——对肯尼迪政府分化中苏同盟政策的再研究
中共党史研究２０１７年第９期/012345*678!9":;１９６２<１９６３= ———对肯尼迪政府分化中苏同盟政策的再研究滕 帅 〔摘要〕１９６２年，根据中苏关系逐步恶化和中国即将拥有核武器的形势，肯尼迪政府初步确立了与苏联进行谈判来分化中苏同盟并阻止中国核力量发展的政策。
从１９６２年至１９６３年，肯尼迪政府不断采取外交主动，先后就核禁试和不扩散核武器问题与苏联进行了日内瓦谈判和美苏英三方会谈，并最终促成了部分核禁试条约的签订。
作为“选择性迁就”式楔子战略实施的具体策略，肯尼迪政府与苏联有关禁止核试验的谈判以及部分核禁试条约的签订，加剧了中苏之间既有的分歧和争论，加速了中苏同盟关系的分裂。
〔关键词〕核禁试条约；肯尼迪政府；中苏关系；楔子战略〔中图分类号〕Ｄ８１９；Ｄ８１５．２ 〔文献标志码〕Ａ 〔文章编号〕１００３－３８１５（２０１７）－０９－００６２－０９ＴｈｅＳｉｇｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＰａｒｔｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｅｓｔＢａｎＴｒｅａｔｙａｎｄＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ（１９６２—１９６３）：ＦｕｒｔｈｅｒＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＰｏｌｉｃｙｏｆｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇｔｈｅＢｒｅａｋｕｐｏｆｔｈｅＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔＡｌｌｉａｎｃｅＴｅｎｇＳｈｕａｉＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｎ１９６２，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｌｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｆｏｒｔｈｃｏｍｉｎｇｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｎｕｃｌｅａｒｗｅａｐｏｎｓ，ｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａｐｏｌｉｃｙｏｆｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎｔｏｄｉｖｉｄｅｔｈｅＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔａｌｌｉａｎｃｅａｎｄｔｏｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｎｕｃｌｅａｒｆｏｒｃｅｓ．Ｆｒｏｍ１９６２ｔｏ１９６３，ｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｔｏｔａｋｅｔｈｅｄｉｐｌｏｍａｔｉｃｉｎｉｔｉａｔｉｖｅｔｏｃａｒｒｙｏｕｔｔｈｅＧｅｎｅｖａｔａｌｋｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅＵ．Ｓ． Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｔｈｒｅｅ ｐａｒｔｙｔａｌｋｓｏｎａｎｕｃｌｅａｒｔｅｓｔｂａｎａｎｄａｇａｉｎｓｔｔｈｅｓｐｒｅａｄｏｆｎｕｃｌｅａｒｗｅａｐｏｎｓ，ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＰａｒｔｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｅｓｔＢａｎＴｒｅａｔｙ．Ａｓａｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｔｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｗｅｄｇｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ，ｔｈｅｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎｏｎａｎｕｃｌｅａｒｔｅｓｔｂａｎａｎｄｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＰａｒｔｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｅｓｔＢａｎＴｒｅａｔｙｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｉｅｄｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓａｎｄｃｏｎ ｆｌｉｃｔｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｕｓａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄｔｈｅＳｉｎｏ Ｓｏｖｉｅｔｓｐｌｉｔ． 关于肯尼迪政府利用“楔子战略”分化中苏同盟的问题，学术界已经有了初步的结论①，即认为美国是试图通过联苏制华的方式来分裂中苏关系的，其最终表现是“部分核禁试条约”②的签订。
大三线建设读后感5000字
大三线建设读后感5000字英文回答：The Third Front Construction Campaign was a massive undertaking initiated by the Chinese government in the 1960s, with the aim of developing China's interior regions and strengthening its national defense. This ambitious project involved the relocation of millions of people and the construction of numerous factories, mines, and infrastructure projects in remote and underdeveloped areas.The campaign was driven by several factors, including the Sino-Soviet split, which led to the withdrawal of Soviet aid and expertise. Additionally, the Chinese government was concerned about the vulnerability of its coastal regions to foreign invasion, particularly in light of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.The Third Front Construction Campaign had a profound impact on the development of China. It created a newindustrial base in the interior regions, which helped to reduce regional disparities and boost the national economy. The construction of infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways, and airports, improved connectivity andfacilitated the transportation of goods and people.However, the campaign also came at a significant cost. The relocation of millions of people disrupted their lives and communities. Moreover, the rapid pace of development led to environmental degradation and resource depletion.The legacy of the Third Front Construction Campaign is complex and contested. Some scholars argue that it was a necessary step in China's development and modernization. Others criticize the campaign for its human and environmental costs. Nonetheless, the Third Front Construction Campaign remains a significant chapter in China's history, and its impact continues to be felt today.中文回答：大三线建设是一项由中国政府在20世纪60年代发起的庞大工程，旨在开发中国内陆地区并加强国防。
洛阳2024年07版小学第二次英语第4单元自测题[含答案]
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洛阳2024年07版小学英语第4单元自测题[含答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、选择题：Which instrument has keys and is played by pressing them?A. GuitarB. DrumsC. PianoD. Violin2、听力题：I see a __ in the garden. (ladybug)3、填空题：The anteater's long snout is perfect for eating ______ (蚂蚁).4、选择题：Which fruit is known for its high vitamin C content?A. AppleB. OrangeC. BananaD. Grape5、填空题：The __________ (苏联解体) happened in 1991.6、Which animal is known as the "ship of the desert"?A. HorseB. CamelC. DonkeyD. Elephant答案: B7、n Wall fell in _____. 填空题：The Berl8、选择题：What is the name of the famous artist known for "The Scream"?A. Edvard MunchB. Pablo PicassoC. Vincent van GoghD. Claude Monet9、填空题:My favorite place to visit is ________.10、听力题：A ____ is known for its strength and ability to lift heavy objects.11、What do we call the practice of planting trees?A. DeforestationB. AfforestationC. ReforestationD. Urbanization答案: B12、听力题：We are going to ___ some science. (learn)13、听力题：The state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is ______.14、听力题：My ______ loves to help people in need.15、填空题：The ancient Romans built roads that connected __________ (城市).16、听力题：The capital city of Uzbekistan is __________.17、听力题：The _____ takes a long time to orbit the sun.18、填空题：My brother is a __________ (策划师).19、听力题：She has a pretty ________.20、Which color is a stop sign?A. BlueB. YellowC. RedD. Green21、填空题：The _____ (果园管理) requires knowledge and care.22、What is the base of a pyramid?A. TopB. SideC. BottomD. Edge答案:C23、填空题：Many plants can be grown in ______ (盆栽).24、What is the capital of Armenia?A. YerevanB. TbilisiC. BakuD. Ankara答案: A25、填空题：A butterfly flutters around the _______ enjoying the sunshine.26、听力题：A _______ is often used in cooking.27、填空题：I have a ________ (火箭模型) that I built myself.28、What is the currency used in Japan?A. DollarB. EuroC. YenD. Pound答案:C29、填空题：I can build a _________ (玩具车库) for my toy vehicles.The starfish has five _________ (臂).31、填空题：The _______ (羚羊) is very swift.32、What do you wear to keep warm in winter?A. ShortsB. T-shirtC. CoatD. Sandals答案: C. Coat33、听力题：The chemical symbol for bismuth is _____.34、What is the name of the famous American national park known for its wildlife?A. YellowstoneB. YosemiteC. Grand CanyonD. Denali答案:A35、听力题：The bear catches _______ in the river.36、What do we call a person who flies airplanes?A. PilotB. EngineerC. MechanicD. Stewardess答案: A37、What is the name of the famous detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam Spade38、ts have large ______ (叶片) to catch sunlight. 填空题：Some pla39、听力题：I like to _____ (play/read) in the park.The ______ helps us learn about cultural studies.41、What is the opposite of deep?A. ShallowB. WideC. BroadD. Narrow答案:A42、填空题：The country known for its beaches is ________ (以海滩闻名的国家是________).43、填空题：My friend’s name is ____ and he/she is ____.44、填空题：I love to listen to the __________ when it rains. (雨)45、ssance began in Italy in the __________ (14世纪). 填空题：The Rena46、听力题：The movement of water can reshape the ______.47、听力题：Astronomy has helped us understand the _______ of time and space.48、听力题：Objects that float in water are ______ than water.49、What do you call the end of a pencil?A. TipB. EraserC. LeadD. Barrel答案:A50、填空题：I like to watch my ________ grow.51、填空题：The dog chased the ______.52、What is the term for a baby cow?A. CalfB. FoalC. KitD. Pup答案:A53、What is the process of plants making food called?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. GerminationD. Digestion答案:B54、听力题：The ____ has a beautiful song and is often found in trees.55、填空题：A rabbit has powerful ______ (后腿) for hopping.56、填空题：Abraham Lincoln is best known for leading the United States during the __________ (南北战争).57、听力题：The __________ is a region with many rivers.58、听力题：She has a _____ (dog).59、What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. MadridC. BarcelonaD. Rome答案:A60、听力题：The _____ is the area around a star where planets can form.61、How do you say "school" in Spanish?A. EscuelaB. ÉcoleC. SchuleD. Scuola62、What is 5 3?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4答案:B63、What is the name of the largest land animal?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. RhinoD. Hippopotamus答案: B64、填空题：The country known for its pyramids is ________ (埃及).65、What is the name of the bird that cannot fly and is native to New Zealand?A. OstrichB. KiwiC. EmuD. Cassowary答案：B66、填空题：I enjoy ______ (参加) language classes.67、选择题：What do you call the distance between two points?A. LengthB. WidthC. HeightD. Measurement68、What do we call the movement of tectonic plates?A. Continental DriftB. ErosionC. WeatheringD. Subduction69、听力题：Some _______ can change colors throughout the year.70、Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle71、What is 100 25?a. 75b. 80c. 85d. 90答案:a72、填空题：My mom calls me _______ (我妈妈叫我_______).73、听力题：We can ________ (play) together.74、填空题：A ________ (植物展览馆) showcases diversity.75、听力题：The puppy is ______ in the grass. (rolling)76、What is the primary color of a blackberry?A. BlueB. BlackC. RedD. Green77、选择题：Which holiday falls on October 31st?A. ChristmasB. HalloweenC. ThanksgivingD. New Year78、填空题:During winter, I like to make ________.79、听力题：The _____ (wind/snow) is blowing.80、What is the name of the fairy tale character who had long hair?A. Snow WhiteB. RapunzelC. CinderellaD. Belle答案:BWhat do we call a place where you keep animals?A. ZooB. FarmC. SanctuaryD. All of the above82、听力题：Compounds can be classified as organic or ______.83、What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year's DayD. Independence Day答案:B84、填空题：My pet turtle is very _________. (慢)85、听力题：The ______ is a famous scientist.86、听力题：The _______ produces seeds for new plants.87、填空题：On sunny days, I ride my ________ (自行车) around the neighborhood. I feel so________ (自由).88、填空题：The _____ (果实采摘) can be a community event.89、Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. OrangeD. Grape答案: B. Banana90、听力题：We go to school _____ foot. (on)91、听力题：The _____ (pen/pencil) is on the desk.We saw a ________ in the park.93、What do we call the part of the tree that grows underground?A. BranchB. TrunkC. RootD. Leaf答案:C94、听力题：A reaction that occurs spontaneously is said to be ______.95、听力题：A __________ is a place where people go for relaxation.96、Which animal can fly?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. Fish答案: C97、填空题：A _______ (金鱼) can be a vibrant addition to any home.98、听力题：We eat ________ for breakfast.99、听力题：I enjoy ________ (gardening) with my mom.100、听力题：The concept of clean energy emphasizes the importance of sustainable energy ______.。
苏联解体后的英语作文
苏联解体后的英语作文Title: The Aftermath of the Soviet Union's Dissolution。
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a watershed moment in global history, marking the end of the Cold War era and reshaping the geopolitical landscape. This monumental event brought about significant repercussions,not only for the countries directly involved but also forthe entire world. In this essay, we will explore the aftermath of the Soviet Union's dissolution and itsenduring impact.One of the most immediate consequences of the Soviet Union's collapse was the emergence of independent states from its former republics. Fifteen new countries emerged from the ashes of the Soviet Union, each grappling with the challenges of nation-building, establishing political systems, and transitioning to market economies. The dissolution unleashed a wave of nationalism and ethnic tensions, particularly in regions like the Caucasus andCentral Asia, where longstanding grievances resurfaced.Economically, the dissolution of the Soviet Union precipitated a period of profound upheaval. The centrally planned economy of the Soviet era gave way to the complexities of a market economy, leading to widespread economic dislocation and hardship. The sudden shift from state-controlled industries to privatization brought both opportunities and hardships, with some individuals amassing vast wealth while others faced unemployment and poverty.Internationally, the end of the Cold War ushered in a new era of geopolitical dynamics. With the demise of the Soviet bloc, the United States emerged as the sole superpower, leading to a unipolar world order characterized by American hegemony. This shift in power dynamics had far-reaching implications for global politics, with the United States exerting influence over regions formerly within the Soviet sphere of influence.Furthermore, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had profound implications for global security. The end of theCold War reduced the risk of nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, easing tensions and paving the way for arms control agreements such as the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). However, it also created new security challenges, including theproliferation of nuclear weapons and the rise of non-state actors.Moreover, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had a profound impact on the lives of its citizens. While some experienced newfound freedoms and opportunities, others grappled with economic uncertainty, social upheaval, and political instability. The transition from communism to democracy was not without its challenges, as many struggled to adapt to the demands of a new political and economic system.In conclusion, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was a seismic event that reverberated across the globe, reshaping political, economic, and security landscapes. While it brought about newfound freedoms for some, it also unleashed a host of challenges, from economic upheaval togeopolitical realignments. The legacy of the Soviet Union's dissolution continues to shape the world we live in today, underscoring the enduring impact of this historic event.。
关于苏联事件的小作文英语
关于苏联事件的小作文英语Title: The Legacy of Soviet Union: A Historical Reflection。
The Soviet Union, a colossal empire spanning vast territories and diverse peoples, left an indelible mark on the pages of history. Its rise, reign, and eventual collapse continue to shape global politics, economics, and societal ideologies. In this discourse, we delve into the multifaceted legacy of the Soviet Union, exploring its impacts on the world stage and the enduring lessons it offers.First and foremost, the Soviet Union's imprint on the geopolitical landscape cannot be overstated. Emerging as a formidable superpower in the aftermath of World War II, it engaged in a protracted Cold War rivalry with the United States, defining much of international relations for decades. The bipolar world order that ensued polarized nations, leading to proxy conflicts, arms races, andideological confrontations. The Cuban Missile Crisis stands as a stark reminder of the perilous brinksmanship that characterized this era, threatening global annihilation.Economically, the Soviet Union pursued a centrally planned command economy, aiming to achieve rapid industrialization and societal transformation. While it made significant strides in certain sectors, such as heavy industry and space exploration, the system provedinherently flawed. Centralized decision-making stifled innovation, leading to inefficiencies, shortages, and stagnation. The collapse of the Soviet economy in the 1990s laid bare the inherent contradictions of a system devoid of market mechanisms and individual incentives.Socially, the Soviet Union embarked on ambitious campaigns aimed at reshaping society according to communist ideals. The promotion of literacy, education, and healthcare brought tangible improvements to the lives of many citizens. However, the regime's authoritarian nature led to widespread repression, censorship, and human rights abuses. Dissent was swiftly quashed, dissidents silenced,and ethnic minorities suppressed. The scars of these injustices continue to reverberate in the collective memory of affected communities.Culturally, the Soviet Union fostered a distinct identity marked by socialist realism, ideological propaganda, and state-sanctioned art. Literature, cinema, and the performing arts were harnessed as tools for indoctrination and mass mobilization. Yet, amidst the propaganda, pockets of dissent emerged, challenging the official narrative and pushing the boundaries of creative expression. Figures like Solzhenitsyn and Shostakovich dared to defy the regime, offering glimpses of truth amidst the sea of falsehoods.Environmentally, the Soviet Union pursued industrialization at all costs, often disregarding ecological consequences. The Aral Sea stands as a tragic testament to the shortsightedness of such policies, its once-bountiful waters reduced to a desolate wasteland due to unsustainable irrigation practices. Chernobyl, likewise, serves as a haunting reminder of the perils of nuclearenergy mismanagement, leaving a radioactive scar on the land and a human toll that endures to this day.In the realm of international relations, thedissolution of the Soviet Union ushered in a new era of uncertainty and opportunity. The end of the Cold War brought hopes of peace and cooperation, yet it also unleashed regional conflicts, geopolitical realignments, and the specter of nuclear proliferation. The newly independent states that emerged from the Soviet rubble grappled with the challenges of nation-building, democratic transition, and economic reform, with varying degrees of success.In conclusion, the Soviet Union's legacy is a complex tapestry of triumphs and tragedies, achievements and atrocities. Its imprint on the world stage endures, shaping the contours of contemporary geopolitics and serving as a cautionary tale of the perils of authoritarianism and ideological zealotry. As we reflect on its tumultuous history, we are reminded of the imperative to learn from the past, lest we be condemned to repeat its mistakes.。
中俄冲突作文英语
中俄冲突作文英语Throughout history, the relationship between China and Russia has been a complex tapestry of cooperation and conflict. This essay aims to explore the historical underpinnings of the Sino-Russian conflict, its impact on regional stability, and the lessons that can be drawn for future relations.The Sino-Russian conflict has its roots in the 17th century when the two empires first encountered each other'sterritorial ambitions. The Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the first significant agreement that attempted to delineate the border between the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire. However, disputes over borderlands continued, leading to further treaties and agreements, such as the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860, which saw significant territorial concessions from China to Russia.The 20th century brought about a new dimension to the Sino-Russian relationship. Initially, both countries found common ground as communist states and formed an alliance. However, ideological and political differences eventually led to a split in the Sino-Soviet relationship during the Sino-Soviet Split in the 1960s. This period was marked by heightened tensions, including border skirmishes and a significant military buildup along their shared borders.Despite these historical conflicts, the relationship between China and Russia has seen a significant thaw in recent years.The two countries have engaged in extensive economic and military cooperation, often collaborating on international issues to counterbalance the influence of Western powers. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Belt and Road Initiative are examples of platforms where Sino-Russian cooperation has been fostered.The Sino-Russian conflict, while historically fraught, offers important insights into the dynamics of great power relations. It highlights the importance of diplomacy, the role of economic interdependence in maintaining peace, and thepotential for historical adversaries to find common groundfor mutual benefit.In conclusion, the Sino-Russian conflict is a multifaceted issue that has evolved over centuries. Understanding its historical context is crucial for appreciating the current state of relations between these two global powers. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the relationship between China and Russia will continue to be a significant factor in shaping international politics and security. It is imperative for both nations to manage their differences and work towards a stable and cooperative future.。
史上最全 蒙古 中英双语介绍
史上最全蒙古中英双语介绍HistoryIn the 13th century, Mongolia was the center of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. After more than a century of power, the Mongol Empire ended and Mongolia fell back into a state of internal struggle and feuds, which paved the way for the Manchu conquest of Inner Mongolia in 1636 and the submission of Outer Mongolia in 1691. Both Inner and Outer Mongolia declared independence in 1911, but only Outer Mongolia succeeded, with Russian help. After the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops re-occupied Outer Mongolia in 1919, but were driven out in 1921 when the White and Red Russian armies extended the Russian Civil War into (Outer) Mongolian territory. In 1924, the Mongolian People"s Republic was proclaimed and aligned closely with the Soviet Union. In 1928 Horloogiyn Choybalsan rose to power.During World War II, the USSR defended Mongolia against Japan during the Battle of Halhin Gol. Mongolian forces also took part in the Soviet offensive against Japanese forces in Inner Mongolia of August 1945. The threat of Mongolian forces seizing parts of Inner Mongolia induced the Republic of China to recognize OuterMongolia"s independence, provided that a referendum was held. The referendum took place on 20 October 1945 and 100% of the electorate voting for independence.After Choybalsan died in Moscow on 26 January 1952, Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal took power. Mongolia continued to closely align itself with the Soviet Union, especially after the Sino-Soviet split of the late 1950s. While Tsedenbal visited Moscow in August 1984, being very ill, the parliament announced his retirement and replaced him with Jambyn Batmonh.In 1990, the Communist Party relinquished control over the government, paving the way for a new constitution in 1992 that abolished the People"s Republic and created a hybrid parliamentary/presidential state.历史现在的蒙古在13世纪是蒙古帝国的中心，蒙古帝国是世界历史上国土连续面积最大的王国。
China-Russia Relations glossary 中俄政治外交词汇
1.《中苏友好同盟互助条约》Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance2.联合国常任理事国 permanent members of the UN Security Council3.社会主义阵营 socialist camp4.沙文主义chauvinism5.“老大哥”“小兄弟”"big brother" "little brother"6.156项大型工业项目 156 large industrial projects7.撕毁国防新技术的协定tearing up the "Defense technology agreement"8.武装冲突armed conflict9.苏联解体 dissolution/disintegration of the Soviet Union10.《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation11.车臣分裂组织 Chechnya separatist groups12.和平共处五项基本原则 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence13.“平等信任、面向21世纪的战略协作伙伴关系”…strategic partnership of equality and trust oriented towards the 21st century‟14.定下……基调 set the tone of15.转折点 turning point16.不首先使用核武器 no-first-use of nuclear weapons17.《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation18.新闻发布会，记者招待会 press briefing/ conference19.台湾问题 Taiwan question20.唯一的合法政府 sole legitimate government21.中国领土不可分割的一部分 an inalienable part of Chinese territory22.北约（北大西洋公约组织）NATO（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）23.国际舞台 international arena24.原油管道 crude oil pipeline25.联合军事演习joint military exercise26.互信程度已发展到新的水平mutual trust reaching a new level27.政府首脑定期会晤机制China-Russia prime ministers' regular meeting mechanism28.边界争端Border dispute29.机械和电子产品 machinery and electronic products30.模棱两可、含糊不清remain noncommittal/equivocal over sth. / not taking a clear stance31.不愿署名的分析人士 analyst who declined to be identified32.被废除的政府deposed government33.新上任政府fledgling administration34.航空母舰 aircraft carrier：a warship with a long, flat deck where aircraft can take off and land35.务实的中国 pragmatic China36.双方贸易一体化程度也大大提高occur a high degree of trade integration between the two countries。
走向分裂：从暗中斗争到公开论战——1960年代中苏关系研究之二
Road to the Spite, from Covert Struggle to Overt Disputation --Research on Sino - Soviet Relation in1960s（ Ⅱ ）作者： 李丹慧[1]作者机构： [1]华东师范大学国际冷战史研究中心,上海200062出版物刊名： 史学集刊页码： 51-67页主题词： 苏共二十二大;对苏方针调整;左派队伍形成;中苏大论战摘要：1961年后期，为了将中苏关系缓和的局面继续维持下去，中共中央对苏共二十二大采取了暗中斗争的方略，对定性为是集修正主义之大成的苏共新党纲不做公开直接的批判。
其后，随着中国国内经济状况的好转，中共从维护阿尔巴尼亚党人手，开始着手与苏共进行新一轮意识形态斗争。
中苏关系缓和的局面结束。
1962年新疆中国边民外逃苏联的伊塔事件、中苏在加勒比海危机和中印边界战争期间的外交较量，不同程度地影响了中共中央对中苏关系性质的认识，影响了两党继续务实地寻求共同利益，求同存异，保持关系的基本稳定。
特别是毛泽东把中共党内反省三年来政策失误时显露的否：毫“大跃进”、人民公社、总路线的倾向，当作是对赫鲁晓夫关于中共国内政策批评的呼应，进而：重新检讨与苏关系问题，警惕国内外修正主义分子勾结起来进行颠覆活动。
与此同时，国际左派队伍的形成使中共领导人认为，中共作为共运领导中心的条件已具备、时机也已成熟。
中共做出了中苏两党矛盾已成为敌我性质、赫鲁晓夫已成为资产阶级代言人的判断。
毛泽东最终调整对苏方针的基调，改以妥协、让步、缓和关系为主为以主动进攻、做针锋相对的斗争为主。
中共开始与苏共进行关于国际共运总路线的大论战。
中苏两党关系的破裂成为定局。
北京大学 社会主义国家之间的关系
Lorenz M. Luthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008) .
经互会的经济活动加强了苏东政 治关系，把东欧国家在政治上与苏联 紧紧地捆绑在一起。经互会也密切并 深化了苏东经济关系，缩小了苏东经 济差距，降低了经济成本。但也造成 东欧经济对苏联的依赖。
苏联通过经互会对东欧有帮助， 也有剥削和控制。
反映华约军事同盟性质的第四款规定：
“如果在欧洲发生了任何国家或国家集 团对一个或几个缔约国的武装进攻，每一 个缔约国应根据联合国宪章第五十一条行 使单独或集体自卫的权利，个别地或通过 其他缔约国的协议，以一切它认为必要的 方式，包括使用武装部队，立即对遭受这 种进攻的某一个国家或几个国家给予援 助。”
2、苏联与东德关系中的“东柏林事件” ——苏联军队在平息骚乱的过程中担当
了主角
3、苏波关系中的重要事件 “卡廷事件”（“卡廷惨案”） 华沙起义 “波兹南事件” 与“十月事件”
关于卡廷事件：
1940年3月5日，联共（布）中央政治局建议苏 联内务人民委员部：“一、（1）对战俘营中 14700 名原波兰军官、官员、地主、警察、谍 报人员、宪兵、定居者和狱吏的案件；（2）以 及对逮捕和关押在乌克兰西部和白俄罗斯西部 各州监狱中的11000 名各种反革命间谍组织和 破坏团体成员、原地主、工厂主、原波兰军官、 官员和越境分子的案件——以特别程序进行审 理，对他们采用极刑——枪毙。……
中苏关系破裂原因：公开论战是谁发起？星岛环球网
参加座谈的同志认为，导致当年中苏关系破裂的原因是多方面的，有历史原因，有国家和民族利益的冲突，有意识形态方面的分歧，同时领袖人物的个人因素在这一过程中也起了不可忽视的作用。
（一）在国家关系和党的关系方面，苏联的大国主义和大党主义是导致中苏分裂的主要原因。从总体上来看，苏联的责任是主要的
参加座谈的同志指出，从赫鲁晓夫后来对中国态度的变化来看，在1954年至1957年间，赫鲁晓夫对中国这样友好，在很大程度上是因为他在国内的地位不稳，有求于中国。他的地位一巩固，苏联传统的大国主义和大党主义就暴露出来了。赫鲁晓夫骨子里还是想把中国拉入苏联的政治、经济和军事一体化。1958年他向中国提出在中国建立长波电台和共同舰队问题，毛泽东马上意识到，这是苏联故伎重演：对中国仍然是不平等，还是老子党和儿子党的关系，还是想把中国搞成它的势力范围，从军事上控制中国。1959年赫鲁晓夫又撕毁协议，拒绝给中国提供原子弹样品，实际上是反对中国生产原子弹，企图把中国置于苏联的核保护之下。赫鲁晓夫同美国搞“戴维营精神”，压中国在台湾问题上让步，这使中国领导人怀疑苏美是否在背着中国做损害中国利益的交易。进入20世纪60年代，苏联单方面撤退专家，在边境制造事端，支持印度反华，企图压中国就范。到了勃列日涅夫时期，则对中国大军压境，建立战略包围圈，甚至打算对中国使用核武器。所以，从赫鲁晓夫后期到勃列日涅夫时期，中国同苏联的斗争依然是控制和反控制的斗争。许多当年事件的参与者以其亲身经历证明，中国人在同苏联的交往中，确实有屈辱感。
在党与党的关系上，苏共把自己视为“老子党”，把包括中共在内的其他党视为“儿子党”。参加座谈的同志说，控制与反控制的斗争应该从毛泽东思想的形成说起，毛泽东思想就是在不断抵制和摆脱苏联控制的过程中形成和发展起来的。
参加座谈的同志把讨论的重点放在了赫鲁晓夫时期的中苏关系上。大家认为，中苏关系最好的时期是1954年至1957年，即赫鲁晓夫执政前期，而不是斯大林时期。赫鲁晓夫上台后，对中国做了不少好事：（1）纠正了斯大林时期对中国的一些不平等做法，如放弃了苏联在东北和新疆的特权。（2）增加了对中国的经济援助，“156项”援华项目，斯大林时期给了50项，其余是赫鲁晓夫时期给的。（3）重要事情同中国商量，尊重中国的意见，如在波兰事件和匈牙利事件以及召开国际共产主义运动会议方面；苏联国内把毛泽东的哲学著作列为教材，等等。此外，当时中苏两国、两党在国际上的配合也相当好。有的同志说，如果说斯大林时期把中国同东欧各国一样看待，那么赫鲁晓夫则把中国看做国际共产主义运动的“第二把手”，在作出重大决定前，先同中国商量，中国有一定的否决权。这时中国方面也大力支持苏联。使赫鲁晓夫特别感激的是：（1）在苏共所谓“反党集团事件”中，中国明确支持赫鲁晓夫。（2）在社会主义阵营中，中国竭力维护苏联的“为首”地位。所以，在这期间，中苏两国和两党关系处于上升趋势。毛泽东曾说，到了赫鲁晓夫时期，中苏之间“有点兄弟党的味道”了。他还赞扬赫鲁晓夫批判斯大林的个人崇拜“勇敢”，“搬掉了压在我们身上的石头”。
中俄关系史5 中苏关系新篇章
日俄战争对中国的影响
日本和俄国在中国、朝鲜扩张中产生利益冲突
俄军缺乏补给，国内政治危机，日本以极高代价取胜 《朴茨茅斯条约》：俄将旅顺、大连及附近水域租借权交付日本，长
春至旅顺之间铁路及附属财产无偿转让日本，中国利益被忽视
英、美欲染指东北事务，俄国最终承认日本在朝鲜的利益，日本承认
计划实施一年多，难民署发现部分遣返官员神秘消失，俄国难民组织
从中作祟，苏保互相指责 1923年11月，难民遣返计划停止，具体遣返数字不详
俄国侨民在华分布
以北京、上海、哈尔滨、新疆为主
从事各种行业，包括知识分子、工人、商人 修建中东铁路、租用旅大、十月革命、二战等事件促成了俄国侨民来
商务印书馆出版了《普式庚逝世百周年纪念集》
托尔斯泰与中国
深受中国儒道精神晕染，主张
“不以暴力抗邪恶”
托尔斯泰作品最早的中译本是
1906年刊载在上海《万国公报 》上的12个民间故事，后来结集 为单行本，以《托氏宗教小说 》为名由香港礼贤会出版，译 者是德国牧师叶道胜和中国人 麦梅生。 1900年八国联军侵华，写了政 论文章《不准杀害》，对八国 联军的烧杀抢掠提出了严正的 抗议。
孙中山（南方国民政府）与苏联
1921年6月，共产国际代表马林拜访孙中山，将国民党确立为苏俄联合
对象，商讨合作事宜 1922年7月，越飞访华，第二年1月与孙中山会谈，确定建立同盟 1923年夏，孙中山派遣蒋介石为团长的广州革命政府军事代表团访苏 考察，请苏方派人到华南指导改组军队 1923年10月，鲍罗廷访华协助改组国民党，孙中山确立“联俄、联共 、扶助农工”政策 1924年1月24日，黄埔军校成立，苏联军事顾问小组参与筹备，苏联提 供200万卢布经费和大量武器，派遣军事人员担任顾问 1925年3月11日，孙中山签署《致苏联遗书》，希望双方继续合作
西街 英语介绍
West StreetGuilin is a wonderful destination for landscape tourism and the glorious symbol of Guangxi. I want to introduce the famous pedestrian street of Guilin, Yangshuo county: West Street.West Street is located in the center of Yangshuo County. It is a total length of 517 meters, 8 meters wide and have marble pavement and in the shape of S curve. The housing having an antique flavor, strong local characteristics. A variety of tourist souvenirs, snacks in the streets. Its full of exotic night is fascinating and charming.West Street is a street with the longest history in Yangshuo. West street was founded in 1674, both sides is the legacy of low brick houses in the Qing Dynasty and white red window, showing the elegance of primitive simplicity of Lingnan architectureIt was the place where Mr. Sun Zhongshan made a speech and famous artist Xu Beihong had lived here for a period of time. It was the place that hundreds of thousands of presidents or prime ministers who hanging around the street from more than one hundred and fifty countries,. For instance, Clinton, Nixon, Kissinger, Mrs. Thatcher, Hu Zhiming, Sihanouk and so on were all came here.After the Founding of New China, the Sino-Soviet relations in good stage. In the mid 50's,some expe rts who in order to aid China’s government from Soviet and Eastern European countries always visit Yangshuo. This is the earliest to foreigners in Yangshuo after the liberation. When the Soviet Union was the famous oil painter Maximov as well as some photographers to Yangshuo. At that time, the Soviet union's well-known painter Maximov and some photographers had been to Yangshuo. "Crocodile" pictorial of the Soviet union and the “Soviet Union Illustrated Publications” are published Yangshuo East Gate piers and West Street streetscape works of art and photos.Yangshuo West Street is also called Foreigners‘ Street, which having history of more than 1400 years. West street is still small southern towns and villages construction scale, but show the international flavor of the humanities landscape. Here the bars, hotels, Internet cafes, crafts calligraphy and painting shops’ decoration styleis mostly Chinese mixed with western culture that having English signs. Crafts calligraphy and painting shops, restaurants, bar attendants, ordinary residents, even the old lady who sell fruit on the street can speak fluent English. In every corner of West Street, you will often see groups of different color of skin of tourists sitting around and playing together .Sometimes ,they will drink beer, coffee and have some cookies.Actually, visiting West Street is a kind of experience: her thick rustic atmosphere with pure petty bourgeoisie, and the simple folk are embraced surprising international element like authentic Italian coffee and western food, the ancient Chinese painting, the most avant-garde casual fashion, mandarin, English, French, Italian and Spanish...Diet: “Beer Fish”, a famous local specialties in Yangshuo, very particular about the use of materials. The fish is pulled out from the Lijiang River. Delicious smell of beer and fish to ensure that lets your appetites as said “If you do not eat, you would not know its taste, in turn, you will never forget its favor. “Beer fish’s unique flavor to attract a large number of tourists, who gave full of praise after eating. It is recommended ”Peng Dajie beer fish”, “tao house authentic beer fish”.Traffic guidance: It is 65 kilometers from Guilin to Yangshuo, you can go to Guilin bus station to take the bus or luxury direct bus, because the car trip sent to Yangshuo every 15 minutes. Yangshuo County’s network of waterways, highways, in addition to county and from cruise ships, buses, taxi, local transport all can meet the basic needs of tourists. Guilin to Yangshuo can take a cruise. Tourism in Yangshuo, the main means of transport should be the bicycle. Yangshuo County’s area is not large, at the same time, many quite good views almost in the countryside, such as Yulong River. Other points also essentially in Yangshuo County within a radius of 10 km, and bicycle rentals are cheap, environmental protection and that it has become the preferred means of transport in Yangshuo.Yangshuo climate: the average temperature is 25 ℃, the highest temperature is 32 ℃, suitable for spending holidays throughout the year. April to July is the rainy season.Yangshuo West Street Bar：The balcony CaféBar: You can drinking coffee and listening bimonthly waterunder the bridge.Karst Cafe:Pizza and steak are deliciousCafé China:Roast chicken is very delicious, but you should make an appointment in advance, beef and mashed potato pie is also good.西街桂林,是中国山水旅游中的王牌,是一张响亮的名片。
中苏关系交恶缘由及其影响 中国现代史毕业论文
目录中文摘要 (1)英文摘要 (1)一、引言 (1)二、意识形态的分歧…………………………………………… 1-4三、国家利益的冲突……………………………………………… 4-5四、领袖个人因素......................................................... 5-7 参考文献 (7)中苏关系交恶缘由及其影响【摘要】新中国成立后一直与苏联处于“甜蜜期”，是苏联的左膀右臂，更是社会主义阵营的重要力量，但是到了50年代的中后期，两个同盟者的关系由于政治，经济，思想等多方面的原因，关系犹如江河日下，给两个国家甚至整个国际社会产生了重要的影响。
关键词意识形态国家利益中苏关系The cause and the effect of that China and Soviet Union relation worsen【Abstract】Ne w china has been in “sweet period” with Soviet Union since it sets up.It is an important force in the socialist camp. The relationship between the two allies had been worse and worse since the the middle and late 50s because of the political, economic, ideological and other aspects reasons . It causes a significant impact to the two countries and even the entire international communityKeywords: Ideology National interests Sino-Soviet relations一、引言苏联一直被认为是新中国的老大哥。
关于苏联事件的小作文英语
关于苏联事件的小作文英语Title: The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union: A Historical Retrospective。
The Soviet Union, once a formidable superpower that dominated the global stage for much of the 20th century, left an indelible mark on history through its rise, reign, and eventual collapse. This essay delves into the intricate tapestry of events, ideologies, and personalities that shaped the trajectory of the Soviet Union, from its inception to its dissolution.The Birth of a Revolution。
The seeds of the Soviet Union were sown amidst the chaos of the Russian Revolution in 1917. Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, the overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy gave rise to a new era of communist ideology. The Bolsheviks, advocating for the establishment of a socialist state, swiftly consolidated power, establishing the RussianSoviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1917.Consolidation of Power and the Stalin Era。
中苏同盟破裂
1.“楔子战略”出台于1949 年美国的杜鲁门政府执政时期,是从属于美国对苏联的“遏制”政策。
楔子战略的目的分裂中苏关系。
1950年2月14日《, 中苏友好同盟互助条约》签订,从而确立中苏两国新的同盟关系,美国的“楔子战略”在出台之初即遭遇重大挫折。
2.中苏新约签订不久,就爆发了朝鲜战争。
从朝鲜战争爆发到苏共二十大的召开,美国分裂中苏关系的“楔子战略”经历了第一次调整,其战略重点由“拉”转向“压”,其对华政策由“等待”、“观望”转向敌视、遏制、封锁和包围,即实施“以压促变”的战略,以高压政策促使中苏分裂。
原因从1950 年2 月《中苏友好同盟互助条约》签订到1956 年2 月苏共二十大的召开,是中苏关系史上结盟友好、亲密无间的“蜜月”时期中苏新约签订不久,就爆发了朝鲜战争朝鲜战争加强了中国与苏联的关系。
通过对中苏同盟性质和牢固性的分析,美国决策层得出的基本结论是:中苏分裂的可能性仍然存在,但短期内“试图在中国和俄国之间打进一个楔子的尝试看来不可能成功,除非在长远以后”[15 ] (P15) 。
加之美苏冷战和中美两国在朝鲜战场上的武力对抗,美国认为目前对中国采取温和政策是不现实的,对中国应该采取全面遏制的政策。
3.从苏共二十大召开到赫鲁晓夫访美前后,美国的“楔子战略”经历了第二次调整。
这一次战略调整,原因主要有两个:一是朝鲜战争后中美两国的尖锐对立。
美国政府开始把中国也视为除苏联之外的对美国安全的威胁,是“东南亚的西方利益的最大敌人”,而不再简单地视为苏联扩张的代理人[20 ] (P108) 。
二是1956 年苏共二十大的召开及中苏关系的微妙变化。
赫鲁晓夫在苏共二十大上提出了苏联新的外交政策的基本内容是:“和平共处”、“和平竞赛和“和平过渡”。
他在秘密报告中则全面批判了斯大林,指出他执政期间犯有一系列严重错误。
关于苏共二十大和赫鲁晓夫的报告,中共的态度是既“揭了盖子”又“捅了漏子”,中苏两党的意识形态出现重大分歧。
冷战时期中阿关系演变中的苏联因素(1949—1992)
The Soviet Factors in the Process of Sino-
Afghanistan Relations during the Cold War
作者： 张安[1]
作者机构： [1]华中师范大学马克思主义学院、教育部国别和区域研究基地(培育)华中师范大学印度研究中心湖北武汉430079
出版物刊名： 边界与海洋研究
页码： 91-105页
年卷期： 2021年 第4期
主题词： 中阿关系;中国;阿富汗;苏联
摘要：冷战时期,苏联一直是影响中阿关系的最重要因素之一.在中苏友好时期,苏联因素对中阿关系是一把双刃剑.它虽对中阿关系的发展主要起着积极的推动作用,但在一些特定的情况下也存在消极影响.在中苏关系破裂乃至全面对抗的情况下,苏联因素基本上是负面因素,极大地阻碍了中阿关系的发展.苏联入侵阿富汗后,扶植阿富汗傀儡政权,成为中阿关系最大的拦路虎.中国对阿富汗傀儡政权不予承认,中阿官方关系中断.总的来说,中阿关系的演变深刻反映了中苏之间意识形态和国家利益的博弈,它导致了中国对阿政策由"以苏为主"到"与苏争夺"的转变,促使了中阿关系由友好到中断的变化.。
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Brezhnev Doctrine
1968 Brezhnev is Russian leader after Khrushchev Says USSR has the right to intervene in any Communist Country moving away from Soviet Domination/Influence Why should China care?
American Aid
Chinese
Leadership Eventually Recognizes Need for Outside Aid and Knows United States Can Supply It. 1969 Border Conflict with Soviet Pushes This Idea Forward
Stalin and the Nationalists
Chinese Communist Did not Forget that Stalin Played Both Sides DuMade Treaties with the Nationalists and Chiang Kai-Shek
Reason for the Split
Soviets
Do Not Help China Build Atomic Bomb Chinese do not allow Soviets to build radio transmitter for Sub Fleet in Pacific Soviets side with India on Border Disputes with China
Results of Split
1969
Border War between USSR and China Nixon’s Visit to China Better Relations with USA Americans and Soviets can reduce Nuclear Arms and Detente
March 1969
Soviet Respond with Large Force and Full Assault In April the Soviet Leaders Attempt to Make Contact with Chinese Leaders and the Chinese Refuse to Connect the Call April More Sino-Soviet Clashes Along Western Borders More Incidents in May and during the Summer
March 1969
Soviet and Chinese Troops Fight Along Border at the Damansky/Zhenbao Island Soviets Feel War with China is a reality Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia is one reason Chinese become more aggressive.
Reason for the Sino-Soviet Split
Disagreement with Khrushchev’s Peaceful Co-Existence Policy Mao Is Ready to Confront Nuclear War Disagreement with Khrushchev’s Denouncing of Stalin and Stalin’s Style of Leadership Mao’s Personal Dislike of Khrushchev and vice-versa
Reasons for the Sino-Soviet Split
Distrust
After Korean War China Develops Own Brand of Communism Mao Zedong Thought Competition to be Head of the Communist World
Other Background Factors
English was the Second Language of Chinese Elite Russian Influence Isn’t Until the 1920’s Is Not a Strong Bond Between Russian Advisors and Chinese
Results of the Split
Break
of Unity Between Two Biggest Communist Powers. Soviets Withdraw 10,000 experts from China. China has to develop own nuclear weapons. Nuclear in 1964
Reason’s For Sino-Soviet Split
Soviet
Criticism of Great Leap Forward Soviets Feel Mao’s Policies Towards Taiwan Could Trigger War with US and this went against Peaceful Co-existence
The Sino-Soviet Split
Mr. Ornstein Willow Canyon High School IB: History of the Americas
Lack of Contact
Before the Communist Revolutions in China and Russia There Was Little Contact Between the Two Countries