2017年华南理工大学870语言学和英美文学基础知识考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2017年华南理工大学870语言学和英美文学基础知识考研真题及详解

Part One

Fundamentals of Linguistics and Literature

（外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学考生共答部分）

Ⅰ. Define the following terms in your own words(每题必答，共20分)

1. Informative function of language

【答案】Language is used to tell something, to give information, or to reason things out. Declarative sentences serve this function. For instance, the symbol “Road Closed” on a road has such an informative function.

2. Langue

【答案】Langue is proposed by Saussure to distinguish from parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech. Langue is the code, and parole is the message. Parole is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or writing. Langue is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening, writing and reading. It is relatively stable and systematic,

whereas parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. Langue and parole together constitute language.

3. Word stress

【答案】Stress is the intensity or prominence given to a syllable. Pitch and length constitute intensity which seems to determine stress. Stress varies from syllable to syllable. Syllables which are pronounced more forcibly than neighboring syllables are generally said to be stressed, or more accurately, strongly stressed or pronounced with strong stress. In English, stress is a significant factor since it is an essential part of word shape. Words easily become unrecognizable if the “stress”is wrongly placed.

4. Affix

【答案】Affix is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is natural bound. Affixes in a language are limited in number, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word. For example, the word “impossible” has a prefix im- and a root “possible”; the word “kindness” has a suffix -ness and a root “kind”.

5. Recursiveness

【答案】Recursiveness mainly means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded

within (i.e., be dominated by) another constituent having the same category, but it has become an umbrella term, under which may be brought together several important linguistic phenomena such as coordination and subordination, conjoining and embedding, hypotactic and paratactic. All these are means to extend sentences.

6. Enjambed

【答案】(French “striding”, encroaching). In Poetry, enjambment occurs when the syntactic unit does not end with the metrical pattern; the meaning runs over from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation. Lines without enjambment are end-stopped.

7. Conceit

【答案】(Latin “concept”, referring to the fact that these figures are perceptible only to the mind). In modern literary criticism, in particular of genre fiction, conceit frequently means an extended rhetorical device, summed up in a short phrase, which refers to a situation which either does not exist or exists very infrequently but which is necessary to the plot.

8. Flashback

【答案】In literature and dramatic media, flashback means an interjected scene or point that takes the narrative back in time from the current point.