reading and writing a literature review--阅读撰写文献综述
评价的定义、甄别及分析——与谢剑萍博士商榷
评价的定义、甄别及分析——与谢剑萍博士商榷江苏第二师范学院李梦欣"摘要：二语学习者在学术写作时面临的挑战和问题之-就在于评价资源的使用，中国英语学习者的评价能力一直是学界关注和争论的焦点。
谢剑萍老师发表了“Direct or indirect?Critical or uncritical?Evaluation in Chinese English-major MA thesis literature reviews”,试图系统全面地描述中国学习者在学术写作中的评价行为为本文就该文对评评的定义、甄选方法及分析过程进行初步的探讨,希望能进-步厘清相关概念，细化研究方法，以推进二语学术写作的研究"关键词:评评资源;评价立场；学术写作;研究方法Title：On the Definition,Identification and Analysis of“Evaluation"—A Response to Dr.Xie JianpingAbstract:The employment of evaluative resources has been one of the overriding challenging problems encountered by EFL learners in academic writing.Whether Chinese EFL learners are competitive in constructing evaluative stance has long been discussed as a research focus.In response to this controversial issue,Dr.Xie Jianping published“Direct or indirect?Critical or uncritical?Evaluation in Chinese English-major MA thesis literature reviews"in Journal of English for Academic Purposes.I highly appreciate the opportunity to review and respond to Dr.Xie's study.The current paper attempts to revisit the definition of evaluation as well as to explore the procedure of identifying and analy@ng the performance of evaluation by EFL learners, with the hope to provide implications for teaching academic writing in a second作者简介:助教，研究方向：语用学#电子邮箱:kay3O33@#评价的定义、甄别及分析language by clarifying the related concepts and refining the research method within the field.Key Words:evaluative resources；evaluative stance；academic writing；research method1引言评价是学术研究过程中不可或缺的重要环节，是学术写作的有机组成部分(Hyland,2002；Hood,2010),“是学术创新的必由之路”(陈新仁,2017：34)。
学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit-4
Unit 4
Writing a Literature
Review
1 Writing a literature Review
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Unit 4
Writing a Literature
Review
1 Writing a literature Review
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Unit 4
Writing a Literature
Review
1 Writing a literature Review
(某种程度上取决于) the degree of exposure. In small doses, the cell has enough mechanisms to take care of (来对付) misfolded proteins and repair itself. When exposed to a large amount of radiation, the cell’s defenses are overwhelmed. Therefore an increase in cancer in the area where radiation leakage takes place (辐射泄漏发生) often arises from heavy exposure of radiation (由于长时间暴露在辐射下).
Writing aLiterature Review
Narrow the topic
command
terms and functions scholarly journals or peer reviewed only date of publication (generally last 5 years, except for classic studies) Searching is a circular process. Search/Scan articles/Search /Scan
Search
reference
lists from textbooks or articles from class library databases (ask librarians for help) most current references and work backwards theoretical and review articles in addition to empirical research landmark or classic studies
the future.
D. Need more use of sophisticated data analytic techniques. E. Conclusion: Psychology can draw from various subdisciplines for n understanding of donation decisions so intervention strategies can be identifiable. Desperately need to increase the available supply of donor organs.
Writing a Literature Review PPT
What's been done in this topic area to date? What are the significant discoveries, key concepts, arguments, and/or theories that scholars have put forward? Which are the important works?
Asking questions such as the following will help you sift through your sources and organize your literature review.
Remember, the literature review organizes the previous research in the light of what you are planning to do in your own project.
On which particular areas of the topic has previous research concentrated? Have there been developments over time? What methodologies have been used?
Are there improved methodologies for researching this subject?
Lecture 7 Literature Review
Steps in writing a literature review
12
Step 1 – Identify the literature that you will review
➢Once you have landed a potential topic, familiarize yourself with the library search engine. Explore what search engines are available in the library.
2. Guidelines for Student-led Forum + Literature Review 3. Consultation
2
Highlights of Literature Review Assignment
Deadline: 27 March 2017, Week 10, submit hard copy during the class, soft copy on Turnitin. Word limit: 300 ~ 400 words Sources: 3 – 5 sources; Reference List on the last page Basic format: Summarizing + Synthesizing + Addressing Research Gap
➢Find one particular journal article / research paper to read. Pay attention to the References / any keynote scholars who invented the theories. Trace the References and find more literature to read.
Writing a Literature Review
Literature reviewWhat is a literature review?.literatur.revie.i..descriptio.o.th.literatur.relevan.t..particula.fiel.o.topic.Thi.i.ofte.writte.a.par.o..pos mencemen.o..thesis..critica.literatur.revie.i..critica.assessmen.o.t h.relevan.literature.I.i.unlikel.tha.yo.wil.b.abl.t.writ..trul.critica.assessmen.o.th.literatur.unti.yo.hav uall.a.som.poin.nea.th.en.o.you.thesis.Th.review.lik.othe.form.o.expositor.writing.ha.a.introduction.bod.an.conclusion.well-forme.paragr .relevan.literatur.t.suppor.th .discussio.o.you.thesis.i..literatur.review.th.literatur.itsel.i.th.subjec.o.discussion.What counts as 'literature'?‘Literature.cover.everythin.relevan.tha.i.writte.o..topic.books.journa.articles.newspape.articles.hi ernmen.reports.these.an.dissertations.etc.Th.importan.wor.i.'relevant'.Chec.wit. you.superviso.o.tuto.whe.i.doubt.Why do a literature review?.literatur.revie.i.writte.t.highligh.specifi.argument.an.idea.i..fiel.o.study.B.highlightin.thes.argumen ts.th.write.attempt.t.sho.wha.ha.bee.studie.i.th.field.an.als.wher.th.weaknesses.gaps.o.area.needin.f urthe.stud.are.Th.revie.shoul.therefor.als.demonstrat.t.th.reade.wh.th.writer’eful.nece ssary.important.an.valid.A review of the literature has the following functions:•To justify your choice of research question, theoretical or conceptual framework, and method •To establish the importance of the topic•To provide background information needed to understand the study•To show readers you are familiar with significant and/or up-to-date research relevant to the topic•To establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing knowledge in your fieldHow many references to look for?Thi.depend.o.wha.th.literatur.revie.i.for.an.wha.stag.yo.ar.a.i.you.studies.You.superviso.o.tuto.sho ul.specif..minimu.numbe.o.references.Generally speaking, a reasonable number of references in a literature review would be:undergraduat.review.5-2.title.dependin.o.level.Honour.dissertation.20.titles.Masters thesis: 40+ titlesDoctoral thesis: 50+ titles.How to write a literature review1.The literature search2.Noting the bibliographical details3.Finding the literature4.Reading the literatureTak.note.a.yo.rea.th.literature.Yo.ar.readin.t.fin.ou.ho.eac.piec.o.writin.approache.th.subjec.o.you.r esearch.wha.i.ha.t.sa.abou.it.an.(especiall.fo.researc.students.ho.i.relate.t.you.ow.thesis:Is it a general textbook or does it deal with a specific issue(s)?Is it an empirical report, a theoretical study, a sociological or political account, a historical overview, etc? All or some of these?Does it follow a particular school of thought?What is its theoretical basis?What definitions does it use?What is its general methodological approach? What methods are used?What kinds of data does it use to back up its argument?What conclusions does it come to?5.Writin.th.reviewHavin.gathere.th.relevan.detail.abou.th.literature.yo.no.nee.t.writ.th.review.Th.kin.o.revie.yo.write .an.th.amoun.o.detail.wil.depen.o.th.leve.o.you.studies.Note 1: do not confuse a literature review with an annotated bibliography.An annotated bibliography deals with each text in turn, describing and evaluating the text, using one paragraph for each text.I.contrast..literatur.revie.group.relate.work.togethe.an.discusse.trend.an.development.rathe.tha.foc usin.o.on.ite.a..time.I.i.no..summary.rather.i.evaluate.previou.an.curren.researc.i.regar.t.ho.relevan. and/efu.i.i.an.ho.i.relate.t.you.ow.research.A Literature Review is more than an Annotated Bibliography or a summary, because you are organizing and presenting your sources in terms of their overall relationship to your own project.Note 2: think of the review as a funnelTh.revie.mus.b.shape.b..focu.o.ke.area.o.interest.includin.researc.whic.provide..backgroun.t.th.top i.(dependin.o.whethe.i.i.fo.a.Honour.thesi.o.fo..PhD)mo.mistak.i.writin efu.t.thin.o.th. revie.a..funne..star.wid.wit.th.overvie.an.the.quickl.narro.int.discussin.th.researc.tha.relate.t.you.sp ecifi.topic.•Anothe.wa.o.lookin.a.th.process.particularl.i.yo.ar.examinin.severa.topic.(o.variables).i.t.thin. o.yoursel.a..fil.directo.(Rudesta.an.Newton.1992).Yo.ca.thin.o.providin.you.audienc.with.•long shots to provide a solid sense of the background•middle distance shots where the key figures and elements to be examined are brought clearly into view•close-up shots where the precise focus of your work is pinpointedSections of literature reviewLik.al.academi.writing..literatur.revie.i.writte.i.essa.format.I.mus.hav.a.introduction.body.an.concl usion.The introduction should include:1)the nature of the topic under discussion (the topic of your thesis)2)the parameters of the topic (what does it include and exclude)?3)the basis for your selection of the literatureThe conclusion should include:1)A summary of major agreements and disagreements in the literature2).summar.o.genera.conclusion.tha.ar.bein.drawn.3)A summary of where your thesis sits in the literatureThe body paragraphs could include relevant paragraphs on:1)historical background, including classic texts;2)current mainstream versus alternative theoretical or ideological viewpoints, including differing theoretical assumptions, differing political outlooks, and other conflicts;3)possible approaches to the subject (empirical, philosophical, historical, postmodernist, etc);4)definitions in use;5)current research studies;6)current discoveries about the topic;7)principal questions that are being asked;8)general conclusions that are being drawn;9)methodologies and methods in use;Structure of literature reviewmo.way.ar.chronologicall.an.them atically.Chronological.grou.an.discus.you.source.i.orde.o.thei.appearanc.(usuall.publication).highlightin.th.change.i.researc.i.th.fiel.an.you.specifi.topi.ove.time.e.g.metaphor—ho.th.definitio.o.i.change.throug.tim.b.givin.som.example.o.ke.concept.mad.b.scholars.an .i.you.thesis2)Thematic.grou.an.discus.you.source.i.term.o.th.theme.o.topic.the.cover.Thi.metho.i.ofte..stronge.on.organizationally.an.i.ca.hel.yo.resis.th.urg.t.summariz.you.sources.B.groupin.theme.o.topic.o.researc.together.yo.wil.b.abl.t.demonstrat.th.type.o.topic.tha.ar.importan.t.you.research.e.g.stud.o.Feminis.i.Jan.Eyre—commnet.o.Charlott.Brontecomments on Jane Eyrecomments on Feminism※No matter which method you choose, remember:Withi.eac.sectio.o..literatur.review.i.i.importan.t.discus.ho.th.researc.relate.t.othe.studie.(ho.i.i.simila.o.different.wha.othe.studie.hav.bee.done.etc..a.wel.a.t.demonstrat.ho.i.relate.t.you.ow.work.Thi.i .wha.th.revie.i.for.don’.leav.thi.connectio.out.Criteria of good literature reviewA review of the literature should:•Set up a theoretical framework for your research•Show your reader that you have a clear understanding of the key concepts/ideas/studies/ models related to your topic•know about the history of your research area and any related controversies•can discuss these ideas in a context appropriate for your own investigation•can evaluate the work of others•Clarify important definitions/terminology•Develop the research space you will also indicate in the Introduction and Abstract•Narrow the problem; make the study feasibleQuestions you need to ask yourself when you are planning and drafting your Literature Review: •What has been done in your field of research? What principles of selection are you going to use?•How are you going to order your discussion? Chronological, thematic, conceptual, methodological, or a combination? What section headings will you use?•How do the various studies relate to each other? What precise contribution do they make to the field? What are their limitations or are there any gaps? Are there new ways of looking at the topic?•What future directions should research in this subject take?•How does your own research fit into what has already been done? What contribution will your research make to the field?Sample Analysis。
WritingaLiteratureReview
Writing a Literature ReviewWhat is a Literature Review?A literature review is a discussion of information that is already published. The author of a literature review will collect articles and other sources of information on the topic and will then summarize, synthesis, and/or critique the information found.∙ A summary will explain the important information from the source∙ A synthesis will interpret the information and apply it to the author’s topic∙ A critique will evaluate the sources and what they did and did not do wellWhy are Literature Reviews written?Literature reviews provide background knowledge about the topic and allow the author to give evidence as to why the current research is being completed. They are commonly the first piece wri tten before original research is completed or presented. The literature review’s number of sources as well as the detail provided helps give the author more credibility because it shows that he/she is well informed on the topic.They can also be used by readers to gather information on the topic. When researching, looking at published literature reviewscan lead you to sources which you can then find, read, and use in your literature review.However, it is necessary that you find the original sources and read them!Who writes Literature Reviews?Literature reviews are most common in the sciences and social sciences, but are occasionally written in the humanities. They are often a part of a longer work; however, some literature reviews are written as independent pieces.How is it different from a research paper?A research paper must contain a new argument which the author supports with literatureand/or his/her findings from the experiment or study about a topic. A literature review is focused on summarizing, synthesizing, and critiquing literature. The argument made in a literature review is about the sources and how they connect to each other and inform research, not the topic or argument itself.How is it different from an Annotated Bibliography?An annotated bibliography is centered on the sources. It is a list of sources with a short discussion of each source. The sources are listed and discussed independently of one another in an annotated bibliography. A literature review is an organized essay that is centered on ideas drawn from sources. There should be connections and transitions between the sources in a literature review whereas an annotated bibliography does not do this.Getting Started Writing a Literature Review:Find out:∙How many sources you need∙The type of sources you should be using∙If you should summarize, synthesize, and/or critique your sourcesBegin looking for sources:∙Look at other literature reviews. This will help you learn what yours should be like and it might even help you find sources for your own literature review.However, you must find the original sources and read them so that you can create your own ideas about the source.You should not use a source in your literature review if your only knowledge of it comes from another literature review!∙Narrow your topic to one that interests you and is small enough for you to address it completely in your literature review. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able toaddress all the important sources available.∙Consider if the sources are current enough. Old sources will not be as relevant as newer sources in many cases. This does not mean that all older sources are not important.Older sources are useful if you want to examine how the thinking on a topic has changed over the years.Read your sources carefully and focus your ideas:During and after reading sources think about the following questions. By considering them, you will be able to think more deeply about your sources in the literature review.∙Are there connecting themes between sources?∙Do sources provide the same solutions or different?∙Are the authors missing something that you think is important?∙Do the sources show a current trend or debate?Develop a Working Thesis∙Use your focused topic and your response to the questions above to develop your beginning argument.∙The thesis will present a perspective on the research and can even suggest your rationale for your own study. For example, “the research on the effects of increased cell phone use on ad olescents’ development has focused primarily on social skill s, leaving a gap inresearch on how cell phone usage affects their academic progress.”∙This thesis will probably change, but having a working thesis will help keep you focused as you read your sources and write.Organizing your Literature Review:The Basics:∙Introduction – briefly describes the topic and possibly explains why literature on this topic is important to review. You will also include your thesis here.∙Conclusion – Wraps up what you discussed from your sources by discussing what can be taken away from the sources as a whole. You might also makerecommendations for more research. You will also want to build a connectionbetween the literature review and your research.The Body:How the body of your literature review is organized will depend on your focus and topic.Some organizational formats you might consider include:∙Chronological: If you focuson how your topic has changed over time, you will want to talk about your oldest sources first, leading into the most recent sources.You may also find that sources from a range of years have similar ideas; in thiscase you might talk about these articles together and discuss ideas in terms oftrends across the years.This format will help your audience to understand whatchanges have occurred over time and in what order the changes have occurred.∙Thematic: In a thematic organization, when your sources were created has little impact on their relevancy. This means that you are thinking about a theme as awhole instead of the progression of an idea. In a thematically organized literaturereview you might discuss, for example, how your topic has been portrayed in themedia or how your topic has been applied in other areas.∙Methodological: In this format you might discuss the ways in which different sources went about looking at the same or similar topics. Maybe all your sourcesstudied the same thing, but did it differently. Using this organization, you couldtalk about the methods used and their significance.When Writing:∙Use Selective Evidence: Refer to your sources to support the point you are trying to make in your literature review, but pick only the most important key ideas. For example, you might use sources that agree with you to support your argument. You can also usesources that disagree with you by explaining how you feel their argument is lacking orhow your argument looks at something they missed.∙But Use Quotes Carefully: While you use sources to back you up, do not overuse quotations. Only quote when there is no other way to phrase what the original authorwrote. Otherwise, paraphrase or summarize to show that you have really read,understood, and worked with the material in your sources.∙Paraphrase and Summarize Accurately: Make sure that your paraphrases and summaries accurately represent the author’s meaning. Make sure you give credit to them for theirideas as well! If you do not, it is plagiarism.∙Synthesize: You do not want to only state what your sources have said; in addition to summarizing what they said, you want to state the significance of their work and connect it to your own work.∙Keep Your Voice: While much of a literature review is examining the work of others make sure that your writing style remains evident. The literature review should alwaysbe returning to your focus as a writer and what you hope to accomplish.Cite, Cite, Cite:∙It is very important that you give credit to your sources∙It is better to over cite than to under cite∙Make sure you are following the guidelines for your required style of citation (see our handouts on MLA,APA, and Chicago for information on these guidelines)Revise:∙Make sure you give yourself enough time to revise and edit multiple times!∙Make sure you’ve me t the requirements of the assignment∙Make sure your thesis matches what you wrote; chances are you will need to re-write your thesis make it a better match∙Make sure you remove slang and informal language∙Be sure to define or remove words that will be unfamiliar to your reader"Literature Reviews." The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2012.Web. 21 Mar. 2013.。
Writing a Literature Review资料讲解
USING AND CITING SOURCES
In academic writing, show that you are able to take part in a “conversation” with others who have researched and written about the same issues. When you draw on the words and ideas of other people in this academic conversation, to give them credit for what they contributed to your argument, as well as to help others reading your work locate your source material if they would like to learn more.
Writing a Literature Review
Purpose
A literature review is written to highlight specific arguments and ideas in a field of study.
By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field, and also where the weaknesses, gaps, or areas needing further study are.
英语作文——阅读与写作 Reading and writing
Reading and WritingReading and writing are in inseparable. Writing without reading just likes source without water or wood without basis. Only by reading tremendous amount, can we write some brilliant works. Since then, how does reading serve writing?Reading English enriches our vocabularies. V ocabulary is all along the obstruction of our English learning. The limitation of vocabulary makes us able to use only simple and flat words and feel ourselves can’t be expressed. Reading can help us understand and memory words we have learnt better so as to improve our writing competence.Reading English develops our instinctive feel for the language. By reading a lot, we self-consciously form the cognition to English and develop our instinctive feel for the language. It can stimulate the improvement of our listening, speaking, reading and writing.Reading English help us accumulate abundant language materials. People usually start practicing writing based on reading others’ excellent works. We should attentively analyze and try to figure out the language features, wording and phrasing, idiomatic expression and regular collocation in the original and consciously recite and imitate. Persist in this practice, and plenty of beautiful and native expression will be stored. Then we can write with high proficiency.Reading is the foundation of writing, and writing is the sublimation of reading. In other words, reading and writing both benefit when combined while both are hurt when separated. Therefore, we should link them together in English learning and make them promoting and improving corporately.。
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 3 Reviewing Literature
Unit 3 Reviewing LiteratureObjectives:- Learn how to formulate a research problem- learn how to cite other people‟s previous work- Try to be critical and related in your reviewing- Avoid plagiarismContents- Reading and discussion: sample introduction and elements in literature review.- Language focus: tense in citation and citing verbs- Writing practice: information prominent citation, author prominent citation, and weak author prominent citation- Literature reviews related to your research- No plagiarism- Classroom extension: literature review of the social effects of tourism on developing countries1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskA literature review is not just a summary of what you have read. It focuses on a specific topic of interest to you and includes a critical analysis of relationship among different opinions and then relates this review to the work of your own. It may be written as a stand-alone paper or to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research study to become a part of the introduction section, especially in term papers or journal articles. However, in a thesis or dissertation it will be an entire chapter.Read the sample introduction below and think about the following questions:What is the purpose of writing a literature view?What elements does an introduction include?How do we relate other people‟s previous work to our present research?How do we cite other people‟s previous work?1.2 Reading PassageIntroductionThe poor have traditionally t aken the brunt of the blame for causing society‟s many problems including, more recently, environmental degradation. There is a general consensus that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation. For example, in one of the conclusions of the Bruntland Commission Report, which incidentally has been accepted as the blue print for environmental conservation, it was explicitly stated that poverty is a major cause of environmental problems and amelioration of poverty is a necessary and central condition of any effective programs addressing the environment. Following similar lines, Jalal (2010), the Asian Development Bank's chief of the environment department says, "It is generally accepted that environmental degradation, rapid population growth and stagnant production are closely linked with the fast spread of acute poverty in many countries of Asia". The World Bank joined the consensus when in the 2011 World Development Report, the Bank explicitly stated that, “poor families who have to meet short term needs mine the natural capital by excessive cutting of trees for firewood and failure to replace soil nutrients ” (World Bank 2011).However, there has been a rising trend in the economic literature which disputes the conventional theory and argues that simple generalizations of this multi-dimensional problem are erroneous and that a more complex set of variables are in play (Leach and Mearns, 2012). These studies point to demographic, cultural, and institutional factors as important variables in the poverty-environmental degradation nexus. An intricate web of factors plus the existence of feedback loops from environmental degradation to poverty makes the process of identifying causality links,if any, between environmental degradation and poverty a difficult exercise. However, these studies have been few and isolated and it is interesting to note that until recently, there has been very little in-depth coordinated empirical research in the economics of environmental degradation-poverty causality relationships.This brings to the purpose of this study. Both poverty and environmental degradation have been increasing in many developing countries; hence there is a pressing need first to evaluate and analyze the poverty-environmental degradation nexus, and second, to prescribe policy options to mitigate or eradicate these two problems.The primary objective of the paper is to analyze critically the existing literature on the poverty-environmental degradation nexus and try to make "some order out of the chaos" inherent in this complex and difficult subject. For this paper, our analysis is limited to the following four main natural resources which are under serious threat of degradation in many developing countries: i) forests; ii) land; iii) water; and iv) air. Biodiversity is excluded at this point because the preliminary literature search found only scattered and inconclusive information. However, it should not be inferred that biodiversity is less important than the four resources chosen; indeed it is an area which needs particular attention in the future.Once the natural resource sectors have been identified, a cause, impact and feedback analysis is carried out. In this manner, we hope first to identify the main agents and the degree of their contribution towards the destruction of the environment and second, the incentives or motivating factors encouraging their unsustainable activities. The impact and feedback analysis should highlight the main impacts arising from the degradation activities and the socio-economic effect these impacts have across the various income groups in the economy.1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 List different opinions on poverty and environmental degradationnguage Focus2.1Tense in citationPresent tense - Authors mostly use the present tense verbs to show their opinion on another person's research, relate what other authors say or discuss the literature, theoretical concepts, methods, etc. However, the simple past and present perfect are also possible verb forms in this case. Look at these examples in the present tense: ∙Nelson (1995) remarks∙Jones (2005) stresses∙Morison (2000) advocates∙Zhang (2007) claims∙Zhambhi (2008) arguesPast tense- When you use the past tense, the reporting verb often occurs as an integral citation. In other words, citations with past tense verbs and named researchers as subject seem to have the discourse role of providing particulars for recounting events, results found or a preceding generalization or the basis for a claim, etc. In the example below, the citation reports the results of a single study.Carlson and Benton (2007) found that as they increased the participants‟stress levels, the results of their performance deteriorated.Common verbs in the past tense are: investigated, studied, compared, analyzed, found, and examined.Present perfect - The present perfect tense can be used to state that the research results are recent, expressing what has been found over an extended period in the past and up to the present to highlight the direct relevance of previous studies to the writer's own research. Look at the following example:Although the results of pervious studies showed that further research was warranted in this area, recent studies have demonstrated that educational methodology is now moving in a new direction (Jones, 2007; Karstal, 2008).2.1.1 Check the sample introduction and complete the following table.2.2Citing verbsIt is important that you learn how to cite information in a correct way. There are certain conventions to follow when citing someone‟s work. Words like “say”,“tell”, and “ask” are normally used in oral conversation s but are not appropriate in formal academic writing. The following table illustrates some appropriate words to use for reporting the work of others.Verbs for sayingJalal (1993) claimsbelievesthinksassumesindicatesnotesremarksstatesshowspoints outthat …More V erbs for sayingJalal‟s (1993) study suggestsconsidershypothesizesconcludescommentsemphasizesillustratesproposesestablishesmaintainsthat…Verbs responding to others’opinionsThe analysis of the Jalal‟s report acceptsadmitsagreesdoubtsthat …deniesarguescomments Verbs for saying a second timeJalal (1993) further/additionally assertsexplainsconfirmsmaintainsadvocatesthat …Poor patterns show that the writer has a mere grasp of the literature:Jalal (1993) says that …The Asian Development Bank (1992) states that … Leach and Mearns (1995) argue that …Better sample shows some critical thinking and sentence variety:Jalal (1993) reports that his study of …shows …The findings are supported by the Asian Development Bank (1992) replication of … Although both these studies focus on …. They have ignored … According to Leach and Mearns (1995), …2.2.2 Read three extracts on the issue of poverty and crime. Use the verbs above to cite opinions on poverty and crime.3. Writing Practice3.1 Using referencesUse citation to develop your own argument.Below are examples of parts of paragraphs using three different citation methods (The references cited have been invented for demonstration purposes only). Thesemethods can be called information prominent, where the focus of the sentence is only on the information being presented; author prominent, where the name of the author of the information is given prominence in the sentence; and weak author prominent, where the ideas of author(s) are given prominence, but authors‟names do not appear in the main part of the sentence. Observe how the different methods contribute to the way in which the writer‟s argument is developed.Information prominent citationShrinking markets are also evident in other areas. The wool industry is experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of high-quality synthetic fibers (Smith, 2000).This is the default style in many areas of science. However, there are two other options, which should also be part of a writer‟s repertoire, for use when appropriate. Author prominent citationShrinking markets are also evident in other areas. Smith (2000) argued that the wool industry was experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of high-quality synthetic fibers. However, Jones et al. (2004) found that industry difficulties were more related to quality of supply than to demand issues. It is clear that considerable disagreement exists about the underlying sources of these problems.Weak author prominent citationShrinking markets are also evident in other areas. As Smith (2000) pointed out, the wool industry is experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of high-quality synthetic fibers.3.1.1 The following is a chart describing people living on less than 1.25 dollars.Look at the following chart and practice citing these figures by using three different types of citation.Figure: Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (% of population)Created By Swati Revankar from World Bank, 2012 Information prominent citationAuthor prominent citationWeak author prominent citation3.2 Relating literature to your researchIt is easy to write a bad literature review and difficult to write a good one. The main mistake that a lot of people make is to write a literature review that looks like this:LITERATURE REVIEWUntil recently many researchers have shown interest in the field of coastal erosion and the resulting beach profiles. They have carried out numerous laboratory experiments and field observations to illuminate the darkness of this field. Their findings and suggestions are reviewed here.JACHOWSKI (2008) developed a model investigation conducted on the interlocking precast concrete block seawall. After a result of a survey of damages caused by the severe storm at the coast of USA, a new and specially shaped concrete block was developed for use in shore protection. This block was designed to be used in a revetment type seawall that would be both durable and economical as well as reduce wave run-up and overtopping, and scour at its base or toe. It was proved that effective shore protection could be designed utilizing these units.HOM-MA and HORIKAWA (2008) studied waves forces acting on the seawall which was located inside the surf zone. On the basis of the experimental results conducted to measure waves forces against a vertical wall, the authors proposed an empirical formula of wave pressure distribution on a seawall. The computed results obtained by using the above formula were compared well with the field data of wave pressure on a vertical wall.SELEZOV and ZHELEZNYAK (2009) conducted experiments on scour of sea bottom in front of harbor seawalls, on the basis of the theoretical investigation of solitary wave interaction with a vertical wall using Boussinesque type equation. It showed that the numerical results were in reasonable agreement with laboratory experimental data.3.2.1 Consider again the purposes of writing a literature review. See if you can answer the following questions about the literature review above:1. What questions does this literature review answer?2. What questions doesn't it answer?3. Which method has the writer used to organize the literature review?4. Is it a good literature review? Why?3.3 Avoiding plagiarism3.2.1 Below are two versions of the same information, adapted from the Introduction by McNeill et al. (2007). Decide which version has the problem of plagiarism and identify where the writer has plagiarizedVersion 1:Russell and Fillery (2006), using a stem-feeding technique, have shown that in situ 15N-labelling of lupin plants growing in soil cores enabled total belowground N to be estimated under relatively undisturbed conditions, but they indicated that the technique was not adaptable to all plants, particularly pasture species.Version 2:Russell and Fillery (2006), using a stem-feeding technique, have shown that in situ 15N-labelling of lupin plants growing in soil cores enabled total belowground N to be estimated under relatively undisturbed conditions. However, this technique is not adaptable to all plants, particularly pasture species.4. Writing ProjectWrite a literature review for your research by the following steps:1. Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?2. Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored3. Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic4. Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature5. Relate the review to your research topicYou are preparing to write an essay ent itled “The social effects of tourism on developing countries”. Read the following abstract and then try to write a literature review relating to the topic according to the above mentioned steps:AbstractTourism is the fastest growing industry internationally. Popular areas of study are the economic, environmental and sociocultural impacts of tourism in developing countries. Very few studies have been conducted on the impact of tourism on the hosts‟ health status. Nowadays, the emergence of new infectious diseases or there-emergence of diseases are causing concern and travel is a major contributor to their spread. The objectives of this study were: to review literature related to the topic as a background for future research; to explore if findings from a field trip to Easter Island/Chile and Peru support the hypotheses derived from the analysis of publications; to recommend a range of research topics based on the outcome of this study; and to propose elements of a framework for the assessment of health impacts of tourism. The findings suggest that there are considerable gaps in the current knowledge on tourism‟s health impacts. Potential indirect and direct health impacts have been identified. Workplace health and safety concerns in relation to local tourism employees have been raised. A wide range of research topics has been suggested based on these findings. Finally, elements of a possible framework for understanding tourism‟s health impacts and their interrelationships have been identified.Sources from: Irmgard Bauer, THE JOURNAL OF TOURISM STUDIES Vol. 10, No. 1, MAY …99 115. Final ChecklistHere is a final checklist for writing Introduction (including literature review). Use it to check what you have written in the previous task.。
学术英语(教师资料)_Unit4
Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review
2 Writing a self-contained
literature review
• There are two types of literature reviews. One is an independent, self-contained report, and the other is a part of an academic essay. A self-contained literature review reports the past research activities on the topic being investigated, especially their studies and findings. To some extent the literature review itself is an essay. Hence it should be written in detail, including the methods apart from findings and conclusions. The steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the followings: • 1) write a summary of each article you have gathered for your literature review; • 2) combine the summaries logically, by using connective phrases or sentences; • 3) write an introductory paragraph, including the definition of the topic and its background information; • 4) make your comments, if necessary, on the past studies.
英语硕士论文LiteratureReview范文.doc
英语硕士论文Literature Review范文----文献综述论文-->正如上面提到的，短期事件研究可以在实证检验的有效市场假说被应用。
在另一方面，使用长地平线（1-5年收购后的）数据事件的研究可以应用到评估并购对企业的长期股市表现一个事件的影响。
这密切关系到著名的“合并后的绩差谜”在阿格拉瓦尔及谢斐（2000 ）提出的。
在这篇文章中，他们记录了各种的研究人员对在股市收购公司的长远表现不佳的结论。
不过，本节着重在研究长远的性能使用不同的经验方法。
Literature Revieentioned above, short-run event study can be applied in the empirical test for EMH. On the other hand, event studies using long horizon (1-5 years post acquisition) data can be applied to evaluate the effect of M A event on long-term stock market performance of firms. This closely relates to the famous “post-merger underperformance puzzle”proposed in Agrap; Jaffe (2000). In that article, they documented the conclusions made by various researchers on the long-run underperformance of acquiring firms in the stock market. Hopirical methods used by various authors in examining the long-run performance. The first difficulty encountered in long-run event studies is the calculation of expected returns. Different choices of benchmark models could lead to exactly opposite conclusions, since small measurement errors accumulate in the long-run (Kothari and itchell and Stafford(2000) also shoes higher than the appropriate t-statistics. Fama (1998) advocates the use of calendar time portfolio in correcting for cross-sectional correlation problem. On the other hand, Barber and Lyon (1997) proves that the use of reference portfolio or asset pricing model in calculation of abnormal returns suffers three types of biases in long-run study. The proposed solution is to match sample firms to non-sample parable firms of similar market capitalization and market-to-book ratios. The usefulness of another benchmark model -- the Fama- French three-factor model –seems to be less efficient than the previous tethods (Barber and Lyon 1997, Brav 2000).Another difficulty arises from houlate abnormal returns over time. It is mon to use cumulated abnormal returns (CAR) for short-run study, but Barber and Lyon (1997) argues that this measure is conceptually flaeasure ore sensible based on conceptual grounds is the buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR) etric sums of abnormal returns rather than arithmetic sums as in CAR. Ho simulation shoal returns more often. To correct f-->or such bias, Lyon, Barber and Tsai (1999) proposes the bootstrappedskepirical study in the current paper is focused on short-run period around the event date. Tine the significance of abnormal returns. The first one is to test ent of M A on share performance is significant or not, ation content of MA announcement. This is done by testing for the significance of abnormal returns on single days. The second one is to test for the significance of the event over a short period. This closely relates to the leakage of information ahead of such events and the question of hoarket responds to such events. This is done by testing for the significance of cumulative abnormal returns for a short interval. Since ance of all the sample panies, the individual abnormal return during the event period is averaged across 91 firms, as ulative abnormal return.Define t as the day measured in event time. The date that each acquiring firm announces its merger/acquisition corresponds to t = 0. For each firm, closing share price and contemporaneous FTSE All share index data from t = -100 (100 trading days before the firm’s merger announcement) until t = +5 (5 days after the announcement) are collected. Let and denote the simple daily return for security i and market index at day t, respectively. In the current paper, the estimation period runs from t = -100 to t = -10, and the event period runs from t = -5 to t = +5.The first step is to measure abnormal return, denoted by , for firm i at day t in the event period. Ordinary least squares (OLS) is applied to estimate the market model for firm i, that is, OLS is used to estimate alpha () and beta () parameters for each firm using daily returns from the estimation period, and the abnormal return for each day in the event period is calculated using the folloal return is often affected by firm-specific characteristics, the abnormal returns from equation (1) are averaged for analysis based on the ple of firms. For a given day t in the event period, let denote the average daily abnormal return over all the sample firms, and denote the cumulative average daily abnormal return from the first day in event period (-5) till day t. Similarly, the cumulative daily abnormal return for a specific firm i, denoted by , can be defined. Therefore,Folloal return is then normalized by the sample standard deviation for the daily return--> of corresponding security, denoted by , to yield a standardized abnormal return, (See also Serra 2002):Averaging it over all sample firms, the average standardized abnormal return for day t, denoted by , can be calculated. The test statistic for a given day in the event period (-5 through +5) is as follople size of firms, the central limit theorem that under the independent and identically distributed condition, the statistic in equation (6) should be standard normally distributed asymptotically. The null hypothesis for the first testis that the average standardized abnormal return for day t is 0, i.e. =0. The hypothesis test can also be constructed concerning a period of time. Let , (-530). The null hypothesis for the second test is that the cumulative average abnormal return during the period [,] is 0, i.e. =0.。
高中英语人教版必修4《Reading and writing》课件
通过英文原版短篇小说阅读提升高中生英语学科思维
Read and Write PeriodicalJanuary 20212021年1月第18卷第01期Vol.18No.01读与写杂志通过英文原版短篇小说阅读提升高中生英语学科思维高丹丹（广东省深圳市光明区高级中学广东深圳518000）摘要：经典英文原版小说大多是经过历史的洗礼和考验依然经得起推敲、品味的文学作品。
在小说中蕴含着地道的语言知识、特定的历史背景和丰富的文化知识，会对学生产生深刻的影响。
英语学习的最终目的是学以致用，英语学科的核心素养包括语言能力、思维品质、文化品格和学习能力，这些目标的实现恰恰可以通过经典短篇小说的学习而达到。
通过阅读原版的短篇小说，学生可以激发阅读兴趣、了解英美国家特定时期的历史背景、增长词汇量。
通过探索小说中人物的各项关系、事件的起因经过等提高英语学习思维。
本文侧重于探究英文原版短篇小说阅读的作用，以及提升高中生英语学科思维的策略，以供教师参考。
关键词：英文短篇小说；高中英语；英语学科思维中图分类号：G633.41文献标识码：B文章编号：1672-1578（2021)01-0074-01学习英语是一件非常枯燥的事情，学习新语言需要不断的探究，才能达到熟练地运用效果。
为让学生不断地学习，教师通过布置阅读英文原版小说的任务，让学生自行增强学习兴趣和形成探究意识，有利于学生增强阅读能力，给学生更多实际探究的空间，提升其英语学科思维。
1英文原版短篇小说阅读在英语学科中的作用1.1增加词汇量在阅读原版英文原版短篇小时，学生会遇到一些自己看不懂的单词和翻译不来的英语句子，但是单词和句子都可以通过教师的讲解获得解释，也可以自行查询词典进行翻译，在整个翻译求知的过程中，对学生是一种学习。
由于原版小说与教材内容不同，在词汇量的范围上有较大区别，因此，学生直接阅读原版英文小说，在过程中能够增长词汇量，并且学习到一些以前不懂的句型。
1.2激发学生的阅读兴趣经典小说的人物形象性格饱满、情节生动优美、思想丰富，字里行间蕴藏着特定时代的语言文字、社会现象、思想观念和风俗文化，经过时间的沉淀，这些小说在文学界都有着良好的口碑，本身具有强大的权威性，这使得学生充满好奇和尊敬之心想去阅读他们。
reading and writing in higher education
reading and writing in higher educationReading and writing are two of the most importantskills for success in higher education. They are fundamental elements of a successful college career, and it is essential for students to develop strong reading and writing skills in order to succeed.The ability to read critically and communicate effectively through writing is essential for college students. In order to develop these skills, students need to be engaged in a variety of reading and writing activities. Reading and writing can range from traditional print sources such as textbooks and journal articles, to sources found online, such as blogs and websites.In the classroom, professors often assign reading and writing tasks to their students. These tasks may include essay assignments, book reviews, research papers, and other forms of written work. Reading assignments may include assigned texts, book reviews, case studies, literature reviews, and more. Engaging with these assigned readings and written work can help students develop their reading and writing skills.In addition to coursework, students should make time to read and write outside of the classroom. Reading can be done for leisure, or to find information for an upcoming project. Writing can be done for creative outlets such as blogging or creative writing, or as part of a research project. These activities can further develop reading and writing skills.Reading and writing are vital skills for success in higher education. Developing strong reading and writing skills will have a positive impact on academic performance, and will help students become successful in their studies.。
读文学书的英文作文怎么写
读文学书的英文作文怎么写下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Reading literature is a great way to escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. It allows us to immerse ourselves in different worlds, experience the lives of diverse characters, and explore the depths of human emotions.When I pick up a literary book, I feel like I am embarking on a new adventure. The words on the page transport me to places I have never been and introduce me to people I have never met. I can feel the excitement and anticipation building as I delve into the first few pages.The beauty of literature lies in its ability to evoke strong emotions within us. Whether it's joy, sorrow, anger, or love, a well-written story has the power to make us feel deeply and empathize with the characters' experiences. This emotional connection is what keeps me coming back for more.One of the things I love most about reading literatureis the opportunity to gain new perspectives. Through the eyes of different characters, I can see the world in a whole new light. It challenges my preconceived notions and opens my mind to new ideas and ways of thinking.The language used in literary books is often rich and poetic, drawing me in with its vivid imagery and lyrical prose. I find myself savoring every word, allowing the beauty of the language to wash over me and transport me to a different realm.In conclusion, reading literature is a deeply enriching experience that allows us to escape, empathize, gain new perspectives, and appreciate the beauty of language. It is a journey of the mind and heart that I will continue to cherish for years to come.。
读文学书的英文作文怎么写
读文学书的英文作文怎么写英文：When it comes to writing an English essay about reading literature, there are a few key things to keep in mind. First and foremost, it's important to choose a specific piece of literature to focus on. This could be a novel, a short story, a poem, or even a play. Once you've chosen your piece of literature, it's important to read it thoroughly and take notes on the key themes, characters, and literary devices used by the author.After reading the literature, it's important to think about what you want to say in your essay. Do you want to analyze the themes and motifs present in the work? Do you want to discuss the characters and their development throughout the story? Or do you want to focus on theauthor's use of language and literary devices? Whatever you choose, it's important to have a clear thesis statementthat outlines the main argument of your essay.In addition to analyzing the literature itself, it's also important to consider the historical and cultural context in which the work was written. How does the time period and the author's background influence the themes and ideas present in the literature? By considering these factors, you can add depth and complexity to your analysis.Finally, it's important to support your arguments with evidence from the text. This could include direct quotes, examples of literary devices, or references to specific scenes or passages. By providing evidence from the text, you can strengthen your arguments and demonstrate a deep understanding of the literature.中文：写一篇关于阅读文学书籍的英语作文时，首先要选择一部具体的文学作品来进行分析。
阅读短文.并按照题目要求用英语回...
阅读短⽂，并按照题⽬要求⽤英语回答问题。
I’m a 34-year-old man, married, lived in a nice house, and have a successful career as an educational consultant. But my life was not always so great. I had a learning disability from an early age. I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help. Still, I suffered the rest of my school days in public schools.My life improved remarkably when I discovered art. The art world gave me a chance to express myself without words. I went to a workshop and gradually got good at making things with clay(黏⼟). Here I learned my first important lesson: disabled as I was in language, I could still be smart and well express myself with clay. And my confidence came along.I got my next lesson from rock climbing. It was a fun thing but I was scared from the start. I soon noticed it wasn’t a talent thing; it was practice. So I did it more. After about five years of climbing, I found myself in Yosemite Valley on a big wall. I learned that if you fall in love with something and do it all the time, you will get better at it.Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write. Every day I practicedreading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. After two hard years, I was literate.Having gone through the long process with art, rock climbing, and reading and writing, now I’ve got to a point in my life whereI know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown, hard, but interesting.1.What made the author’s school days difficult? (No more than 5 words)2.Why did art give the author confidence? (No more than 10 words)3.What lesson did the author learn from rock climbing? (No more than 15 words)4.What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4? (No more than 5 words)5.How does the author’s story inspire you to overcome difficulties in life? Put it in your own words. (No more than 20 words)。
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• Bring you what is new. • Major journals in the field of applied linguistics:
Applied Psycholinguistics Applied Linguistics Annual Review of Applied Linguistics English Teaching Forum TESOL Quarterly …
details of some specific studies on which the design of your study is based.
A medium shot: give a description of empirical studies
on the topic in general.
For a thorough and extensive literature review, the sources of literature should not be confined to the field of applied linguistics.
• Various kinds of sources:
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Textbooks:
• strength: 1 provide a good introductory survey and explain concepts more systematically. 2 give you the background weakness: references not recent ones
Sources of literature
• Materials for the literature:
1. within the field of applied linguistics 2. in the related fields
( sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, education…)
too broaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ: be overwhelmed by too much reading too narrow: may overlook studies which contain certain important relevant information “long shots” “medium shots” “close-ups”
4. An edited collection of papers: • pool together the expertise of many people to shed on
the central topic or topics.
Procedures for reviewing the literature
Journals
• Journals (or periodicals) contain a collection of papers which are published regularly. • Different journals target at different readers:
researchers, practitioners
• Offer readers a large number of references on a variety of topics: presented according to an
author’s name and subject.
Name of index Language Teaching
Example
How is L1 involved in the process of L2 composing? Long shots: Theoretical claims on the use of L1 in L2
learning;
Medium shots: Empirical studies on the same issue; Close-ups: Empirical studies confined to L2 writing with
references constructed by the researcher for the preparation of reviewing the literature.
Two purposes:
Used as a blueprint to guide your review of the literature. Taken as a resource bank from which you construct the section of references for your thesis in the end.
Resources in Education
Monthly
Current Index to Monthly Journals in Education
Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press
Unpublished papers
• Conference papers or manuscripts circulated among colleagues for discussion. • Sources for: ongoing or completed work. • Easily contact the author: names of presenters & their mailing addresses. • Provide up-to-date references.
Chapter 4 ---- Reading & writing a literature review
Overview
• • • • • Sources of literature Procedures for reviewing the literature Deciding the scope Summarizing the information Summary
•When to read; •why to read
Summarize the information
•Synopsis; •comments
Constructing a working bibliography
•
•
1.
2.
A working bibliography: is a tentative list of
•
2. Encyclopedias & dictionaries of linguistics:
• good for the definitions of key concepts and the origins of the research.
David Crystal: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language Jack Richards, Platt & Platt’s Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics ……
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office References to articles, abstracts of reports, conference papers, other studies References to articles related to education appearing in about 780 journals
Construct a working bibliography •A manual search; •A computer search
Determine the scope of reading
•Long shots;
•Medium shots; •close-ups
Decide what is for detailed reading
Books
• 4 kinds of books as a source for locating references: Textbooks Encyclopedias & dictionaries of linguistics Research monographs An edited collection of papers
3. Research monographs:
• give a single author’s (or joint authors’) theory or viewpoint about a topic • quite important for the development of the field.
enormous time winnowing out irrelevant literature.
Deciding the scope of reading
• Draw a boundary for reviewing: what should be
included in the review and what should not.
• A manual search: locate the materials physically without the help of computers. • Snow-balling method: start with a few references each of which can generate a few more. • Weed out irrelevant references, read the abstracts only, decide whether they are related to your topic or not.