降雨与植被变化对川中丘陵区典型小流域侵蚀产沙的影响

第17卷　第4期2019年8月
中国水土保持科学
Science of Soil and Water Conservation
Vol.17　No.4Aug.2019
降雨与植被变化对川中丘陵区典型小流域侵蚀产沙的影响
付　滟1,郑江坤1†,任雨之1,王文武1,曾倩婷1,向明辉2,陈　鑫2,张云奇1,赵　鹏1
(1.四川农业大学林学院,水土保持与荒漠化防治四川省高校重点实验室,611130,成都;
2.遂宁水土保持试验站,629006,四川遂宁)
摘要:为了解年和次降雨尺度下植被变化对解家湾小流域侵蚀产沙的影响,运用RUSLE 模型计算小流域降雨侵蚀力,采用双累积曲线法和分离判别法分析侵蚀产沙变化的成因㊂根据植被调整和双累积曲线变化,分为农作物种植期(1986 1989)㊁经果林种植期(1990 2008)和搁荒期(2009 2016);以农作物种植期为基准期,经果林种植期侵蚀产沙量减少了80.24%,其中植被和降雨的贡献率分别为78%和22%,经果林使冠层覆盖增加,根系固土能力增强,并且梯田梗坎可减少产沙㊂以经果林种植期为基准期,搁荒期侵蚀产沙量增加79.52%,其中植被和降雨的贡献率分别为88%和12%,搁荒期引起的排水不畅会导致梯田梗坎大量溃坏,增加产沙量㊂流域产沙与植被覆盖大小和梯田埂坎是否完善有直接关系㊂植被覆盖在一定的降雨侵蚀力区间内减沙作用明显,但超过临界值时,植被减沙作用变弱㊂增加乔灌层㊁布设水土保持工程并进行有效田间管护可明显减少侵蚀产沙㊂关键词:梯田工程;植被变化;双累积曲线;输沙模数;川中丘陵区中图分类号:S157.1
文献标志码:A
文章编号:2096⁃2673(2019)04⁃0067⁃08
DOI :10.16843/j.sswc.2019.04.009
收稿日期:20180903　修回日期:20181023
项目名称:水利部公益性行业科研专项 水土保持生态效应监测与评价技术研究”(201501045);中国博士后科学基金面上项
目 四川紫色土土壤有机碳流失机理及对碳储量的影响”(2012M511938);国家自然科学基金 华北土石山区典型林分坡地径流形成机制研究”(41601028), 近50a 沂蒙山区大型水库泥沙来源及其对流域环境演变的响应”
(41671277)
第一作者简介:付滟(1997 ),女,本科生㊂主要研究方向:土壤侵蚀与水土保持㊂E⁃mail:1016521383@
†通信作者简介:郑江坤(1982 ),男,博士,副教授㊂主要研究方向:生态水文和水土保持㊂E⁃mail:jiangkunzheng@
Effects of rainfall and vegetation change on soil erosion and sediment yield
in typical small watershed in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin
FU Yan 1,ZHENG Jiangkun 1,REN Yuzhi 1,WANG Wenwu 1,ZEN Qianting 1,XIANG Minghui 2,
CHENG Xin 2,ZHANG Yunqi 1,ZHAO Peng 1
(1.Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation &Desertification Combating of Sichuan Provincial Colleges and Universities,College of Forestry,Sichuan Agricultural University,611130,Chengdu,China;
2.Water and Soil Conservation Experiment Station of Suining City,629006,Suining,Sichuan,China)Abstract :[Background ]It is found that vegetation plays an important role in soil and water conservation.This paper is to understand the effect of vegetation change on soil erosion and sediment
yield in Xiejiawan watershed,a small watershed in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin,under annual and individual rainfall scales.[Methods ]Based on the data of rainfall and sediment yield of Xiejiawan watershed over 30years,RUSLE model was used to calculate the rainfall erosivity of the small bined Land⁃Use and Land⁃Cover Change (LUCC)with soil and water conservation engineering adjustment,the causes of soil erosion and sediment yield were quantitatively evaluated by the double
中国水土保持科学2019年cumulative curve method and the separation discriminant method during different periods in the small watershed.[Results]1)During1986-2016,rainfall and erosive rainfall in Xiejiawan watershed occurred mainly in June,July and August which accounted for80%of that in all the year.Therefore,soil and water conservation projects should be strengthened in summer.2)Interannual variability of rainfall and erosive rainfall were not obvious during1986-2016,meanwhile,annual mean sediment modulus during1990-2008was obviously less than the values during1986-1989and2009-2016.Soil erosion and sediment yield decreased dramatically when LUCC changed from farmland to orchard.The soil and water conservation engineering measures were destroyed seriously when the forest land was abandoned, resulting in the amount of soil erosion increased at initial stage of abandoned period and decreased gradually after the restoration of understory herbs at later stage of abandoned period.According to LUCC and the trend of double cumulative curve,the time period was divided into crop period(1986-1989), orchard period(1990-2008)and abandoned period(2009-2016).3)Taking crop period as the base period,the contribution rates of vegetation and rainfall on sediment reduction were78%and22%, respectively when crop was transformed into orchard,which indicated that planting orchard effectively reduced the sediment transport modulus in the small watershed.This was mainly due to the increase of canopy coverage enhanced soil consolidation capacity of roots,and the strengthened repair and management of terrace ridges.4)Taking orchard period as the base period,the contribution rates of vegetation change and rainfall on sediment increase were88%and12%,respectively in abandoned period.As the results of lacking land management and drainage,terrace ridges were damaged a lot, which increased sediment yield.Furthermore,sediment yield was positively correlated with rainfall during crop period.Sediment yield was directly related to vegetation coverage and the improvement of terrace ridge measures during orchard period and abandoned period.The sediment reduction effect of vegetation coverage was obvious in a certain range of rainfall erosivity.When the vegetation coverage exceeded the critical value,the sediment reduction effect of vegetation became weaker.[Conclusions]When other conditions remain unchanged,soil erosion and sediment yield is reduced significantly by increasing surface coverage.It plays an important guiding role in soil and water conservation in purple soil watershed by increasing tree and shrub layer,laying soil and water conservation projects,and effective field management.
Keywords:terrace project;vegetation change;double cumulative curve;sediment transport modulus; hilly area of central Sichuan basin
土壤侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,还加剧地下水污染和湖泊等水体的富营养化㊂影响土壤侵蚀的因素包括降雨㊁地形地貌㊁土壤㊁植被覆盖等[1],对同一流域而言,其地形地貌和土壤性质是长期地质作用的产物,短期内变化较小,因而降雨和植被覆盖成为影响土壤侵蚀的关键[2]㊂降雨因素中,降雨量[34]㊁降雨历时[4]和降雨强度[45]都是流域产沙的主控因子㊂森林植被具有多层截持作用,减流减沙效果明显,具有较强的涵养水源和保持水土功能[6],增加和恢复地表植被,可降低土壤的侵蚀速率[78]㊂
尽管许多学者已在年尺度[6]和次降雨[910]尺度下研究小流域侵蚀产沙特征,但川中丘陵区年尺度和次降雨尺度下的土壤侵蚀规律研究较少㊂笔者通过分析小流域年尺度和次降雨尺度的产沙规律及其成因,可为该区土壤侵蚀防控提供一定参考㊂
1　研究区概况
解家湾小流域位于嘉陵江中下游重点治理区的四川省遂宁市安居区㊂流域集雨面积6.89hm2,平均纵比降29.2‰,海拔最低280m,最高331.6m,属典型盆中丘陵地貌㊂土壤为侏罗系遂宁组岩层发育而成的紫色土,土壤松散,抗冲刷和抗蚀能力均弱㊂主要农作物为玉米(Zea mays)㊁番薯(Ipomoea bata⁃tas)㊁普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)㊁蚕豆(Vicia fa⁃ba),主要经果林为柑橘(Citrus reticulata)㊁桃
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　第4期付滟等:降雨与植被变化对川中丘陵区典型小流域侵蚀产沙的影响
(Amygdalus persica)㊁桑(Morus alba)㊂该区属亚热带湿润季风气候区,气候温和,年均降水量(1986 2016年)为932.7mm㊂小流域建场时,流域内水土流失面积达4.6hm2,旱耕地3.52hm2;坡耕地2.77 hm2,其中大于10°坡耕地1.69hm2;荒坡2.84hm2㊂植被覆盖率随农作物生长期逐渐变化㊂1990 2008年改农耕地为经果林,因大量劳动力进城务工,2009年至今搁荒㊂川中丘陵区主要以坡耕地为主,早期主要种植农作物,但由于种植经果林劳动力投入较低且经济效益较高,部分农作物用地改为经济林用地㊂随着城市现代化的进程,大量劳动力进城务工,坡耕地大面积搁荒㊂因此,研究农耕地㊁经果林及搁荒的水土流失变化具有典型性和代表性㊂
2　材料与方法
降雨数据来源于遂宁水土保持试验站的气候观测场㊂降雨中,能够引发土壤侵蚀,产沙明显的降雨为侵蚀性降雨㊂产沙数据来源于小流域综合治理效益观测场㊂通过流域的总控制出口断面处修建的标准巴塞尔槽量水堰和标准水尺观测洪水位,在径流过程中,按照降雨强度和径流变化情况分时段采集泥沙水样,用烘干法求含沙量,计算输沙模数㊂因缺乏次降雨数据,未分析2001㊁2004㊁2005㊁2008㊁2011和2012年次降雨侵蚀产沙规律㊂
2.1　降雨侵蚀力的计算
目前,RUSLE模型是应用最广泛的土壤侵蚀模型之一㊂降雨侵蚀力(R)是用于表示降雨侵蚀能力大小的指标㊂1958年Wischmeier等[11]首次提出当其他因子保持不变时,降雨动能E和次降雨最大30 min降雨强度I30的乘积EI30作为降雨侵蚀力指标㊂降雨侵蚀力计算有不同算法[1112],根据川中丘陵区的侵蚀规律及降雨特点,采用以下公式计算降雨侵蚀力[12]:
R=EI30㊂(1)式中:R为降雨侵蚀力因子,MJ㊃mm/(hm2㊃h㊃a);E 为次降雨总动能,MJ㊃h/a;I30为次降雨最大30min 降雨强度,mm/h㊂
次降雨总动能可通过下式计算:
E=eΔV㊂(2)式中:e为单位降雨动能,MJ㊃h/(a㊃mm);ΔV为降雨量,mm㊂
单位降雨动能的计算可通过以下公式:
E=0.29[1-0.72exp(-0.082i)]㊂(3)式中i为平均降雨强度,mm/h㊂2.2　双累积曲线法
双累积曲线法是分析水文要素一致性和长期变化趋势中的简单直观方法[6],笔者使用降雨量输沙模数和降雨侵蚀力输沙模数双累积分析,利用累积降雨量与累积输沙模数和累积次降雨侵蚀力与累积次输沙模数曲线斜率变化来分析变化趋势,通过斜率的变化来确定转折点,并通过拟合方程计算下垫面变化的贡献率㊂
2.3　分离判别法
文中运用分离判别法分析下垫面对流域输沙影响[6],计算公式如下:ΔW
T=W HR-W B;(4)
ΔW H=W HR-W HN;(5)
ηH=ΔW HΔW
T
×100%㊂(6)式中:ΔW T为输沙模数在植被调整前后的实际变化量,t/(km2㊃a);ΔW H为下垫面对输沙的影响量,即评价期实测值与模拟值之差;W B为基准期的实测值; W HR为评价期的实测值;W HN为评价期的模拟值;ηH 为植被建设对输沙变化的贡献率,%㊂
3　结果与分析
3.1　降雨及侵蚀性降雨特征年内分析1986 2016年间,5 9月降雨量最大,占年降雨量的76%㊂降雨日数大致呈多峰变化,峰值出现在1㊁6和9月,年均降雨日数分别为7.0日㊁12.2和12.4日㊂7月的降雨强度在全年间最大,降雨量和降雨日数的最低值为12月的11.5mm和
4.5日(图1)㊂11 翌年3月间的降雨量和降雨时间(d)与12月的相差不大,此时间段之间降雨强度较小㊂降雨时间较多的月份与降雨量较多月份重合,可知夏季降雨时间多㊁雨量多且多暴雨㊂侵蚀性降雨占全年降雨总量的3
5.6%,4 11月间都有侵蚀性降雨,但集中在6 8月,呈现单峰变化,占全年侵蚀性降雨的80.9%㊂降雨量与侵蚀性降雨量都集中于6 8月,在6㊁7和8月侵蚀性降雨量分别占当月降雨量的37.5%㊁71.8%和54.8%㊂因根据大雨和暴雨的降雨特征,在夏季加强水土保持措施[13]㊂
3.2　降雨量与输沙模数的年际变化趋势分析1986 2016年,年均降雨量为932.7mm,最大降雨量为多年平均降雨量的1.4倍㊂小流域最大输沙模数为多年平均输沙模数的3.9倍㊂由图2可知,降雨量和输沙模数都有明显下降,但降雨量的下降速率远小于输沙模数的下降速率㊂侵蚀性降雨量
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中国水土保持科学2019
年
图1　降雨量与侵蚀性降雨量及降雨时间年内分布图Fig.1　Rainfall,erosive rainfall and days of rainfall in a year
图2　侵蚀性降雨㊁降雨和输沙模数年际变化图
Fig.2　Inter annual variability of erosive rainfall,rainfall and modulus of sediment transport
最大值为1046.7mm(2013年),最小值为1102.8mm (1994年),多年平均侵蚀性降雨量为330.1mm㊂2009 2016年间的侵蚀性降雨量明显大于
1986 2007年的侵蚀性降雨量;输沙模数在1986 2007年呈明显下降趋势,说明下垫面从农作物转变为经果林增强了该流域水土保持作用㊂输沙模数在
2009 2013年有所回升,之后逐渐下降,2009年和2015年相比,侵蚀性降雨量相当,但输沙模数2015年小于2009年,主要因为搁荒初期水土保持工程措施破坏严重,后期林下草本恢复后侵蚀量降低㊂3.3　下垫面与降雨在年输沙量变化中的贡献率
根据植被调整和双累积曲线,分为农作物种植期(1986 1989)㊁经果林种植期(1990 2008)和搁荒期(2009 2016)㊂表1通过分离判别法计算出植被未变化下的输沙模数,但计算值与实测值相差较大,说明3个时段内的降雨和下垫面均产生变化㊂分析年降雨量年输沙模数的关系,在1986 1989年,斜率最陡,产沙严重㊂因为该时段为农作物种植期,虽然开始采取水土流失治理措施,但由于该区大多为坡耕旱地,存在不合理的种植方式(如顺坡种植)及对土地的长期翻耕,加上农民对土地进行管护(如除杂草),降低地表植被覆盖,加剧土壤侵蚀量㊂1990 2008年的斜率明显减小,因为该时段大量种植经果林,经果林通过树干树叶截持降水,根系也能起到固土作用,可增加土壤对水分吸收,以及对经果林用地的管护(如蓄水拦沙措施及梯田埂坎修护)㊂若以农作物种植期为基准期,经果林种植期侵蚀产沙量减少了80.24%,植被变化在减沙方面的贡献率为78%,降雨在减沙上的贡献率为22%,说明种植经果林抑制流域产沙的效果优于种植农作物㊂与1990 2008年相比,2009 2016年斜率明显增加(图3),由于,在搁荒期,人工的管护缺乏,部分梯田埂坎被暴雨冲刷破坏,加上搁荒期降雨量较前期有所增加㊂在搁荒后期,林下植被明显增加,能够有效拦截坡面泥沙输移㊂以经果林种植期为基准期,搁荒期的输沙量增加,侵蚀产沙量增加
79.52%,其下垫面变化在增沙量上贡献率为88%,降雨贡献率为12%,表明在搁荒期林下植被虽比经果林种植期更茂盛,但因缺少人为管护,暴雨溃坏的梯田未被修护,造成梯田沟蚀严重,蓄水拦沙作用下降㊂通过比较3个时段内植被变化,表明增加植被覆盖能够有效抑制流域产沙[13],与宫渊波等[14]研究成果一致㊂同时水土保持工程措施在保水保土方面也起到了不可或缺的作用,与符素华等[15]研究结果相似㊂
3.4　次降雨侵蚀力与输沙模数变化关系
由图4~6可知:1986 1989年,双累积曲线在降雨侵蚀力为456.24MJ ㊃mm /(hm 2㊃h ㊃a)出现拐
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付滟等:降雨与植被变化对川中丘陵区典型小流域侵蚀产沙的影响
表1　解家湾小流域侵蚀产沙变化中植被与降雨贡献率
Tab.1　Contribution rates of vegetation and rainfall
对比时期Contrastive period 时段Time interval 降雨量Rainfall /mm 输沙模数Modulus of sediment
transport /(t ㊃km -2㊃a -1)
输沙减少的贡献率
Reduction rate of sediment transport /%
实测值Measured value 计算值
Calculated value
植被贡献率Contribution rate of vegetation
降雨贡献率Contribution
rate of rainfall
Ⅰ1986 1989910.25660.19690.78Ⅱ
1990 2008902.44130.43545.6078
22
2009 2016
967.49
234.15
142.56
-88-12
　注:Ⅰ为农作物种植期与经果林种植期;Ⅱ为经果林种植期与搁荒期㊂Notes:This refers that Ⅰis the crop planting period and the fruit forest planting period.Ⅱis the fruit forest planting period and desolate
period.
图3　农作物种植期㊁经果林种植期和搁荒期累积降雨量与累积输沙模数关系图
Fig.3　Relationship between accumulated rainfall and cumulated sediment transport modulus during crop planting,fruit
forest planting and desolate period
点,但转折趋势不明显,该时间段内输沙模数与降雨侵蚀力线性拟合关系较好;1990 2008年,降雨侵蚀力为172.2MJ ㊃mm /(hm 2㊃h ㊃a)时是一个拐点,在拐点之前累积输沙量随累积降雨侵蚀力的增大而极速上升,当达到拐点之后,曲线上升速度变缓,并且逐渐趋于稳定;在2009 2016年间,双累积曲线在降雨侵蚀力达到1227MJ ㊃mm /(hm 2㊃h ㊃a)时出现拐点,拐点之后斜率变缓,趋于稳定㊂1990 2008年和2009 2016年内双累积曲线有明显的拐点,可以解释2个时段的线性拟合关系较差的原因;但
2009 2016年的拐点出现较1990 2008年更迟,因为2009 2016年初期林下植被少和与梯田埂坎的破坏和降雨增加的影响使该时段的产沙情况严重㊂
1986 1989年,流域产沙与降雨呈正相关关系,小雨时,流域产沙量少,大雨时,流域产沙量大㊂
1990 2008年和2009 2016年,小雨时,随着降雨侵蚀力的增加,产沙量增大㊂当达到拐点及雨量加大后,流域的产沙情况与降雨因素和植被覆盖都有较大关系㊂小流域的产流产沙情况与降雨具有相同的变化趋势,集中于雨季,具有周期性的变化趋
势[4],大㊁暴雨主要集中于夏季,场次虽少,但确是主要降雨量的提供形式[16]㊂5㊁6月正好是小雨集中时期,植被还在发育中,植被对流域的产流产沙抑制作用有限,降雨因素是影响流域产流产沙的主要因素;7㊁8月植物发育完成,正好是大雨和侵蚀性降雨集中的时间段㊂植被和降雨都对流域的产流产沙起作用,植被能够通过林冠层和地被层降低降雨的击溅作用,增加土壤中有机质的含量,改善土壤结构,提高土壤的抗冲和抗蚀能力[8],减少流域产沙与黄明等[2]研究结果类似㊂对1990 2008年和
2009 2016年分析说明,植被变化对小流域的保水固土作用明显;但超过拐点后,随着植被覆盖度的增加,拐点所对应的降雨侵蚀力略有增加㊂1990 2008年,流域大量种植果树,经果林可以截持降水,减少地表侵蚀作用,但有一定的作用范围,当降雨侵蚀力大于1000时,曲线斜率加大,说明经果林在一定降雨侵蚀力下的保土作用明显,但超过界限时,植被的作用就变弱㊂2009 2016年,土地搁荒后,大雨对梯田埂坎造成破坏及缺少修护,坡耕地拦沙挡水的能力减弱,由于暴雨冲刷梯田埂坎,尽管本年的1
7
中国水土保持科学2019年
年降雨侵蚀力较前年弱,也将造成更严重的产沙㊂因此,随着侵蚀时间变化,在相同降雨侵蚀力下,其产沙情况可能会更加严重,导致前期累积曲线变化较大;但随着时间推移梯田埂坎都已被破坏,加上林下植被丛生,植被盖度和单位面积生物量明显增加,对降雨侵蚀力的抵抗能力加强,曲线在[876,1339]范围内呈变缓趋势,说明植被的保土作用仍然较强㊂解家湾小流域虽然测得大量数据可为川中丘陵区的水土流失方式提供依据,但由于测量过程中存在读数时段间隔大㊁自记水位计走纸记录精度较差等原因,会导致数据精度不够和误差较大㊂这些因素增加了结果的不确定性,需要进一步分析
㊂图4　1986 1989年次降雨侵蚀力与输沙模数关系及双累积曲线图
Fig.4　Relationship between rainfall erosivity and modulus of sediment transport and double cumulative plot during1986-1989
图5　1990 2008年降雨侵蚀力与输沙模数关系及双累积曲线图
Fig.5　Relationship between rainfall erosivity and modulus of sediment transport and double cumulative plot during1990-2008
图6　2009 2016年降雨侵蚀力与输沙模数关系及双累积曲线图
Fig.6　Relationship between rainfall erosivity and modulus of sediment transport and double cumulative plot during2009-2016
27
　第4期付滟等:降雨与植被变化对川中丘陵区典型小流域侵蚀产沙的影响
4　结论
在川中丘陵区,侵蚀性降雨集中于夏季且夏季降雨场次多,在夏季应加强水土保持措施,减少土壤侵蚀㊂3个时期对比分析,植被变化加强能有效固土保水㊂经果林对小流域保水保土能力大于农作物,梯田埂坎的修缮和植被覆盖度的增加水土保持作用显著㊂不同降雨类型下,降雨侵蚀力对输沙的影响不同㊂小雨时,输沙量主要受降雨影响;大雨时,流域输沙量则主要受植被因素影响,植被具有减少水土流失的作用,但超过某一降雨侵蚀力的临界数值时,植被对小流域侵蚀产沙的影响就不再明显㊂工程措施和植被覆盖相结合能有效减少坡耕地水土流失,田间管理也是不容忽视的影响因素㊂
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