第二章 汉英语言句式结构对比研究

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英汉句式结构对比与翻译
★英语重形合,汉语重意合
★英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动态
★英语的“物称表达法”和汉语的“人称表达法”
★英语 呈“主语突显”结构,汉语呈“话题突显” 结构
一、英语重形合,汉语重意合
在所有语言中,句子的内部连接或Байду номын сангаас部连接 采用方式:句法手段、词汇手段和语义手段
形合:就是指句子结构主要靠语言本身的语法手段, 借助形态(infected forms)和形式词(connectives) 来表示词(word)间,小句(clause)间和句子 (sentence)间的语法关系。 以形合为主的语言,句子的连接多使用从属连接 词、关系代词或关系副词以及不定结构、分词结 构等。语言组织时,借助连接手段将一个分句置 于另一个分句的从属位置上,主句和从句之间以 及其它各个句子成分之间的关系非常分明。如: I shall despair if you don’t come.
译文: 1 这是一间阴暗的小书房,2 书房窗子镶的全是染色 3 挡住窗外的景色; 玻璃, 4 房内全是桃花心木的家具 ,上面满是雕花,5 背垫和坐垫都是一色深绿的丝绒 。老乔里恩时常提起这套家具:“哪一天不卖上大价 钱才怪呢?”(高尔斯华绥:《福尔赛世家》,周熙 良译)
意合向形合转换
例1:他不来,我不去。 译文: If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 例2:不知苦中苦,哪知甜中甜? 译文: If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey? 例3:近闻夫人健康如常,颇感欣慰。 译文:It is supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever. 例4:那时舅舅抱着我,哄着我,我觉得很温暖。(《侯宝林自 传》) 译文:Sitting in my uncle’s lap, being humored all the way , I was feeling very good. (刘士聪译)
状语从句
译文: 从盐水中提取纯水有若干种方法。一种是蒸馏法,另 一种是局部冷冻法。前者是将盐水加热,使水分蒸发,然后 再蒸汽冷凝成水。后者是使盐水部分冷冻,这时先行冷冻的 是水,盐则留在未曾冷冻的液体中。
译文大胆变通,先 综述,后分述,层 次清楚,意思明了
例 5: The gloomy little study, with windows of stained glass to exclude the view, was full of dark green velvet and heavily-carved mahogany- a suit of which old Jolyon was wont to say: “ Shouldn’t wonder if it made a big price some day!” (John Galsworthy:The Forsyte Saga)
形合和意合在英汉语中的体现
What is equally questionable is whether a college degree ,as such, is proper evidence that those new skills that are truly needed will be delivered. It seems as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so may marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and dispatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. 车未停稳,切勿上下。 让世界了解中国, 让中国走向世界。 江苏省位于中国东部美丽富饶的长江三角洲,面积10万多平方 公里,人口6700多万, 自然条件优越,人文荟萃,经济繁 荣,文化发达,出版事业源远流长,久负盛名,是中国的出 版大省。
2.英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动态
英语:多用名词,名词的使用频率大大高于动词,叙述呈静态 (stative)。借助丰富的词缀手段,英语可将各类动词轻 松地转化或派生为相应的名词,再辅以其它手段,因此,静 态倾向明显。
6. 弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。 If things are not handled, our labor will be totally lost. 7. 这姑娘长得漂亮,有一张鹅蛋形脸,两眼又深又黑,批着又 长又密的头发。 She is a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses. 8. 上课点名,如同一种古老习俗,在中国的大学里非常普遍, 许多老师乃至学生都认为这种做法无可厚非。 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in Chinese universities that many teachers and even students themselves assume it is a good thing. 9. 他们的想法各有千秋,读者可以自己判断孰是孰非。 Each writer presents his or her opinions, and it is up to the readers to decide who is right or wrong. 10. 给他个枕头,他便睡下;扶他起来,他便坐着,倒了茶来, 他便吃茶。 When they brought him a pillow he lay down; when they pulled him by the hand he sat up again; when they handed him a cup of tea he
非限制性 定语从句
被动语 态结构
例4:Extracting pure water from salt solution can be done in a number of ways. One is done by distillation, which involves the solution until the water evaporates, and then condensing the vapor. Extracting can also be done by partially freezing the salt solution. When this is done, the water freezes first, leaving the salts in the remaining unfrozen solution.
意合:指句子结构不是借助形态和形式词,而是靠词 语与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序而实现的连 接。 具有意合特点的语言行文时,常使用两种方式: 1、将片语、分句、句子放在一起,通常不使用连接词, 即使使用时,也只使用诸如and, but, or这样的连接 词,或者最小限度地使用,或者干脆不使用表示从属 关系的词语连接句子。 2、在两个或两个以上的意义完整的句子之间用逗号或 分号隔开,把这些句子看成是一个句子。如: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house was washed away. I came , I saw, Iconquered.
英语
转换,省略,增 译和调整语序, 结构重组
汉语
形合
意合
形合向意合的转换
例1:All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 译文: 过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的 当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 例2: If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 译文: 冬天来了,春天还会远吗? 例3:No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. 译文:不,不,我们没有满足,我们也不会满足,直到公平如 大水滚滚,公义如江河滔滔。
Chinese Into English Practice
1.亡羊补牢,尤未为晚。 It is not too late to mend the fold even after some sheep have been lost. 2. 风停了,雨住了, 路上还很静。我走着,一面想,几乎不 敢想到我自己。 The wind and rain stopped and the road was still quiet. As I walked along thinking , I hardly dared to think about myself. 3. 彼此之间,情趣相投,脾气对味则合、则交。 People who share the same interest and taste, who have the same value, come together and relate to one another. 4. 他们讲索取,我们讲奉献。 They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others. 5. 他在大学里念了两年书,就报名参军了 He studies in the college for two years, then he went to join the army.
汉语的意合手段
★语序 ★意义 例1:(因为)他不老实,我不能信任他。 Because he is not honest, I can’t trust him. 例2:说是说了,没有结果。(=我虽然说了但没 有结果) I’ve made proposals, but they proved futile.
★形态变化
附加形态
外部形态
★形式词
介词、冠词 、代词 关系词:关系代词和关系副词)、 连接词:并列连接词和从属连接词) 其它连接手段,如 it 和there
汉语重意合 汉语重意合,句子各个成分之间或句子之间的 结合多依靠语义的贯通,少用连接词,所 以句法结构短小精悍。 意合是遣词造句的内在认知事理。所以汉语更 注重隐性连贯(covert coherence),注 重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能,意义,以意 统形。
英语是一个以形合为特点的语言。 英语各成分的相互结合,常用各种形式手段( 句法手段和词汇手段)来连接词、短语、分 句或从句,以表示其结构关系。 形合是组词造句的外在逻辑形式,注重显性接 应(overt cohesion),句子结构紧凑严密, 以形显义。
英语的形合手段
内部形态
前缀、后缀 N+s/es, v+ing/ed, n’s ,adj+er/est be, have, do ,shall, will
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