有关情绪对决策影响的实验研究的探析中英文对照

有关情绪对决策影响的实验研究的探析中英文对照Analysis of the experimental study on the effect of emotion on decision making of the English
近年来，情绪对决策的影响逐渐成为研究热点。

国内外关于情绪对决策影响的理论和研究，先后出现两种研究范式：基于情绪性质的研究范式和基于具体情绪的研究范式。

前者认为情绪性质是影响决策的最主要的因素，后者则在很多研究中发现情绪性质并不足以解释情绪的影响，认为影响决策的是具体情绪的评价维度。

本研究在具体情绪范式下，初步考察三种具体情绪愉快、悲伤和害怕对多属性决策和风险决策的不同影响。

In recent years, the effect of emotion on decision-making has become a research hotspot. Domestic and foreign theories and studies about the effect of emotion on decision-making, there are two paradigms: Research Based on the paradigm of emotion nature and based on the research paradigm of specific emotions. The former believe that nature of emotion are the main factors that influence the decision, the latter in many studies found that emotional nature is not sufficient to explain the influence of emotion, that influence the decision-making is the evaluation of the specific emotional dimensions. In this study, the specific emotional paradigm, a preliminary investigation of three specific emotions: happy, sad and fear of different effects on multiple attribute decision making and risk decision making.
本研究包括两个实验，均使用电影片段来激发相应的愉快、悲伤和害怕情绪。

This study includes two experiments, using the movie clips to stimulate the happy, sad and fear.
实验一考察具体情绪对多属性决策的加工方式的影响，运用信息板技术模拟实际的工作选择决策，考察不同情绪状态下的被试在多属性决策的加工时间和加工深度的差异。

结果基本证实了情绪对于多属性决策的加工方式的影响：积极情绪引发自动加工，而消极情绪引发控制加工。

Effects of processing methods on experimental specific emotions on multiple attribute decision making, job selection decision simulation application information board technique, differences in different emotional states were processing time in multiple attribute decision making and processing depth. The results basically confirmed the effect of processing emotional for multiple attribute decision making : positive emotional automatic processing, while the negative emotional control processing.
实验二考察了具体情绪对于风险决策的影响，在七个风险决策情境下，考察不同情绪状态对于风险决策的风险偏好的差异。

结果表明情绪性质对于风险决策的影响不明显，相同性质的消极情绪害怕和悲伤的风险偏好有显著性差异，害怕表现风险回避，而悲伤表现为风险寻求。

结果还表明确定性和自我控制评价维度并非是影响风险决策的主要维度。

Experiment two examined the effects of specific emotions on the risk decision, in seven the risk decision situations, differences in risk preferences are different emotional state for risk decision-making. Results show that the effects of emotional nature of the risk decision making is not obvious, the same properties of negative emotions of fear and significantly different risk preference sad, afraid to show risk avoidance, and sadness is risk seeking. The results also show that the deterministic and control self assessment dimension is not the main dimensions of risk decision.
本研究基本验证了在多属性决策这种相对复杂的任务中，先前在简单任务的研究中发现的情
绪对于加工方式的影响也同样存在，充实了此类研究。

同时作为具体情绪范式下的研究，为基于评价倾向框架理论讨论情绪对决策的影响提供了实验支持。

This study validates the multiple attribute decision making this relatively complex task, effect of previous found in the simple task of emotion to machining methods also exist, enrich such research. At the same time as the research paradigm of specific emotions, provide experimental support for the influence of emotion on decision making is discussed based on the theory of appraisal tendency framework.
关键词：具体情绪，多属性决策，风险决策，情绪性质范式，具体情绪范式
Keywords: specific emotions, multiple attribute decision making, risk decision, emotional nature paradigm, specific emotional paradigm
决策（decision making）是选择备择方案的行为，它渗透于人类生活的方方面面，是人类的一种基本的认知活动。

由于人类面对资源稀缺性的环境，必须面对各种各样的选择。

决策心理学就是研究决策的一个重要的学科之一，它主要研究心理活动在决策过程中的作用和影响，考察决策的心理机制，以及情绪、个性、动机、态度等心理因素对决策的影响。

Decision making ( decision making ) is the choice of alternative actions, it permeates all aspects of human life, is a basic human cognitive activities. Because the human face of the scarcity of resources environment, must face a variety of options. One of the important subjects of decision-making psychology is the study of decision-making, the role and influence of which is the study of mental activity in the decision-making process, the psychological mechanism of decision-making, psychological factors and emotional, personality, motivation, attitude of the decision.
在研究范式上，决策心理学至今经历大致三个阶段：标准化范式（normative paradigm）的主导阶段、描述性范式（descriptive paradigm）的主导阶段和进化论范式（evolutionary paradigm）兴起的阶段。

On the research paradigm, decision psychology has experienced roughly three stages: normal ( normative paradigm ) of the dominant phase, descriptive paradigm ( descriptive paradigm ) is the dominant phase and evolutionary paradigm ( evolutionary paradigm ) the rise of the stage.
决策心理学在上世纪50年代，由于数学上的重大突破，V on Neumann和Morgenstern提出了最大期望效用理论（expected utility theory），它成为标准化研究范式的基石，认为决策者根据最大期望效用作出选择，效用等于价值与概率的乘积。

最大期望效用理论以全面理性作为理论基础，并假设概率是客观的，价值是主观的。

尽管如此，该理论规定决策者的决策行为遵循一系列的公理，比如占优性、传递性、独立性等，使得决策行为成为完全的客观测量对象，而缺乏主观上的内容。

尽管Savage在其基础上提出了主观最大期望效用理论（subjective expected utility theory），将主观概率代替客观概率。

但是理论的本质没有变，在全面理性的基础上追求客观性，排除了心理因素在其中起作用。

从而难以面对越来越多违反标准化决策理论的现象，如“偏好翻转”（preference reversal）、“阿莱斯驳论”(Allais paradox)、“埃尔斯伯格驳论”(Ellsberg paradox)等。

The psychology of decision making in the last century 50's, due to a major breakthrough in mathematics, V on Neumann and Morgenstern put forward the maximum expected utility theory ( expected utility theory ), which has become the cornerstone of standard research paradigm, that the decision makers to make a choice based on the maximum expected utility, utility is equal to the product value and probability. The maximum expected utility theory to comprehensive rationality as the theoretical basis, and assuming that the probability is objective, value is subjective. However, this theory provides decision-making behavior of decision makers to follow
a set of axioms, such as dominance, transitivity, independence, makes the decision behavior become the objective measurement object completely, and the lack of subjective content. Although Savage is proposed on the basis of the subjective expected utility theory ( subjective expected utility theory ), the subjective probability instead of objective probability. But the theory does not change, the pursuit of objectivity on the basis of a comprehensive and rational, eliminate the psychological factors play a role in the. So it is hard to face more and more against the standard decision theory, such as " preference reversal " ( preference reversal ), " Allais paradox " ( Allais paradox ), " Ellsberg paradox " ( Ellsberg paradox ).
随着标准化范式难以突破理论上的困境，并受20世纪60、70年代认知心理学的影响，新的研究范式——描述性范式开始兴起。

Simon最早提出有限理性（bounded rationality）概念而奠定了描述性范式的理论基础，他从人类认知能力与环境资源有限性论述了人类决策不可能达到全面理性，而只能是有限理性。

有限理性冲击了全面理性的标准化范式，动摇了标志着全面理性基础之上的“最优”原则，而代之以西蒙提出的“满意”原则，即人类根据自身欲望水平是否满足最为作为选择的标准，而人类的欲望水平基于认知、经验的有限性是无法达到全面理性的最大期望效用。

在有限理性与满意原则基础上，相关描述性理论进一步发展，尤其是对风险决策行的描述与分析，其中最出色的当属Kahneman与Tversky的前景理论（Kahneman, D. &Tversky, A., 1979）。

他们发现了很多人类在不确定条件下决策偏差、启发式范式，比如著名的框架效应（framing effect）、代表性启发式（representativeness heuristic）、可得性启发式（A vailability heuristic)和调整与锚定启发式（anchoring and adjustment heuristic）。

他们的研究是众多相关理论与研究的基础，并推动了决策心理学的研究高潮。

Along with the standard paradigm is difficult to break through the dilemma, and influenced by the twentieth Century 60, 70 time of cognitive psychology, a new study paradigm -- descriptive paradigm began to rise. Simon put forward the concept of bounded rationality ( bounded rationality ) and laid the theoretical foundation of descriptive paradigm, he from the human cognitive abilities and limitations of environment resources on human decisions can not fully rational, but only limited rationality. The limited rational impact standard paradigm fully rational, shaken marks the comprehensive rationality based on the principle of " optimal ", instead of " satisfaction " principle put forward by Simon, namely human according to their own desire level whether meet the most as selection criteria, and the desire of human level based on finite cognition, experience is unable to achieve the maximum expected utility of complete rational. Based on the principle of bounded rationality and satisfaction, further development of relevant descriptive theories, especially the description and analysis of risk decision, which is Kahneman and Tversky's best prospect theory ( Kahneman, D., &Tversky, A., 1979 ). They found a lot of people in the uncertain deviation, the heuristic decision making conditions, such as the famous framing effect ( framing effect ), representative heuristic ( representativeness heuristic ), the availability heuristic ( A vailability heuristic ) and adjustment and Mao Dingqi hair (anchoring and adjustment heuristic ). Their study is the basis of many related theories and research, and promoted the research climax decision-making psychology.
到20世纪90年代，受进化心理学的影响，以Gigerenzer为代表的一批学者开始采用基于进化论的“生态理性”（ecological rationality）的观点。

与“有限理性”观点相悖，认为决策偏差和启发式并不是非理性的表现，而是基于进化与适应而产生的。

是在有限认知资源下对于环境适应的一种快速、简洁的策略，认为在生态理性下的决策行为不适用任何情境，是有其情境特殊性的，在非适用情境下的表现就是有限理性眼中的种种决策偏差和启发式。

尽管进化论范式自成一派，但Gigerenzer等所采纳的理论假设也包括有限理性（刘永芳，
Gerd.Gigerenzer，PeterM.Tod，2003），因此，有限理性与生态理性有着相通的一面。

Gigerenzer 等所发现的“适应性工具箱”（adaptive toolbox）的种种快速节俭启发式（fast and frugal heuristics），如再认启发式（Goldstein, D.G.., &Gigerenzer., 1998），与Kahneman与Tversky 所发现的可得性启发式非常相似。

前者是以能否再认或再认的难度为依据做出选择，而后者是以对象在知觉或记忆的难度为依据来估计概率。

在目前的情况下，虽然进化论范式发展迅速，但是难以完全取代描述性范式，究其根本还是在于有限理性的理论假设的坚实。

为此，目前决策心理学还处于描述性范式与进化论范式并存的局面，有限理性与生态理性成为决策研究中的中心概念在抛弃全面理性与强调有限理性或生态理性的同时，也意味着此前在标准化决策忽视的心理因素，如情绪、个性、动机、态度等对于决策影响的研究得以恢复。

在这些因素中，情绪扮演着重要的角色，美国著名决策专家R.Hastie在2001年的《心理学年鉴》中把情绪与决策列为决策研究要解决的16个问题之一（R.Hastie, 2001）。

近30年来，关于情绪对决策的影响逐渐成为研究热点，本研究准备初步考察三种具体情绪愉快、悲伤和害怕对多属性决策和风险决策的不同影响。

Until the nineteen ninties, influence of evolutionary psychology, a group of scholars represented by Gigerenzer began to use the ecological rationality " based on the theory of evolution " ( ecological rationality ) view. " And " limited rationality " point of view, that decision biases and heuristics are not irrational, but is based on the evolution and adaptation. In the limited cognitive resources for adaptation to the environment of a kind of fast, simple strategies, think any situation is not suitable for decision-making in ecological rationality, there is its special situation, all sorts of decision biases in non applicable performance context is limited rational eyes and heuristic. Although the evolutionary paradigm a faction, but theoretical assumptions adopted by Gigerenzer, including bounded rationality ( Liu Y ongfang, Gerd.Gigerenzer, PeterM.Tod, 2003 ), therefore, the limited rationality and ecological rationality are interlinked. Adaptive toolbox Gigerenzer found " " ( adaptive toolbox ) all sorts of fast and frugal heuristics ( fast and frugal heuristics ), such as the recognition heuristic ( Goldstein, D.G.., &Gigerenzer., 1998 ), very similar to Kahneman and Tversky found the availability heuristic. The former is to recognize or recognition difficulty as the basis to make a choice, and the latter is the object in the perception or memory difficulty as the basis to estimate probability. In the present circumstances, although the evolutionary paradigm has developed rapidly, but it is difficult to completely replace the descriptive paradigm, the root lies in the hypothesis of limited rationality and solid. Therefore, the psychology of decision-making in both descriptive paradigm and evolutionary paradigm of the situation, the limited rationality and ecological rationality is a decision of the central concept in abandoned comprehensive rationality and bounded rationality and ecological rationality emphasizes at the same t ime, also means that the earlier in the standardization by psychological factors such as emotional, policy ignored, personality, motivation, study on decision-making influence attitude to restore. Among these factors, emotions play an important role in the United States, a famous expert in 2001 R.Hastie " psychology Y earbook " the emotion and decision making as a decision-making research to solve the 16 problem ( R.Hastie, 2001 ). In the past 30 years, about the effect of emotion on decision-making has become the focus of research, this study investigated for three specific emotions: happy, sad and fear of different effects on multiple attribute decision making and risk decision making.
第一章概述
The first chapter outlines
1.决策概述
1 decision overview
1.1决策定义
1.1 decision definition
有关对决策的解释，学术界目前还没有统一的观点，根据美国决策研究专家R.Hastie（R.Hastie, 2001）的看法，他认为：“判断与决策是人类根据自己的愿望和信念选择行动的过程。

”在这个定义中可以看到决策的关键在于对于备择方案的评估，也就是根据自己的愿望和信念来对各种选择进行评估和选择，选择的基础在于评估的结果。

The decision explanation, academia is not a unified point of view, according to the American decision expert R.Hastie ( R.Hastie, 2001 ) views, he thinks: " judgment and decision of human processes according to their own desires and belief selection action. " In this definition can see the decision lies in the evaluation of the alternatives, namely according to their own desire and belief to various options evaluation and selection, selection is based on the results of the assessment.
决策心理学的描述性范式受到认知心理学理论的很大影响，而从决策的心理过程来看，决策是一个持续的对信息的搜索、判断和评价过程（庄锦英，2006）。

决策是信息加工活动，因此必然会受到认知心理学规律的制约，并可运用认知心理学的概念、机制和术语对决策进行分析。

Descriptive decision psychology is heavily influenced by the theory of cognitive psychology, and from the perspective of psychological process of decision-making, decision-making is a constant search for information, judgment and evaluation process ( Zhuang Jinying, 2006 ). Decision making is the information processing, so it must be restricted rules of cognitive psychology, cognitive psychology and use the concept, mechanism and analyzed in term of decision.
1.2决策分类
The 1.2 decision classification
决策有多种分类，但主要是根据客观环境和备选方案是否存有不确定性，可以分为确定型决策和风险决策。

根据拉索等（拉索，安宝生，徐连仓，1998）的规定，满足以下条件，即确定型决策：（1）决策者的目的明确；（2）决策者所面临的客观条件完全确定，任何条件或是存在或是不存在；（3）存在2个及以上的备选方案；（4）每个备选方案的效用值被准确计算出来。

根据这个规则，可以看出确定型决策是非常客观化的决策，目的、条件都确定，效用值可以准确计算，但这对于很多人的真实决策是不完全拟合的。

有时效用值是无法计算的，或是缺乏相应的客观指标来准确计算，比如在情绪作为信息（affect as information, AAI）理论（Sehwarz, N., &Clore, GL., 1983）中，情绪就是决策的标准之一，情绪这种主观状态是难以确定其效用值的。

正因为如此，人类的确定型决策受到各种心理因素的影响如情绪、人格、动机、态度，就有着不确定的一面。

The decision has a variety of classification, but mainly according to the objective environment and the options if there is uncertainty, can be divided into deterministic decision and risk decision. According to cable ( cable, such as Ann Baosheng, Xu Liancang, 1998 ) shall meet the following conditions, i.e., deterministic decision: ( 1 ) decision makers the clarity of purpose; ( 2 ) the objective conditions faced by decision makers fully determined, any condition or is there or not; ( 3 ) in 2 and the above alternatives; ( 4 ) the utility value of each alternative is accurately calculated. According to this rule, we can see certain decision is very objective decision, purpose, conditions are determined, utility value can be calculated accurately, but it is not completely fit for the real decision in many people. Sometimes the utility value can not be calculated, or lack of objective index corresponding to the accurate calculation, such as information in the mood ( affect as information, AAI ) theory ( Sehwarz, N., &Clore, GL., 1983 ), one of the standard mood is
decision-making, the subjective emotional state is difficult to determine its utility value. Because of this, the deterministic decision is influenced by various kinds of psychological factors such as emotion, personality, motivation, attitude, there is a uncertain.
风险决策有着不确定的客观环境和备注方案，与确定型决策相比，最主要的差别在于上述提到的条件（2）。

在风险决策中，条件不再是存在或不存在明确的，而是以概率的方式存在。

当概率是确定的，那么这种决策就是确定型风险决策，比如购买体育彩票；概率不确定时就是不确定型风险决策，如灾难预测，往往因为缺乏关于事件的经验或知识，从而难以确定或估计概率的大小。

风险决策是目前决策研究中的热点。

Risk decision with the objective environment uncertainty and remarks scheme, compared with the deterministic decision, the main difference lies in the above mentioned conditions ( 2 ). In the risk decision, the condition is no longer the presence or absence of a clear, but exists in a probabilistic manner. When the probability is determined, then the decision is to determine the type of risk decision, such as the purchase of sports lottery; probabilistic uncertainty is the uncertainty risk decision-making, such as disaster prediction, often because of the lack of experience or knowledge about the event, which is difficult to determine the size or probability estimation. Risk decision-making is the hotspot in the research of decision.
根据所要考虑的因素，可以分为单属性决策（考虑一个因素）和多属性决策（考虑两个及以上的因素）。

这种分类对于确定型决策来说更有意义，因为目前相对于风险决策的研究主要考察单个风险属性的情况。

单属性的确定型决策相对简单，人们只需要根据一个属性上的情况就可以做出决策，而多属性决策则比较复杂，人们对于多属性决策可能会采取不同的加工方式，这些加工方式往往又受到情绪的影响。

可见，多属性的确定型决策（以下简称多属性决策）和风险决策是决策中的两种主要的类型。

According to the factors to be considered, can be divided into single attribute decision making ( considered a factor ) and multiple attribute decision making ( two and above factors ). This classification to determine the decision is more significance, because of the relative risk decision mainly on individual risk attributes. Single attribute decision under certainty is relatively simple, one need only according to a property on the situation can make decisions, and multiple attribute decision making is more complex, people may take different processing methods for multiple attribute decision making, these processing methods are often influenced by emotion. V isible, multiple attribute decision ( hereinafter referred to as the multiple attribute decision making ) and risk decision-making are the two main types of decision-making in the.
从认知心理学的角度来看，多属性决策与风险决策有较大差异，前者是更持久的信息搜索、判断和评价过程，需要较多的认知资源；后者反应时间短，主要是对风险的判断与评估，不需要太多认知资源。

因此对于多属性决策，侧重于探讨情绪对决策加工过程的影响，比如加工方式，而对于风险决策，侧重于探讨情绪对于决策结果的影响，像风险偏好（risk preference）。

与此类似，Lerner和Tiedens（Lerner, J.S., & Tiedens, L.Z., 2006）也认为要考察情绪对决策的两种影响：决策内容（content of thought）和决策深度（depth of thought）。

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, multiple attribute decision making and risk decision-making are different, the former is the information search, judgment and evaluation of more lasting process, need more cognitive resources; the latter short reaction time, mainly is the judgment and evaluation of the risk, do not need too much cognitive resources. So for multiple attribute decision making, focusing on the impact of emotion on decision processes, such as processing, and for risk decision-making, focuses on the influence of emotion on decision results, as risk appetite ( risk preference ). Similarly, Lerner and Tiedens ( Lerner, J.S., & Tiedens, L.Z.,
2006 ) also believe that to study emotional two effects on Decision: decision content ( content of thought ) and decision depth ( depth of thought ).
根据决策方式可以分为选择（choice）、评估（uations）和建构（constructions）决策（Y ate, J.F., 2003）。

选择决策是对界定明确的选项，选择其一或多个选项，比如在几名候选者中选举。

评估决策是决策者一次只对一个选项进行价值评估，比如购物时对某件商品的估价。

建构决策是个体在面对一组界定明确的资源，从中建构出最满意的组合（陈烜之，2006），比如投资方案整合，从股票、债券、外汇等各种投资方式中建构出最佳的投资方案。

According to the decision can be divided into selection ( choice), assessment (uations ) and construction ( constructions ) decision ( Y ate, J.F., 2003 ). Decision-making is to define the options, select one or more options, such as in a few candidates in the election. Evaluation of decision is the decision maker on only one at a time to assess the value of options, such as the valuation of a product when shopping. Construction of the decision is the individual in the face of a set of well-defined resources, construct the most satisfactory combination ( Xuanzhi from Chen, 2006 ), such as the investment plan integration, create the best investment project from stocks, bonds, foreign exchange and other investment way.
2.情绪概述
2 emotion overview
2.1情绪定义
2.1 emotion
与决策类似，情绪在理论界也没有统一的定义，各个学派都有不同的表述。

本文采用孟昭兰教授对于情绪下的一个较为全面的定义：“情绪是多成分组成、多维量结构、多水平整合，并为有机体生存适应和人际交往而同认知交互作用的心理活动过程和心理动机力量”（孟昭兰，1989）。

情绪作为人类生存适应机制中的一环，在社会文化的影响下，成为一种心理动机力量而对认知活动发生了重要的影响。

And similar emotional decision, in theory there is no unified definition, each school has a different expression. The professor Meng Zhaolan for a mood of comprehensive definition: " the mood is the integration of multiple components, multidimensional structure, multiple levels, and adaptation and interpersonal for organism survival with cognitive interaction process of psychological activity and psychological motive power" ( Meng Zhaolan, 1989 ). Emotion as human survival to a ring mechanism, under the influence of social culture, become a psychological motive force and had an important influence on the cognitive activities.
2.2情绪分类
2.2 emotion classification
情绪有多种分类，在情绪与决策研究中，最重要的是以情绪的性质分为积极情绪与消极情绪（Lerner, J.S., &Keltner, D., 2000）。

人类大致两种性质不同的情绪（Watson, D. & Tellegen, A., 1985），一种是正性的、积极的，更多具有享乐色调的情绪，像愉快、自豪、激情、希望等，另一种则是负性的、消极的，更多具有痛苦或不快色调的情绪，比如悲伤、害怕、愤怒、焦虑等。

这种分类是理论与研究中运用最多的，主要是探讨积极情绪和消极情绪对决策的不同影响，从而形成基于情绪性质的研究范式（based-valence ap
There are several kinds of classification in mood, emotion and decision-making research, the most important is the emotional nature is divided into positive and negative emotion ( Lerner, J.S., &Keltner, D., 2000 ). Human approximately two different emotions ( Watson, D. & Tellegen, A., 1985 ), one is positive and active, with more hedonic tone of mood, like happy, pride, passion, hope, another is negative, negative, more painful or not fast color emotion, such as anger, sadness,
fear, anxiety, etc.. This classification is theory and research using the highest, is mainly to discuss the different effects of positive and negative emotions on decision-making, so as to form the research paradigm of emotional properties based on AP ( based-valence。