国际经济学 英文版 第六章
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• Net welfare effect
TABLE 6.2 Summary of the Welfare Effects in the Import Market of a Move to Free Trade
6-20 of 42
FIGURE 6.5 The Gains from Free Trade (Exports Side)
6-26 of 42
FIGURE 6.7 Two Deadweight Cost of the Tariff
• Production deadweight cost— refers to the protective effect of the tariff which allows domestic firms to increase production above free trade levels (area b). Consumer deadweight cost—the value of lost consumer satisfaction due to a shift in consumption to less-desired substitutes brought on by the higher price (area d). Total deadweight cost = ½ x tariff x reduction in imports Consider Global Insights 6.2 for estimates of the welfare costs of tariffs on U.S. industries
• • • • • • Price effect Consumption effect Production effect Exports effect Consumer surplus effect Producer surplus effect
6-21 of 42
Trade Effects on Exports Side (cont.)
• Types of Commercial Policy
– Tariff – Nontariff Barriers
• • • • Quota Subsidy Health and safety standards Government procurement policy
6-3 of 42
Tariff and Nontariff Barriers
• Rates of Duty applied to goods from countries (Cuba and North Korea) without U.S.-granted MFN status; these rates are substantially higher than MFN rates.
6-5 of 42
Static Gains from Free Trade
• Consumption gains
• Production gains Refer to Figure 6.1 (next slide)
6-6 of 42
FIGURE 6.1 The Gains from Free Trade
6-8 of 42
Relationship Between Trade and Economic Growth
• Trade enhances economic growth through imports of capital goods.
• Trade enhances international diffusion of technology. • Trade is pro-competition. • Trade expands market size if economies of scale exist. • Trade can enlarge the pool of savings necessary for investment spending.
6-7 of 42
Dynamic Gains from Free Trade
• Increases in economic well-being that accrue to a country because trade expands the country’s productive resources or raises resource productivity
6-16 of 42
FIGURE 6.2 Consumer Surplus
6-17 of 42
Gains from Free Trade for a Small Country
• Imports Side
• Exports Side
6-18 of 42
FIGURE 6.4 The Gains from Free Trade (Imports Side)
• Net welfare effect
TABLE 6.3 Summary of the Welfare Effects in the Export Market of a Move to Free Trade
+
6-22 of 42
Effects of a Tariff
• Small country model
• Tariff
– A tax imposed by government on either imports or exports
• Nontariff barriers
– A wide range of government policies other than tariffs designed to affect the volume or composition of a country’s international trade
– Effects of import tariff – Effects of export tariff
• Large country model
6-23 of 42
FIGURE 6.6 The Effect of an Import Tariff By a Small Country
• • • • • • • Price effect Consumption effect Production effect Imports effect Government revenue effect Consumer surplus effect Producer surplus effect
– Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)—a system in which developed countries charge preferential lower tariffs on goods from certain developing countries.
• Effects of a Tariff
• Small Country vs. Large Country Case • Deadweight Losses
• Optimal Tariff
6-2 of 42
Commercial Policy
• Actions taken by government to influence the country’s volume and composition of trade
6-9 of 42
TABLE 6.1 Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008)
6-10 of 42
U.S. Tariff Schedule
• General Rates of Duty (Refer to Table 6.1)
– Most Favored Nation (MFN) Status—a country confers MFN status upon another by agreeing not to charge tariffs on that country’s goods which are no higher than those it imposes on the goods of any other country.
– Static Gains – Dynamic Gains
• Political Gains—increases in well-being that accrue to a country because expanded trade and economic interdependency may increase the likelihood of reduced international hostility
• • • • • • Price effect Consumption effect Production effect Imports effect Consumer surplus effect Producer surplus effect
6-19 of 42
Trade Effects on Imports Side (cont.)
• Special Rates of Duty— tariffs applied to goods from many developing countries or from countries with special trade agreements with the U.S. including:
6-11 of 42
Types of Tariffs
• Ad Valorem tariff—a tax equal to a certain percentage of the good’s selling price.
• Specific tariff—a tax equal to a fixed amount of money per unit sold. • Compound tariff—a tax with both ad valorem and specific components.
6-12 of 42
Tools for Analyzing Tariff Effects
• Consumer Surplus
• Producer Surplus
6-13 of 42
Consumer Surplus
• The difference between the amount consumers are willing to pay to purchase a given quantity of a good and the amount they have to pay to purchase the good
6-4 of 42
Gains from Free Trade
• Economic Gains—increase in standard of living and economic growth that result from a country’s engaging in free international trade
Chapter 6
Tariffs
Topics to be Covered
• Types of Commercial Policies
• Tariffs and Types
• Consumer Surplus vs. Producer Surplus • Static Gains vs. Dynamic Gains from Free Trade
6-2ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ of 42
TABLE 6.4 Welfare Cost of a Tariff Imposed by a Small Country
6-25 of 42
Welfare Cost of Tariff Imposed by a Small Country
• Deadweight cost—value of wasted resources devoted to expanded domestic production and expenditures devoted to less-desired substitutes brought about by a tariff
6-14 of 42
FIGURE 6.2 Consumer Surplus
6-15 of 42
Producer Surplus
• The difference between the price paid in the market for a good and the minimum price required by the industry to produce and market the good
TABLE 6.2 Summary of the Welfare Effects in the Import Market of a Move to Free Trade
6-20 of 42
FIGURE 6.5 The Gains from Free Trade (Exports Side)
6-26 of 42
FIGURE 6.7 Two Deadweight Cost of the Tariff
• Production deadweight cost— refers to the protective effect of the tariff which allows domestic firms to increase production above free trade levels (area b). Consumer deadweight cost—the value of lost consumer satisfaction due to a shift in consumption to less-desired substitutes brought on by the higher price (area d). Total deadweight cost = ½ x tariff x reduction in imports Consider Global Insights 6.2 for estimates of the welfare costs of tariffs on U.S. industries
• • • • • • Price effect Consumption effect Production effect Exports effect Consumer surplus effect Producer surplus effect
6-21 of 42
Trade Effects on Exports Side (cont.)
• Types of Commercial Policy
– Tariff – Nontariff Barriers
• • • • Quota Subsidy Health and safety standards Government procurement policy
6-3 of 42
Tariff and Nontariff Barriers
• Rates of Duty applied to goods from countries (Cuba and North Korea) without U.S.-granted MFN status; these rates are substantially higher than MFN rates.
6-5 of 42
Static Gains from Free Trade
• Consumption gains
• Production gains Refer to Figure 6.1 (next slide)
6-6 of 42
FIGURE 6.1 The Gains from Free Trade
6-8 of 42
Relationship Between Trade and Economic Growth
• Trade enhances economic growth through imports of capital goods.
• Trade enhances international diffusion of technology. • Trade is pro-competition. • Trade expands market size if economies of scale exist. • Trade can enlarge the pool of savings necessary for investment spending.
6-7 of 42
Dynamic Gains from Free Trade
• Increases in economic well-being that accrue to a country because trade expands the country’s productive resources or raises resource productivity
6-16 of 42
FIGURE 6.2 Consumer Surplus
6-17 of 42
Gains from Free Trade for a Small Country
• Imports Side
• Exports Side
6-18 of 42
FIGURE 6.4 The Gains from Free Trade (Imports Side)
• Net welfare effect
TABLE 6.3 Summary of the Welfare Effects in the Export Market of a Move to Free Trade
+
6-22 of 42
Effects of a Tariff
• Small country model
• Tariff
– A tax imposed by government on either imports or exports
• Nontariff barriers
– A wide range of government policies other than tariffs designed to affect the volume or composition of a country’s international trade
– Effects of import tariff – Effects of export tariff
• Large country model
6-23 of 42
FIGURE 6.6 The Effect of an Import Tariff By a Small Country
• • • • • • • Price effect Consumption effect Production effect Imports effect Government revenue effect Consumer surplus effect Producer surplus effect
– Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)—a system in which developed countries charge preferential lower tariffs on goods from certain developing countries.
• Effects of a Tariff
• Small Country vs. Large Country Case • Deadweight Losses
• Optimal Tariff
6-2 of 42
Commercial Policy
• Actions taken by government to influence the country’s volume and composition of trade
6-9 of 42
TABLE 6.1 Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008)
6-10 of 42
U.S. Tariff Schedule
• General Rates of Duty (Refer to Table 6.1)
– Most Favored Nation (MFN) Status—a country confers MFN status upon another by agreeing not to charge tariffs on that country’s goods which are no higher than those it imposes on the goods of any other country.
– Static Gains – Dynamic Gains
• Political Gains—increases in well-being that accrue to a country because expanded trade and economic interdependency may increase the likelihood of reduced international hostility
• • • • • • Price effect Consumption effect Production effect Imports effect Consumer surplus effect Producer surplus effect
6-19 of 42
Trade Effects on Imports Side (cont.)
• Special Rates of Duty— tariffs applied to goods from many developing countries or from countries with special trade agreements with the U.S. including:
6-11 of 42
Types of Tariffs
• Ad Valorem tariff—a tax equal to a certain percentage of the good’s selling price.
• Specific tariff—a tax equal to a fixed amount of money per unit sold. • Compound tariff—a tax with both ad valorem and specific components.
6-12 of 42
Tools for Analyzing Tariff Effects
• Consumer Surplus
• Producer Surplus
6-13 of 42
Consumer Surplus
• The difference between the amount consumers are willing to pay to purchase a given quantity of a good and the amount they have to pay to purchase the good
6-4 of 42
Gains from Free Trade
• Economic Gains—increase in standard of living and economic growth that result from a country’s engaging in free international trade
Chapter 6
Tariffs
Topics to be Covered
• Types of Commercial Policies
• Tariffs and Types
• Consumer Surplus vs. Producer Surplus • Static Gains vs. Dynamic Gains from Free Trade
6-2ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ of 42
TABLE 6.4 Welfare Cost of a Tariff Imposed by a Small Country
6-25 of 42
Welfare Cost of Tariff Imposed by a Small Country
• Deadweight cost—value of wasted resources devoted to expanded domestic production and expenditures devoted to less-desired substitutes brought about by a tariff
6-14 of 42
FIGURE 6.2 Consumer Surplus
6-15 of 42
Producer Surplus
• The difference between the price paid in the market for a good and the minimum price required by the industry to produce and market the good