英美文学选读

Chapter One The Renaissance Period
文艺复兴时期
埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 1552-1599
1、生平
出生在伦敦
受过良好的教育：泰勒商人学校、剑桥的潘布洛克学校
后来，在伊丽莎白女王一世的宠臣莱特伯爵的帮助下，渐渐走上高的地位，获得好的财富
在猖狂的爱尔兰民族起义后，被迫离开他的基尔格尔摩城堡
因饥饿与贫困，死于威斯敏特的一个酒馆中，被葬于乔叟（其导师）的墓旁
2、创作生涯
（1）抒情诗
（2）传奇史诗《仙后》的构思、情节、内容、主题
3、选读《仙后》The Faerie Queen
代表作, 传奇史诗
The masterpiece
①创作意图：
通过创作“历史诗”，描绘出一个完美的典型的绅士
To present through a “historical poem”, the example of a perfect gentleman,
塑造遵守道德规范的绅士或贵族
To fashion a gentleman for noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.
②主题：残酷战争与忠贞爱情
The theme is Fierce wares and faithful loves(romantic)
③线索：亚瑟与仙后格劳安娜
Arthur and Gloriana, the Fairy Queen
④该诗充满了惊险情节，以及奇异之物：龙、女巫、施了魔法的树、巨人、城堡、以及角斗的骑士。

It‟s full of adventures and marvels, dragons, witches, enchanted trees, giants, jousting Knights and castles.
⑤也是一篇寓言诗：红十字骑士——神圣的美德，自我节制的美德，英国国教圣公会
It‟s also an allegory: the Red-Cross Knight represents Holiness, represents Temperance, and symbolizing the Anglican Church.
⑥其第一段在很大程度上是该诗的纲领缩影
It‟s in a way an epitome of the whole poem.
4、斯宾塞诗节的构成及特点
The main qualities of his poetry
完美的韵律、罕见的美感、奇妙的想象、崇高的道德纯洁性与严肃性、一种献身的理想主义
Perfect melody, rare sense of beauty, lofty moral purity and seriousness, splendid imagination, dedicated idealism.
克里斯朵夫·马洛Christopher Marlowe
1、生平与创作生涯
出生在坎特伯雷鞋商之家
先后靠奖学金在王室学校和剑桥大学读书
在剑桥大学期间，创作了《帖木儿》
1584年后，深受文艺复兴思潮影响，体现在《浮士德博士的悲剧》
具备了放荡不羁的热情和初入知识王国的青年所拥有的自负
死于一次在酒店与别人发生口角而引发的械斗中
2、著名悲剧
（1）《铁木耳大帝》
讲述一个普通牧民铁木耳如何登上国王宝座，成为一个野心勃勃、残暴无情的鞑靼统治者的故事。

It‟s a play about an ambitious and pitiless Tarta conqueror in the 14th century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king.
通过刻画一个百战百胜的枭雄，表达了文艺复兴时期人们渴望获得无穷力量与权势的心情。

By depicting a great hero with high ambitious an sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.
(2)《浮士德博士的悲剧》Dr. Faustus
马洛最伟大的代表作
The greatest of Marlowe‟s plays
讲述了魔法师浮士德因为渴求知识而将自己的灵魂出卖给魔鬼的悲剧，It‟s a play of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.
赞扬了人对知识、力量与欢乐的热爱，
It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.
揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中意识到这些渴求要付出的代价。

It also reveals man‟s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order.
选段是剧本的第一幕，是有关与魔鬼签协议的情节。

The selection is taken from Art I which is about the signing of the bond.
(3)《马耳他的犹太人》
3、马洛的田园诗的主题与意象
典型代表作《激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘》The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗
It‟s considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature
继承了田园诗的风格
It derives from the pastoral tradition
诗中牧人享受着乡村生活，酝酿着对爱人纯洁的感情
The shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cheering a pastoral and pure affection for his love.
通过描写恋人在无世事尘嚣干挠的山野怀抱中，作者传达了一种不可言传的真情
Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern.
4、思想艺术成就great achievement
完善了无韵诗体，使之成为英国戏剧中的主要文体形式。

It perfects the blank verse and made it for the principle medium of English drama.
英雄任务形象的塑造——具有强烈个性和叛逆精神的主人公
His creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama: full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from gods and men.
威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare 1564-1616
1、生平
出生于商人家庭
1586（1587？）为了生计，到伦敦
1591-1611，创作的黄金时代
In the prime of his dramatic career
其一生创作了38个剧本，154首十四行诗以及2首长诗。

2、创作生涯
（1）第一阶段：学徒期
浪漫喜剧Comedies
《错误的喜剧》The Comedy of Error
《驯悍记》The Taming of The Shrew
《维洛那二绅士》The Two Gentlemen of Verona
《爱的徒劳》Lover‟s Labor‟s Lost
历史剧History Plays
《亨利六世》（上、中、下）Henry VI
《泰托尔·安东尼》Titus Andronicus
《理查三世》Richard III
（2）第二阶段：其风格与手法都高度人文主义化了
His style and approach became highly individualized
通过勾画不同角色之间及现实与表演之间复杂的模式，
By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance
and reality
微妙地触及了各种各样的人性的弱点
He made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles
历史剧History Plays
其历史剧的主题大都是：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的
His history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is necessary.《理查二世》、《约翰王》、《亨利四世》（上、下）、《亨利五世》
喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《无事生非》、《皆大欢喜》、《第十二夜》、《翁莎的风流娘儿们》
悲剧Tragedies《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《泰利斯·恺撒》
（3）第三阶段
悲剧Tragedies 四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《奥塞罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》
《安东尼奥与克利奥佩拉》、《科里奥那斯》、《特洛伊勒斯与克利西达》喜剧《终成眷属》、《一报还一报》
（4）最后一个阶段
浪漫悲喜剧Romantic Tragicomedies《伯里克利》、《辛白林》、《冬天的故事》、《暴风雨》
最后的2部剧《亨利八世》、《两位贵族亲戚》
4、部分作品赏析
（1）《威尼斯商人》The merchant of Venice
表现了莎翁追求此生此世的幸福的人文主义新思想
His youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.
（2）《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and Juliet
颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求
He eulogizes the faithfulness of live and the spirit of pursuing happiness.
字里行间充满了乐观的精神
Permeated with optimistic spirits
体现了理智的现实主义精神（个人与社会邪恶力量之间的尖锐冲突）
It embodies the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.
（3）《哈姆雷特》Hamlet
剧中充满了险恶环生的情节与对生与死的极富哲理的剖析
It‟s fulfilled with the qualities of a blood-and-thunder thriller and a philosophical exploring of life and death.
剧作的魅力所在：融合了阴谋、情感冲突、及对哲理与忧郁的探求
The timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy.
哈姆雷特独特的角色，大段的独白是他当然的抒情方式，也是他释放痛苦与感情必需的方式（揭示了角色内心的思想斗争。

）
For such a figure, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish.
(Shakespeare states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immorality.)
剧中为我们揭露了一个腐败的宫廷，通过揭示无尽的权欲，篡位的恶行，暗藏的阴险动机，及掩盖罪恶欲望的面纱----表面上的谦恭客套，严厉地谴责了皇宫内的虚伪、背信弃义及腐败成风。

By revealing the power-seeking, the jostling for place, the hidden motives, the courteous, superficialities that the veil lust and guilt, Shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court.
（4）《暴风雨》
创作后期的代表，所塑照的角色极富寓言性，典型地反映了他晚年对人生、对社会持的悲观态度。

His final romance the characters are rather allegorical and the subject full of suggestion.
It‟s a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.
(5)《李尔王》King Lear
不仅深刻剖析了罪恶比比皆是的社会危机，也批评了新兴资产阶级的利己主义。

Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism.
5、戏剧的表现手法
讽刺----乔装改扮是创造讽刺意味的重要方法
莎翁的无韵诗----雄浑壮美
Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation
Disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman beautiful and mighty.
6、对莎士比亚的整体评价
古往今来，没有一个作家能与他媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化的影响也上无法估量的。

在他之后几乎所有英国文学家都在艺术观点文学形式及语言技巧方面都受到他的影响。

He is above all writers in the past and in the present time. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.
弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon 1561-1626
1、生平
其父是伊丽莎白女王一世的内务总管，自小享受门第的高贵和良好的教育
事业巅峰期：詹姆士国王期间，他作为内务总管，后又当上英国法官
最后五年，因被指控涉嫌受贿而被迫退出政界
2、创作生涯
其作品分为三类：
第一类：《学术的进展》《新工具》哲学类文章
The advancement of Learning New Organum his philosophical works
第二类：文学作品literary works
代表性的：《散文集》Essays
另有《新旧格言集》Appophthagmes New and Old 1625、
《亨利七世的统治》The History of the Reign of Herry VII 1622
第三类：代表作品《法律原理》Maxims of Law
《法令使用读本》The learned Reading upon the State of Use
3、写作特点
一个实际而谨慎的人
Bacon is a practical and prudential man
为贵族青年们写作，教他们如何办事有效率并成功地进行社会生活
Writes for the ambitious Elizabethan and Jacobean youth of his class and tells them how to be efficient and lame their way in public life.
更重视自然界的公理与原则，认为人类的行为与思想都应该受它而不是人类的天性或人为制定的道德规范的约束。

He cares more about axioms under the guidance of which man thinks and acts than human nature or morality. 散文以简洁、紧凑、有力度而著名。

His essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.
4、部分作品赏析
(1)《学术的进展》The Advancement of Learning
一部有关教育的伟大作品
It‟s a great tract on education
第一卷：盛赞知识的重要性
Highly praises knowledge
将神学与科学观察与实验区分开来，在科学领域方面是一大进步。

He separates theology from scientific observations and experiments, thus making a great step
forward in science.
第二卷：对学习的概述，阐明了在学术上学习的重要性。

A survey of learning, explaining its importance in scholarship
(2)《新工具》New Organum
是对培根智慧与知识的最好展示。

It‟s the most impressive display of Bacon‟s intellect.
主要讲述在科学研究中应该使用归纳的推理方法。

The argument is for the use of inductive method of researching in scientific study.
展示了对自然真理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。

He shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholastics.
(3)《论学习》Of Studies
分析了学习的主要目的，不同人采用能够不同的方法，以及学习是如何对人的性情品格产生潜移默化的影响。

It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.
语言有气度并颇具说服力，结构简洁而紧凑，向读者揭示了对学习的自然客观态度。

Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, reveal to us his mature attitude towards learning.
约翰·邓恩John Donne 1572-1631
1、生平
出生于富商家庭，早期教育方式：家庭教育
就读于牛津大学、剑桥大学
1591年，伦敦法学院学习法律、语言、文学、神学
1615年，由罗马天主教皈依英国国教
1617年，写大量宗教训诫与宗教诗歌
2、文学创作
(1)诗歌：①早期的爱情诗《歌与短歌》Early love lyrics: The songs and sonnets
爱情是诗集的主题
Love is the basic theme
对爱情的理想与讽刺挖苦
Coexists idealism and cynicism about love
其对爱情的理解是对中世纪精神之爱理论的叛逆
Contrary to the medieval love ideal which merely put stress on spiritual love
塑造女性形象的方式：
细腻地刻画了恋爱中的感觉与状态，而不去描写女性外在的美艳
On eulogizing a woman, he tells us very little about her physical beauty, his interests lies in
dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.
②晚期的宗教诗《圣歌集》Religious poems: Holy Sonnets
《圣父赞美诗》A Hymn to God the Father
表达其对上帝的笃信与忠诚
Shows he is an assured faith in God
（其他诗歌中则体现出他的疑虑与内心的斗争）
There is always an element of conflict or doubt on other poets
（2）散文著作，主要是布道文prose works
文采华美，富有想象力，具有同他的诗歌一样的生命力与学术深度
Rich and imaginative, exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor and scholastic complexity as his poetry.
布道文巧妙地表达了他个人对宗教经理的追求，而不只局限于上天注定的必然之事
They carefully contrived with a dramatic, irregular immediacy to express a concern with personal
quest for religious experience rather than settled certainties.
其成熟的宗教作品的特点之一：沉迷于对死亡的描述
It is the obsession with death that characterize his mature religious works
3、诗歌的笔法特点
戏剧性对比的暗喻
In his poetry, he frequently applies conceits, i.e. extended metaphors involving dramatic contrasts
其诗歌充满智慧与学识的灵光，但深奥难懂。

Fulfilled with learning and wit, which provide certain intellectual difficulties.
其诗歌具有强烈的现实主义气息，反映的不是诗意的画面而是现实的世界。

The most striking feature of his poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that, it seems to reflect life in real rather than a poetical world.
4、玄学诗派与邓恩metaphysical poets
此类诗人的特点：具有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。

With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the
Elizabethan love poetry.
采用简洁的措辞方法
Simple diction
反映了普通语言和强弱自然的节奏。

Echo the words and cadence of common speech.
诗歌的形式通常都是：以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。

The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet‟s beloved, with God, or with
himself.
玄学派诗人另有：赫伯特、沃恩、克拉肖、马韦尔、考利
Herbert, Vaughan, Crashow , Marvell, Cowley
约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 1608~1674
1、生平
生于伦敦，其父是一位学者型商人
就读于圣保罗学校和剑桥大学
1632年起，6年时间（在其父亲的乡村宅邸中）潜心研究语言、文学、科学、神学和音乐
1638年起，周游欧洲大陆（以完成他的文学事业所做的准备工作）
1649年，为新政府（资阶’）写文章捍卫共和国
查理二世复辟后，遭迫害
晚年双目失明，完成力作《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《历士参孙》
2、文学创作
(1)早期诗歌the early poetic works
《利西达斯》1637 Lycidas
献给剑桥大学同学爱德华·金的一组挽歌集
It is composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King, a fellow undergraduate of his at Cambridge.
从对死亡的伤感，通过悔恨，发展到激烈的疑问、怒火、直至接受现实
The poem moves from a sad apprehension of death, through regret, to passionate questioning, rage, sorrow and acceptance.
(2)中期散文the middle prose pamphlets
《论出版自由》Areopagitica
主张言论自由，反对当权的长老派的跋扈
It‟s a great plea for freedom of the press
风格流畅平缓
Smooth and calm
(3)后期史诗the last great poems
《失乐园》1667 Paradise Lost
主题：人类的沉沦
The theme is the Fall of Man
贯穿了基督教人文主义的传统，意欲揭露撒旦的行为，并为上帝对人类的惩罚辩护。

It is intending to expose the expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men”.
在人类爱情与精神道德义务间的矛盾中，展示了对自由与抉择的关心：屈从于上帝禁吃智慧果的命令以及对因爱情而叛逆的选择。

At the center of the conflict between love and spiritual duty lies Milton‟s fundermental concern with freedom and choice, the freedom to submit to “God‟s prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.
其诗作是想让读者明白《圣经》中不变的真理，即掌握天机的上帝是公正的。

His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Bible.
意志上的自由是其诗作的主旨。

The freedom of the will is the keystone of his creed.
3、选段《失乐园》欣赏
暗示英国资产阶级革命也由于道德堕落、骄奢淫逸而惨遭失败。

Chapter Two The Neoclassical Period
新古典主义时期
约翰·班扬John Bunyan 1638-1688
1、生平
出生贫寒，自小继承父业
1647年结婚后，开始宗教生活
1675年，在狱中完成《天路历程》
2、作品风格
语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实
3、主要作品
《罪人头目的赦免》1666 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
《拜得门先生生死录》1680 The Life and Death of Mr. Badman
《圣战》1682 The Holy War
《天路历程》第二部1684 The Pilgrim‟s Process Part II
4、选读《天路历程》
作品的主旨：让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自己的弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。

It‟s the most successful religious allegory in the English language,
Its purpose is to urge people to abide Christian doctroies and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of socials evils.
“名利场”的象征意义：象征一个金钱万能的腐朽社会。

It sells all kinds of merchandise such as houses, lands, honors, titles, lusts and pleasures.
It symbolized the society where everything becomes goods, and, can be bought by money.s
亚历山大·蒲柏Alexander Pope 1688-1744
1、生平及创作生涯
生于一个富有的伦敦商人家庭，全家信仰罗马天主教
一生体弱多病
与同行保持广泛的联系，创立文学俱乐部，培养了“讽刺”笔调
2、时代观与文学观
启蒙时期的代表人物
The representative of the Enlightenment
强调秩序与理性，并将其深入到他的作品中
For him, the supreme value was order-cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.
3、语言风格
讽刺、简练、通顺、优雅、平衡的风格，且用过英雄偶句诗体完美化
His worked painstaking on his poems, development a satiric concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style and finally brought its last perfection the heroic couplet in his works.
4、主要作品介绍
《群愚史诗》The Dunciad
最优秀的讽刺作品
The best satiric work
抨击了政府、社会道德、教育，甚至宗教领域的腐败及庸俗之风。

Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion, is expertly exposed and satirized.
5、选读《论批评》第二部分
用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗
It‟s a didactic poem written in heroic couplet
全诗风格简朴无华
It‟s a written in a plain style
作者建议文学批评家不应该过分注重外表的文采及矫揉造作的高傲态度，而应发掘出平白朴素的文风里蕴涵的真理。

Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language
but to pay more attention to True Wit which is best set in a plain style.
丹尼尔·迪福Daniel Defoe1660-1731
1、生平
出生于伦敦一个卖肉商人家庭，没上过大学，但受过良好的教育
经历坎坷，但从不消沉
2、社会观与创作特点
其四部小说《亨利顿船长》1720、《英尔·弗郎德斯》1722、《杰克上校》1722、《罗克萨那》1724，另有《灾难之年的日记》，文中都强调了物质环境与社会环境对主人公思想行为的巨大影响。

The all-powerful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted.
表达了他对穷苦不幸的百姓的关心。

They clearly manifest Defoe‟s deep concern for the poor and the unfortunate in his society.
是最早研究下层人民问题的文学作品
They are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.
做为中阶一员，他为自己的阶级说话，其作品中表达了对勤劳、坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。

As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy midlle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden unfortunate poor.
措辞简朴易懂，又口语化，大众英语。

His language is smooth, easy, colloquial ad mostly vernacular.
There is nothing artificial in his language
It‟s common English at its best.
3、选读《鲁滨逊漂流记》第四章节选
作者的创作旨意：时代精神的写照
鲁滨逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士：
Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle class man.
极富劳作的能力、不竭的精力、还有勇气和持之以恒的毅力，这一切都在战胜困难，同自然环境作斗争中表现得淋漓尽致。

He is with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles in struggling against the hostile natural environment.
鲁滨逊是帝国缔造者的原型，是殖民主义者的先锋
He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.
迪福盛赞了人类的力量及清教徒的毅力。

Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritans fortitude.
乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 1667-1745
1、生平
生于爱尔兰都柏林的一个英国家庭，家庭社交范围广，但没什么财富
1689-1699年期间，为一远亲做私人秘书，发掘了自己写讽刺散文的天赋
1699-1701年期间，担任爱尔兰牧师
化名为“德拉皮尔”，出版书信，号召爱尔兰人反对英国新发行的铜币，被敬为爱尔兰的民族英雄
2、人文观
（因自身生活的困苦与坎坷，他憎恨权贵，同情贫民和被压迫者）
认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵
In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flavored.
在他的作品中，提倡采取行动改良人性与认为的机构，但也常常流露出绝望与愤怒
In his writings, he intends to reform and improve human nature and human institutions. There is often an under- or overtone of helplessness and indignation.
讽刺散文的语言风格
斯威夫特是讽刺作品大师，其讽刺笔触极具力度
Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an outward gravity and an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.
典型作品《一个温和的建议》
A Modest Proposal is a perfect model.
通过建议穷苦的爱尔兰父母将自己一岁大的孩子卖给英国贵族当食物，强烈地抗议了英国统治阶级对爱尔兰人惨无人道的剥削与压迫。

By suggesting that poor Irish parents sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English lords and ladies as food, Swift is making the most devastating protest against the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling Class.
擅长写简炼而朴素的散文
He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct prose.
没有复杂的句式是他永远的写作风格
Clear, simple concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings, essays, poems and works.
选读《格列佛游记》第一卷第三章节选
Gulliver’s Travels
本书对当时的英国乃至欧洲在社会、政治、宗教、哲学、科学以及道德等生活各方面作了最有效最辛辣的批评与讽刺。

The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satire of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.
具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。

Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.
选段描述了利立浦特小人国的社会生活，
It gives account of some aspects of Lilliputian life.
影射了英国政府中的荒唐行为与伎俩。

Obviously alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government.
亨利·费尔丁Henry Fielding 1707-1754
1、生平
出生于一个旧贵族家庭
曾就读与伊顿公学
博览古典文学著作，培养了真正的鉴赏力与天才的理解力
因与父亲闹翻，早早地独立
2、戏剧、小说的创作活动
费尔丁一生穷困，对穷苦人极为同情，对社会不公及政治腐败也在其作品中大力抨击。

他坚信文学的教育功能（不仅供娱乐，且更具有教育意义）
Fielding was poor himself all his life. That is why he was very sympathetic toward the poor and unfortunate, and protested strongly against social injustice political corruption in his writings.
其小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙地引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。

The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners”, with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper spheres and appropriate manners.
《约瑟夫·安德鲁与亚伯拉罕·亚当斯历险记》1742
The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams
小说突出特点是出色的人物刻画、令人会心的幽默
The dominating qualities are its excellent character-portrayal, hearty humor.
《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》1743
The History of Jonathan Wild the Great
讽刺传记
以现实生活中的一个臭名昭著的小偷作主线，表述了一个“伟大“的流氓与一名伟大的士兵或一位伟大的政治家之间极其细微的差别。

It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue and a great politician.
3、对英国小说的贡献：散文体史诗Comic epic in prose
英国小说之父
Father of the English novel
第一个在理论上与实践上创造了“散文体史诗”
He is the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
以第三人称口吻的叙述方式
The third-person-narration was adopted by Fielding.
4、语言特色
自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力
His language is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.
作品的出色之处：生动的戏剧性的对话、悬念、巧合、出人意料
His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogs and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.
5、选读《汤姆·琼斯——一个弃儿的故事》第四卷第八章
Tom Jones
小说描写了二十多个地方，刻画了四十多个人物，为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟全景图。

The panoramic(全景的) view it provides of the 18th-century England country and city life with scores of different places and a whole gallery of about 40 characters is superb.
从某种意义上讲，汤姆代表着每个普通人。

Tom stands for a wayfaring Everyman in a way.
汤姆身上的许多美德，曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄。

（人性的美德——诚实、善良、高尚、忠诚、勇敢
但也易冲动、鲁莽、野性难驯）
For a time, Tom became a national hero.
----honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal and brave
But he is also impulsive, wanting, prudence and full of animal spirits.
塞缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnson 1709-1784
1、生平
生于书商家庭，受过良好的正规教育，打下了扎实的拉丁文基础
1735，进牛津大学学习
1737-1755，生活艰辛
1762后享受政府津贴，倍受文学精英的敬仰
2、主要作品
诗歌《伦敦》1738，《人类欲望的虚幻》1749
骑士浪漫诗《拉塞拉斯的历史》、《阿比西尼亚王子》1759
一部悲剧《艾琳》1749
几百篇散文
英文词典编纂《英文大词典》1755
3、新古典主义的文学观及语言风格
是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家
The last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later 18th-century
关注人类欲望的虚幻是他作品的主题
He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes in almost all of his major writings bear this theme.
希望通过笔墨唤醒人们对虚幻欲望的认识，并医治人们的这种病态心理
He tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writings.
其文风极具古典主义特色，语言极其笼统，但表达非常明确的思想
His style is typically neoclassical, his language is characteristically generally, and the thought is always clearly expressed.
4、选读《致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信》
To the Right Honorable to Earl of Chesterfield
语言彬彬有礼，但却暗含了一种因怒气与抗议而产生的讽刺口吻
It‟s written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger.
看上去似乎很平静的回忆，说理及质疑都极富讽刺地表达了作者对爵士沽名钓誉的反感及他坚决不与虚伪的爵士和解的态度。

The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning and questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the author‟s。