语用学—合作礼貌原则

Conversational implicatures:
Two categories
Four features:
Two categories of Conversational implicatures:
1) standard conversational implicature 2)Particularized conversational implicature—Volation( flout) of CP
Four features of conversational implicatures:
Inferability Cancellability Open-endedness Non-detachability
2, The Politeness Principle
The reason for implicitly and indirectly by flouting the four maxims of the cooperative principle: Face want ( the expectation concerning their public self-image). To maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships and ensure successful social interaction.
The participants in a conversation normally communicate in a maximally efficient, rational and cooperative way.
Maxims of CP
Quality
Quantity
Relevance
Manner
The exceptions in some situations in politeness principle:
(a) In times of emergency(eg: Watch out! ) (b) When the threat to the hearer’s face is minor or none, as in “ If any further information is needed, don’t hesitate to contact me.” (c) When the speaker has authority over the hearer, as in father to son. (d)When the sperker and the hearer are in intimate relations, as in husband to wife.
Implicature (会话含义，言外之意) 会话含义，言外之意 会话含义
Conversational implicatures
The term of conversational implicature: • It refers to the additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle.
Face saving act:
Order or demand Eg: Don’t be so noisy, children. Disagreement Eg: A: Is the supermarket open on Sundays? B: Only an idiot would ask! Refusion A: Let’s go to the movie tonight. B: I have to study for an exam.
That is to say:
Human providing beings sufficient try to speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while information—The Cooperative Principle
Flout of CP occurs, what follows?
Examples:
(1)A: May we know your age, please? B: I’m nineteen years old. (2)A: Would you mind telling me your address? B: Somewhere in the south of Fujian. (3)A: How’s her term paper? B: Her handwriting is quite beautiful! (4)A: Let’s get the kids something. B: Okey,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
informative
Relevance
Make your contribution relevant.
Manner
1) avoid obscurity of expression. 2) avoid ambiguity. 3) be brief. 4) be orderly.
Be perspicuo us and speifically
Pragmatics--language in Use
Contents: Two principles of
Pragmat来自百度文库cs
1
The Cooperative Principle
2
The Politeness Principle
1,The Cooperative Principle and it’s Maxims( Herbert Paul Grice)
Leech’s politeness principle
• Politeness in communication requires people to adopt strategies of maximizing “ polite beliefs” and minimizing “ impolite beliefs.” • (i) The Tact maxim (minimize cost to other, maximize cost to self) • (ii) The Generosity maxim (minimize benefit to self, maximize praise of other) • (iii) The Approbation (or flattery) maxim (minimize dispraise of other, maximize dispraise of other) • (iv) The Modesty Maxim (minimize disagreement between self and other, maximize sympathy between self and other) • (v) The Agreement Maxim (minimize disagreement between self and other, maximize agreement between self and other) • (vi) The Sympathy Maxim (minimize antipathy between self and other ,maximize sympathy between self and other)
Leech’s politeness principle
1, Politeness can be realized by various linguistic devices, which may differ in the degrees of politeness. 2, The degrees of politeness are also dependent on the optionality of the utterance. 3,The degrees of politeness vary in accordance with the indirectness of the utterance.
Quality
1)Do not say what you believe to be false. 2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
true
Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as is required. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Functions of Indirect Speech Act in the Politeness Principle
• • • • • • • • 1. polite refusal A: Buy me some fruit, will you? B: I’m afraid I’ve only got ten minutes. 2. Indirect criticism A: How do you like my painting? B: I don’t have eye for beauty, I’m afraid. 3. polite request or order A (a passer-by with a heavy bag): My bag is heavy.
Brown & Levinson: The Face Theory:
(1)The positive face---a person who wants to be acceped,liked by others and to be treated as a member of the group. (connected) (2)The negative face--- a person who wants to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others. (independent)