英汉差异与英语写作要点

c) 动词表述差异
• Compare: which one is more likely to be real English? • My response to the question made the teacher feel disappointed. • My response to the question disappointed the teacher. • Reference books facilitate your study of English. • Reference books let you be able to learn English more conveniently. • This made me think about the old saying “Practice makes perfect.” • This reminded me of the old saying “Practice makes perfect.”
• (1)a.The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very quickly. • b. The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. • (2)a.He is reading books. • b. He is at his books.
• (1)The price of the house is too dear. • The price of the house is too high. • (2)The big wind blasted the cherry blossoms. • The strong wind blasted the cherry blossoms.
• 英语和汉语动词在多数情况下所承载的信息类型 以及语言材料的组织方式是不同的。英语中有不 少动词并不表示人或物做出某个动作或实施某个 行为，而是表示“令或使宾语感觉如何或怎样”， 如：astonish，使惊讶；confuse，使困惑； convince，使信服；fertilize，使肥沃；involve， 使卷入；terrify，使惊恐；impress，使获得深 刻印象；grieve，使悲伤等。中国学生受到汉语 思维定势的影响，对上述这些词的用法颇为陌生。 他们一想到要用“使……”或“让……”来表达思 想时就立即会想到make和let两词，造成这两个 词频繁出现在学生作文中。
b) 词语搭配差异
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 拥挤的交通 the crowded traffic 找借口 find an excuse 接电话 receive the phone 享受公费医疗enjoy free medical care 对身体有害 do harm to one’s body 吃药 eat medicine 培养…的习惯 train the habit of 赢某人 win somebody 吃现成饭 eat finished meals 没有用 have no use 遵守时间 obey the time 睡得很晚 sleep late 穿现成的衣服 wear bought clothes 拓宽视野 widen one’s eyesight • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the heavy/busy traffic make an excuse answer the phone be entitled to free medical care do harm to one’s health take medicine form/fall into/develop the habit of beat somebody lead an idle life It is no use/There is no use be punctual stay up late wear ready-made clothes broaden one’s vision/horizon
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d) 英汉词语的文化差异
2．句子结构
a) 顺序差异 b) 关联词运用的差异 c) 动词运用的差异 d) 主语的差异 E)状语的区别 F)前重心，后重心
a) 顺序差异
• • • 英汉思维的差异造成英语和汉语句子中各成分次序不同。英语 句子是按由近及远，由里向外散射式逐层扩展；汉语则是按先 后顺序推移，依靠语义彼此相连，由远及近地递进展开。如： 他先前在南方参加某项工程建设。完工后，就去乔治岛度假， 享受高加索的阳光。他是昨天才回来的。 He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job in which he had been engaged in the South. 从这个例子可看出英语句子和汉语句子的顺序正好相反：英语 以主谓结构为主干，由主到次，呈现出空间架构形式；而汉语 则以动词为中心，按时间先后顺序、客观事例推移，形成流水 句。受汉语造句习惯影响，写同样意思的句子，中国学生会很 自然地写出这样的句子： 误：In the South he had been engaged in the construction job. After he had completed the work he went to spend his vacation in Georgia. There he basked in Caucasian sun. And he had flown in just the day before.
• 汉语是动态的，语言中动词使用频率高； 英语是静态的，与汉语相比呈现出较少使 用动词的倾向，而英语的抽象表达法则表 现为大量使用抽象名词和介词。中国学生 受汉语思维的影响，没有注意到两种语言 的差异，导致在英语写作中出现失误，或 很少想到用介词词组表达的句式，或用抽 象名词来表达动作意义。
• 农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这 就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。 • Farmers lack training , and the productivity in farms is very low. This may place them in a disadvantageous position. • Inadequate training for farmers and low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.
英汉差异与英语写作
Chinglish vs. real English
• 不同的民族有着不同的民族文化，也有着 不同的思维方式、思维特征和思维风格， 即存在着思维差异。英汉思维方式之间存 在着很大差异，这种差异不仅反映在语言 本身的特点上，而且反映在语言的使用上。 中国学生在英语写作时会不可避免地受到 母语思维方式的干扰和影响，即学生在用 英语写作时离不开母语的参与。学生英语 写作中在词汇选择、句子以及段落语篇构 建三方面受到英汉思维差异的影响。
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• 修饰语的排列上Байду номын сангаас语以小单位优先而汉语 以大单位优先.
• • • • • • • 1.北京是世界上最大的城市之一 Peking is one of the biggest cities in the world. 2. 2002年11月25日上午十点半 10:30am.，the 25th of December，2002. 3.我们学校在池州市建设西路169号。 Our college is located in 169 Jianshe West Road, Chizhou. 中式英语:Our college is located in Chizhou Jianshe West Road 169. 他晚上八点钟通常在阅览室。 He is usually in the reading room at eight in the evening. 中式英语:In the evening at eight he is usually in the reading room.
由于各个国家之间在地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信 仰以及历史文化背景等方面存在着差异，用来反映 各个民族丰富多彩的文化现象的语言也各有差异。 受母语思维模式的干扰，中国学生在英语写作中常 常写出一些令人捧腹的词语，如：一贫如洗、挥金 如土、象个落汤鸡、健壮如牛、一箭双雕、红茶、 亚洲四小龙、黄色电影等. 按照西方文化，上述这些 词语应表述为： as poor as a church mouse，spend money like water，like a drowned rat，as strong as a horse，to kill two birds with one stone，black tea，four tigers以及blue films 由此可知，词汇所携带的文化内涵不容忽视。
•中国学生由于缺乏英语抽象思维的能力，汉语的干扰又根深蒂固，很难在英语写作中准 确地表述思想。在处理汉英词组转换的时候，经常沿袭汉语的形象思维方式，根据汉语意 思选用英语单词，因而不可避免地造成失误，这种失误在学生作文中大量存在。如：
• What is wrong with the following sentence? • At college, we should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career. • At college, we should acquire as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career. • 学习知识不能写成learn knowledge,因为英语与 knowledge搭配的动词是acquire, obtain, absorb, accumulate, develop, advance, gain, broaden, enlarge, impart, derive, deepen, brush up等
词汇
• 词汇是写作的基本要素，英汉思维模式的 差异会造成选择词语上的差异。 a)动词、名词和介词使用频率上的差异 b) 词语搭配差异 c) 动词表述差异 d) 英汉词语的文化差异
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a)动词、名词和介词使用频率上的差异
• Which sentence is more likely to be real English?
• • • • • He is able to eat and sleep. He is a good eater and sleeper. The book is too difficult for me to understand. The book is totally beyond me. If you compare two ways of life carefully, you will find the former is superior to the latter. • Careful comparison of two ways of life will show the superiority of the former over the latter. •