医学英语往年试题

Examination Paper

(For medical students)

学号________ 姓名_______ 分数_________

I. Choose the correct meaning for each prefix or suffix. 8%

1. masto – A. breast. B. womb. C. menses. D. orary

2. extra – A. inside. B. outside. C. across. D. backward

3. spleno – A. cell . B. bone marrow. C. thymus. D. spleen

4. –ectomy A. cutting. B. stomy. C. cutting out. D. outlet – forming

5. dermo – A. skin. B. below. C. under. D. cuti

6. proteo – A. sweet. B. bile. C. protein. D. fat

7. chromo – A. time. B. color. C. for. D. disease

8. necro – A. life. B. colour. C. time. D. dead.

II. Filling in the blanks with proper words. 8%

9. We will use the term ________to refer to the data that can be gathered about an individual patient, namely, symptoms, signs, and laboratory abnormalities.

10. __________________are those diseases characterized by structural changes within the body as the most basic abnormality.

11. The surgeon should never leave the operating room area until the report is dictated, unless his or her ___________is required for an emergency elsewhere.

12. The function of the ______________is to protect us from organisms that cause disease, and from other materials that would be harmful to the body.

13. AIDS, abbreviation of________________________________________, is a viral disease that impairs the immune system of the human body, leaving it prey to a great variety of infections that would be readily suppressed by a functioning immune system.

14. Approximately 10% of the patients _______ breast cancer present with a history of trauma.

15. Obesity in children and adolescents may be associated with sociopsychologic ____________.

16. Most people who have recently been infected by HIV look and feel perfect ___________.

III. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 8%

17. Genetic and developmental diseases _______________.

a. cover a wide range of abnormalities

b. are influenced by environment so as to appear early in life

c. are defined as injuries, inflammation, or even neoplasms

d. are caused by biochemical changes present at birth

18. Structural changes within the body ________.

a. are the most basic abnormality

b. are usually at the microscopic or electron microscopic level

c. may be either biochemical or morphologic

d. are difficult to classify

19. Which of the following statements are not true

a. Structural diseases sometimes fall into more than one category.

b. Structural diseases are not always to classify.

c. Structural diseases usually fall into more of the three broad categories.

d. Structural diseases are called lesions that may be biochemical or morphologic.

20. The author suggests that all of the following means be used to help children with elevated blood cholesterol levels except ________.

a. formal nutrition counseling

b. regular follow-up, including measurement of blood levels.

c. dietary interventions as first therapy

d. lipid-lowering medications

21. The one thing that the author does not recommend is that _________.

a. young people should be screened to detect elevated blood cholesterol levels

b. a low-fat, balanced diet should become the norm

c. efforts to lower fat in food should be encouraged

d. dietary education should be promoted

22. Which of the following is true of the students in the control of the DISC

a. They showed the same reductions in blood lipid levels.

b. They made changes toward healthier behaviors.

c. They were aware of the high risks of the study.

d. They made information in this trial available to physicians.

23. How does HIV damages the immune system

a. By integrating with and taking over RNA of cells.

b. By infiltrating and blood stream.

c. By infecting and damaging helper T cells.

d. By increasing the crucial activities of the killer T cells.

24. The author believed that the best way to check the spread of the AIDS is __________.

a. to conduct global education about the disease

b. to treat the known cases with AZT

c. to limit the process of the disease

d. to use condoms and other “safe sex” practices

IV. Reading comprehension. 30%

Passage A

HIV is spread or transmitted from the person to another by bodily fluids such as bloods, semen and vaginal fluid. This happened in two main ways:

1. by sexual intercourse with an infected person.

The virus can be transmitted when an infected individual has sexual intercourse with another person. The lager the number of sexual partners and individual has, the more likely he or she is to have a partner who has HIV infection, thereby increasing the chances of becoming infected.

The virus is passed on more easily by anal intercourse than by vaginal intercourse. The infection can be transmitted not only from man to man and man to woman, but also from woman to man.

Although transmission is more likely to occur from males to females than from females to males, the risk of female to make transmission is significant.

2. by infected blood and blood products.

Although transmission of HIV has occurred through transfusions of infected blood and blood products in the past, donations to the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service are now routinely tested for HIV antibodies. This screening and other measures introduced by the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service make the chances of anyone being infected though this route very, very slim.

a. Transmission through blood from a person infected with virus occurs when infected needles and / or syringes are shared by people using illicit drugs.

b. There is absolutely no risk of blood donors acquiring HIV infection by giving blood to the Red Cross Transfusion Service.

3. from mother to baby during pregnancy.

The virus is very likely to be passed from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy. There is also a possibility of the virus being transmitted through breast milk. Women who intend to become pregnant should consider having an HIV antibody test.

We do know how the virus is NOT spread:

It is NOT spread through the air. You cannot become infected by breathing the air breathed out by an infected person or the air from an air conditioner.

It is NOT spread through people swallowing infected liquids. HIV has been found in saliva, but infection does NOT take place through using cups, glasses, plates, other crockery or cutlery which has been used by people with AIDS. There is no evidence that HIV can be acquired by intimate kissing.

It is NOT spread by mosquitoes. Studies in the USA have NOT linked the spread of HIV with mosquitoes.

25. HIV cannot be spread.

a. by semen

b. by food

c. by vaginal fluid

d. by breast milk

26. The virus is passed on more easily.

a. by vaginal intercourse

b. by anal intercourse

c. by personal contact

d. by mosquitoes

27. HIV can be more easily transmitted.

a. from male to females

b. from females to males

c. from an mother to her child d, from saliva

28. Women who intend to become pregnant should consider.

a, having an HIV antibody test b. having blood test

c. receiving a blood transfusion

d. bread feeding

29. HIV can be spread.

a. through using cups, glasses, plates…

b. breathing the infected air

c. through the air

d. during pregnancy

Passage B

Online doctors offering advice based on standardized symptoms are the most obvious example. Increasingly, however, remote diagnosis (telemedicine) will be based on real physiological data from the actual patient. A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using an off-the shelf PDA (personal data assistance) such as a Palm Pilot plus a mobile phone, it is perfectly feasible to transmit a patient’s vital signs over the telephone. With this kind of equipment in a first-aid kit, the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past.

Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural care. And at least one team wants to use telemedicine as a tool for disaster response ---- especially after earthquakes. Overall, the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and expertise.

But there is one problem. Bandwidth is the limiting factor for transmitting complex medical images around the world ---- CT scans being one of the biggest bandwidth consumers. Communication satellites may be able to cope with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes, wars or famines. But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of distributed medical intelligence.

30. The basis of remote diagnosis will be _____.

a. personal data assistance

b. standardized symptoms of a patient

c. real physiological data from a patient

d. transmitted complex medical images

31. The sentence “the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past” means ______.

a. patients used to cry and ask if there was a doctor in the house

b. now people probably would not ask if there is a doctor in the house

c. patients are now still asking if there is a doctor in the house

d. little kids often cried and asked if there was doctor in the house

32. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that _____.

a. flood is not among the disasters mentioned in the passage

b. it is now feasible to transmit a patient’s vital signs over telephone

c. telemedicine is being used by many medical teams as a tool for disaster response

d. the trend in applying telemedicine is toward providing global access to medical data

33. The word “problem” in the fourth paragraph refers to the fact that _____.

a. CT scans are one of the biggest bandwidth consumers

b. there are not enough mobile phones for distributing medical intelligence

c. communication satellites can only cope with the short-term needs during disasters

d. bandwidth is not adequate to transmit complex medical images around the world

34. A proper title for the passage may be ______.

a. The Online Doctor Will Be In

b. Improvement in Communications

c. How to Make Remote Diagnosis.

d. The Advantage of Telemedicine

Passage C

Medical researchers believe they may soon be able to prevent one of the world’s most feared diseases, leprosy（麻风病）. The scientists studying leprosy have developed a vaccine that appears to prevent the disease in some animals. Later this year the doctors plan to carry out the tests of vaccine on humans in the United States, Norway and Britain.

About fifteen million persons are victims of leprosy today. The disease produces skin sores and high body temperatures. It also deadens the nerve endings in the hands, feet and nose. Do many leprosy victims can not feel when their hands or feet get burned, cut or frozen.

Doctors found that leprosy grows easily in armadillos (犰狳). The armadillos are chosen for the studies because its body temperature is similar to the cooler skin area of humans where leprosy spreads fastest, the fingers, toes and nose. One gram of infected armadillo liver can provide large amounts of leprosy bacteria. Doctors cook the bacteria until they are dead. The dead bacteria then are made into the vaccine. So far the vaccine has successfully prevented the development of leprosy in mice and armadillos.

35. Which of the following area is not included in the tests of the vaccine carried out on humans

a. America

b. Norway

c. Britain

d. Asia

36. ______ is not the direct clinical manifestation of leprosy.

a. High body temperature

b. Skin sores

c. Deadening of nerve ending in the hands, feet and nose

d. Infection

37. Scientists choose armadillos for their studies because _____

a. they are easy to feed

b. they can be easily caught

c. their body temperature is similar to that of the leprosy patients.

d. they exist everywhere in the world.

38. The less likely to be attacked part of human body by leprosy bacteria is ____.

a. heart

b. toes

c. nose

d. fingers

39. Among the following statements, which is not true

a. About 15,000,000 persons are victims of leprosy today.

b. Leprosy victims feel pain when their hands get burned.

c. Scientists use dead bacteria in the vaccine.

d. Leprosy is one of the world’s most frightening diseases.

V. Translations. 26%

A. from Chinese into English

40. 单词血胆固醇测定在生物学和检测方面的不稳定性，对儿童打上“高危”标记（经常不适当）的危险性，以及折现筛选计划成果的有限性，都表明了全国胆固醇教育计划指导方针是合理的。

41. 杀灭得多则被认为反映了较好的自然杀伤细胞功能；自然杀伤细胞的杀伤潜力非常重要，因为他们是免疫体统中最抗病毒和肿瘤的反应最快的细胞之一。

42. 然而，在异性恋这中，艾滋病发生率的上升（尤其是非洲和亚洲）表明，人们的态度几

乎没有改变。

43. 因此，乳腺癌的主要危险因素包括：女性性别，年龄增大，一侧乳房癌肿，和有一级亲属患乳腺癌的家族史。

44. 世界卫生组织给健康下定义为“一种全身、心、及社交方面的良好状态，不仅仅是无病或无不适”。

B. from English into Chinese

45. If, for example, a liver biopsy is performed incidental to a gastric exclusion and bypass for obesity, the presumptive diagnosis fatty live should be given as a diagnosis.

46. Studies aimed at determining the relationship between stress and the immune system have investigated the effects of factors as diverse as examinations, bereavement, divorce, unemployment, mental arithmetic, and looking after a relative with Alzheimer’s disease.

47. As the immune system deteriorates, the patient tends to develop recurrent or chronic opportunistic infections – ., infections easily combated by an intact immune system but that can take advantage of a severely weakened system to produce devastating and eventually lethal diseases.

48. It is well known that cancer is a dangerous disease which spares no one, irrespective of age or sex.

49. Such disease is caused by contaminations acquired during production, storage and distribution of the food