英语词汇学(英文版)English Lexicology (IV)

English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changes
� Man: chairman,
salesman, spaceman… � Poet-poetess, hero-heroine, student-girl student, novelist-lady novelist, doctor-woman doctor, president-female president… � Chairperson, businessperson, draftsperson..
Байду номын сангаас
� hairdresser---beautician
pensioner � war----conflict
� old people----senior citizens, mature
people,
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10.2 Causes of changes
� the poor people----the disadvantage, the
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10.1 Types of changes
Subject respectful Object respectable
imaginative unexpressive contemptuous
imaginary inexpressible contemptible
objectiveness
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
� subjectiveness
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hateful: a hateful job, a hateful crime � painful:a painful experience, a painful task � pompous language/style/manner � a pompous man � solemn music/oath/duty � a solemn judge
English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changes
� Pen
� Manuscript � Straw
� Atom
� Computer
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10.2 Causes of changes
� Language is
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10.2 Causes of changes
� Borrowing
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pig, cow, sheep-----pork, beef, mutton � deer-----animal, beast
English lexicology (III)
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� Weakening of
terrific, fantastic, marvelous, splendid, magnificent, wonderful, superb, tremendous, overpowering, fabulous…… � horrible, outrageous, awful, dreadful….
underprivileged
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“I used to think I was poor. Then they told me I wasn’t poor, I was needy, I was deprived. Then they told me underprivileged was overused. I was disadvantaged. I still don’t have a dime. But I have a great vocabulary.”
meaning of intensifiers
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
� Subjectiveness and
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He is doubtful of success. � The future looks doubtful. � …an honourable gentleman � …an honourable invitation
American English or British English?
English lexicology (III)
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� � � � �
What is American English? Is it American English or British English we are speaking as non-native speakers? Is there essential difference between British English and American English? What are the major differences between them? As non-native speakers, what is the significance for us to distinguish the differences between them?
� Deer
� girl � garage �
� liquor
instant reply
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10.1 Types of changes
Sth. Low, humble, unpleasant------sth. Noble, agreeable, pleasant � Marshall � Shrewd � Angel � Minister
English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changes
� Euphemism: The substitution of
a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one that may be offensive, disagreeable, harsh, or blunt.
objectiveness
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
� Subjectiveness and
collocation
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objectiveness depend on the
a suspicious character/truth/condition � a suspicious look/glance/attitude � a dubious answer � a dubious look
just like a mirror, reflecting everything that exists in human society. Naturally, it records the speech and attitude of different social class.
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Villain, clown, churl � Democracy, revolution, liberalism, communism, landlord, trade union
English Lexicology (IV)
10. Changes in Meaning � 11. American English
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Contents
To be continued
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� Vocabulary is
the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form. � This chapter will deal with the major patterns that changes in meaning follow and the causes of changes.
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Chapter 11 American English
� In
this chapter, we aim to understand the characteristics of American English, to distinguish the differences between American English and British English. It is a laborious job, while it is important that American English be addressed in English learning.
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10.2 Causes of changes
� Simplifying
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as a matter of course-----of course � above all things-----above all � God gives you a good morning---Good morning � private soldier----private � general officer----general � periodical paper----periodical � fall of leaves----fall
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
� lady � Economy � influence � holidays � slogan � Scene
� Orientation
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10.1 Types of changes
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10.2 Causes of changes
� garbage collector------sanitation engineer
� gardener-----landscape architect � servant----domestic engineer
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�
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� �
To take French leave Spanish athlete Irish bull To talk Dutch, Dutch comfort, Dutch bargain, in Dutch An American will go to hell for a bag of coffee.
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
� Silly
� Villain, boor, churl � Cunning
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10.1 Types of changes
� Intensifiers
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10.2 Causes of changes
� Black
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Black Power, Black is beautiful, Black English, Black history � Negro � African Americans, Afro-Americans � Native Americans (Indians)
English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changes
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Some words or expressions shows the national psychology, especially a feeling of dislike, contempt, irony towards other nationalities.