(能谱)CT图像质量
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Noise (s) = S(xi - xmean)2 ------------------(n-1)
Xi = individual pixel value Xmean = average of all pixel values in ROI n =total # pixels in ROI
George David
Viewing factors
Incident X spectrum
Physical thickness density
Viewing human factors
surrounding factors
George David
入射X线能谱对物体(X线)对比 度的影响
c1 4 3 m Z A
George David
Small Contrast Difference Harder to Identify in Presence of Noise
George David
George David
CT Image Noise噪声
Fluctuation
of CT #’s in an image of uniform material (water)
Units (HU’s) or % contrast
George David
George David
George David
George David
George David
ALARA原则 As low as reasonable achievable
George David
层厚
Thinner
George David
空间分辨率
空间分辨率
采样频率
Display matrix
焦点尺寸 高清模式
重建算法
层厚
探测器孔径
George David
“views per rotation” (VPR) refers to the number of samples taken with every rotation of the gantry
George David
Like VCT 984 Views
Hi Res 2496 Views Improve IQ
George David
George David
层厚影响空间分辨率
Hi-Resolution
CT Technique高分辨率CT
扫描技术
• Very small slice thicknesses
George David
360 degree algorithm
Arbitrarily selected planar section at position z
d
z1
z
z1 + d
Planar data for arbitrary positions are calculated from spiral data by interpolation
George David
George David
谢 谢!
George David
描述CT
图像质量的三个主要参数:
空间分辨率、密度分辨率、噪声
对比度(密度)分辨率:
指当细节与背景之间具有低对比度时,将 一定大小的细节从背景中辨别出来的能力。
George David
CT Image Quality in Equation Form
Examples:
prostheses dental fillings surgical clips Electrodes bone
Metal absorbs all radiation in ray
causes star-shaped artifact
Artifact can be reduced by software
Spatial Resolution
定义是在两种物质CT 值相差100HU 以上时,能分辨最小 的圆形孔径或是黑白相间的线对数,单位是lp/cm。 5÷lp/cm= 可分辨的最小物体的直径(mm) “Pair” is one object + one space
One Pair
Phantoms – Spatial Resolution
George David
层厚...
3 mm Slice 10 mm Slice
对于软组织来讲厚的层厚能提供低噪声、高密 度分辨率的图像。
George David
mAs(剂量)
在软组织研究病例中, 用高mAs来保持低噪声是非 常重要的。因为软组织比如肝脏上要观察的细节与
周围组织往往具有较小的对比度。噪声的存在会掩
George David
Motion Artifacts
Causes
streaks in image Algorithms have trouble coping because of inconsistent data
George David
Artifacts: Abrupt High Contrast Changes
George David
Spatial Resolution
空间分辨率:又称高对比度分辨率(high contrast resolution),是指在高对比度(密 度分辨率大于10%)的情况下鉴别细微的 能力,即显示最小体积病灶或结构的能力
Quantifies image blurring
George David
Noise Measurement in CT
Scan
water phantom Select regions of interest Take mean & standard deviation in each region Standard deviation is noise in ROI
George David
CT Artifacts: Beam Hardening
Increase
in mean energy of polychromatic beam as it passes through patient Can cause broad dark bands or streaks
image contrast
Radiograhic contrast detector contrast display contrast
Subject mass attenuation coefficient
Window and level
Elemental Composition of subject Electron density
360°内插算法的Z轴分辨率会下降30%
George David
George David
CT 对比度
George David
Components of image contrast 对比度构成
Contrast present in a medical image is the result of a number of different steps that occur during image acquisition, processing, and display
• cupping artifact
Minimized
using beam hardening correction algorithms
MARS:减除金属和硬化伪影
George David
CT Artifacts: Partial Volume Effect
CT #’s based on linear attenuation coefficient for tissue voxels If voxel non-uniform (contains several materials), detection process will average Can appear as • incorrect densities • Streaks and bands Minimizing • Use thinner slices
Where
George David
由于CT与传统的X线机成像方式的不同,不再使用传统的用于表示患者辐射 剂量的表面入射剂量(ESD)。在实际应用中人们总结了CT剂量参数,主要 有以下几种: 1、 CTDI(CT dose index),CT剂量指数的概念,目前国际上应用最广泛的 一种是由欧共体定义的。CTDI值表示沿着z轴方向单层辐射的剂量值。式中T 表示标称层厚,D(z)表示沿垂直于断层平面的z轴方向的剂量分布曲线, 是 用笔形电离室测量的,积分区间恒定为100 mm,表示单层扫描的剂量。 2 、 CTDIW,为了解决X射线剂量在体内的不均匀性,反映人体接受的真实 剂量,人们又提出了加权剂量指数(CTDIW)的概念,是电离量在测试模体 中心和边缘测量值的加权平均。 CTDIw= (边缘)+ (中心)(mGy) 3 、 CTDIvol:容积剂量指数,通常一次CT扫描由很多层组成,且实际中单层 扫描所产生的剂量区域由于X线的扩散性,在z轴方向上层的边缘产生“尾部 区域”,这就使得多层扫描的剂量并非多个 的简单相加,在“尾部区域”会 产生剂量的叠加,因此人们提出容积剂量指数的概念。 CTDIvol= ×CTDIw (mGy) 4、 DLP(dose-length product):剂量长度乘积,一次完整的CT检查患者所接 受的辐射剂量。 DLP=CTDIvol×Scan length (mGy) 5、 ED(effective dose):有效剂量,是相对于全身平均辐射剂量来说,反映 了身体不同部位接受的非均匀性的辐射剂量,根据不同部位的权重因子(W )得出。 E=DLP×W (mSv) George
George David
George David
Contrast Resolution
1. 对比度分辨率( contrast
resolution ) 是指当细节与背景之间具有低对比 度时,将一定大小的细节从背景中辨别 出来的能力。又称为密度分辨率或低对 比分辨率(low contrast resolution) 对比度分辨率主要受像素噪声的影响
s2(m) = kT/(td3R)
s is variance resulting from noise k is a conversion factor (constant) T is transmissivity (inverse of attenuation) t is slice thickness d is pixel size R is dose
»1-2 mm
• High spatial frequency algorithms
»increases resolution
increases noise Noise can be offset by using higher doses
• Optimized window / level settings • Small field of view (FOV)
盖这些对比度。因此在软组织为主的肝脏等部位, 需要提高剂量,以降低噪声提高密度分辨率,以能 分辨微小的病变; 而在肺或内耳的检查中,可适当降低扫描条件,因
为这些部位本身具有较高的对比度,少量的噪声不
会影响诊断。
George David
George David
George David
George David
George David
滤波算法影响空间分辨率
Standard Algorithm
“Lung” Algorithm
George David
Z轴分辨率
Z轴分辨率是指设备在Z方向上分辨细节的能力。 它主要是影响3D图像的分辨率。如冠状面或矢状面 的重建 用Z轴方向的投影曲线的半高宽度(FWHM)来表 示。通常情况下,Z轴分辨率=层厚 目前的高档的多层螺旋CT的Z轴方向的空间分辨率 已经接近横轴面的空间分辨率,就是说基本上达到 了所谓“各向同性”
George David
George David
George David
CT Image Noise
Usually
described as standard deviation of pixel values像素值的标准偏差 Standard deviation of pixel values
CT Image Quality
CT 图像质量
山东省千佛山医院 CT室 王巍
George David
CT Image Quality Parameters
Spatial Resolution 空间分辨率 Image Noise Contrast Resolution
密度分辨率
Artifacts
伪影 噪声 Principal components of image quality are contrast, spatial resolution, and noise.
slices mean
• less active detector area
Biblioteka Baidu»less photons detected »More noise
CT
Image Quality Equation
s2(m) = kT/(td3R)
If slice thickness goes down by 2 Dose must go up by 2 To hold noise constant
对比噪声比CNR
优化门脉期图像的观察能量阈值,最佳显示为52KeV
George David
George David
CT Artifacts伪影
Areas
where image not faithful to subject Sources
• patient • image process • equipment
Xi = individual pixel value Xmean = average of all pixel values in ROI n =total # pixels in ROI
George David
Viewing factors
Incident X spectrum
Physical thickness density
Viewing human factors
surrounding factors
George David
入射X线能谱对物体(X线)对比 度的影响
c1 4 3 m Z A
George David
Small Contrast Difference Harder to Identify in Presence of Noise
George David
George David
CT Image Noise噪声
Fluctuation
of CT #’s in an image of uniform material (water)
Units (HU’s) or % contrast
George David
George David
George David
George David
George David
ALARA原则 As low as reasonable achievable
George David
层厚
Thinner
George David
空间分辨率
空间分辨率
采样频率
Display matrix
焦点尺寸 高清模式
重建算法
层厚
探测器孔径
George David
“views per rotation” (VPR) refers to the number of samples taken with every rotation of the gantry
George David
Like VCT 984 Views
Hi Res 2496 Views Improve IQ
George David
George David
层厚影响空间分辨率
Hi-Resolution
CT Technique高分辨率CT
扫描技术
• Very small slice thicknesses
George David
360 degree algorithm
Arbitrarily selected planar section at position z
d
z1
z
z1 + d
Planar data for arbitrary positions are calculated from spiral data by interpolation
George David
George David
谢 谢!
George David
描述CT
图像质量的三个主要参数:
空间分辨率、密度分辨率、噪声
对比度(密度)分辨率:
指当细节与背景之间具有低对比度时,将 一定大小的细节从背景中辨别出来的能力。
George David
CT Image Quality in Equation Form
Examples:
prostheses dental fillings surgical clips Electrodes bone
Metal absorbs all radiation in ray
causes star-shaped artifact
Artifact can be reduced by software
Spatial Resolution
定义是在两种物质CT 值相差100HU 以上时,能分辨最小 的圆形孔径或是黑白相间的线对数,单位是lp/cm。 5÷lp/cm= 可分辨的最小物体的直径(mm) “Pair” is one object + one space
One Pair
Phantoms – Spatial Resolution
George David
层厚...
3 mm Slice 10 mm Slice
对于软组织来讲厚的层厚能提供低噪声、高密 度分辨率的图像。
George David
mAs(剂量)
在软组织研究病例中, 用高mAs来保持低噪声是非 常重要的。因为软组织比如肝脏上要观察的细节与
周围组织往往具有较小的对比度。噪声的存在会掩
George David
Motion Artifacts
Causes
streaks in image Algorithms have trouble coping because of inconsistent data
George David
Artifacts: Abrupt High Contrast Changes
George David
Spatial Resolution
空间分辨率:又称高对比度分辨率(high contrast resolution),是指在高对比度(密 度分辨率大于10%)的情况下鉴别细微的 能力,即显示最小体积病灶或结构的能力
Quantifies image blurring
George David
Noise Measurement in CT
Scan
water phantom Select regions of interest Take mean & standard deviation in each region Standard deviation is noise in ROI
George David
CT Artifacts: Beam Hardening
Increase
in mean energy of polychromatic beam as it passes through patient Can cause broad dark bands or streaks
image contrast
Radiograhic contrast detector contrast display contrast
Subject mass attenuation coefficient
Window and level
Elemental Composition of subject Electron density
360°内插算法的Z轴分辨率会下降30%
George David
George David
CT 对比度
George David
Components of image contrast 对比度构成
Contrast present in a medical image is the result of a number of different steps that occur during image acquisition, processing, and display
• cupping artifact
Minimized
using beam hardening correction algorithms
MARS:减除金属和硬化伪影
George David
CT Artifacts: Partial Volume Effect
CT #’s based on linear attenuation coefficient for tissue voxels If voxel non-uniform (contains several materials), detection process will average Can appear as • incorrect densities • Streaks and bands Minimizing • Use thinner slices
Where
George David
由于CT与传统的X线机成像方式的不同,不再使用传统的用于表示患者辐射 剂量的表面入射剂量(ESD)。在实际应用中人们总结了CT剂量参数,主要 有以下几种: 1、 CTDI(CT dose index),CT剂量指数的概念,目前国际上应用最广泛的 一种是由欧共体定义的。CTDI值表示沿着z轴方向单层辐射的剂量值。式中T 表示标称层厚,D(z)表示沿垂直于断层平面的z轴方向的剂量分布曲线, 是 用笔形电离室测量的,积分区间恒定为100 mm,表示单层扫描的剂量。 2 、 CTDIW,为了解决X射线剂量在体内的不均匀性,反映人体接受的真实 剂量,人们又提出了加权剂量指数(CTDIW)的概念,是电离量在测试模体 中心和边缘测量值的加权平均。 CTDIw= (边缘)+ (中心)(mGy) 3 、 CTDIvol:容积剂量指数,通常一次CT扫描由很多层组成,且实际中单层 扫描所产生的剂量区域由于X线的扩散性,在z轴方向上层的边缘产生“尾部 区域”,这就使得多层扫描的剂量并非多个 的简单相加,在“尾部区域”会 产生剂量的叠加,因此人们提出容积剂量指数的概念。 CTDIvol= ×CTDIw (mGy) 4、 DLP(dose-length product):剂量长度乘积,一次完整的CT检查患者所接 受的辐射剂量。 DLP=CTDIvol×Scan length (mGy) 5、 ED(effective dose):有效剂量,是相对于全身平均辐射剂量来说,反映 了身体不同部位接受的非均匀性的辐射剂量,根据不同部位的权重因子(W )得出。 E=DLP×W (mSv) George
George David
George David
Contrast Resolution
1. 对比度分辨率( contrast
resolution ) 是指当细节与背景之间具有低对比 度时,将一定大小的细节从背景中辨别 出来的能力。又称为密度分辨率或低对 比分辨率(low contrast resolution) 对比度分辨率主要受像素噪声的影响
s2(m) = kT/(td3R)
s is variance resulting from noise k is a conversion factor (constant) T is transmissivity (inverse of attenuation) t is slice thickness d is pixel size R is dose
»1-2 mm
• High spatial frequency algorithms
»increases resolution
increases noise Noise can be offset by using higher doses
• Optimized window / level settings • Small field of view (FOV)
盖这些对比度。因此在软组织为主的肝脏等部位, 需要提高剂量,以降低噪声提高密度分辨率,以能 分辨微小的病变; 而在肺或内耳的检查中,可适当降低扫描条件,因
为这些部位本身具有较高的对比度,少量的噪声不
会影响诊断。
George David
George David
George David
George David
George David
滤波算法影响空间分辨率
Standard Algorithm
“Lung” Algorithm
George David
Z轴分辨率
Z轴分辨率是指设备在Z方向上分辨细节的能力。 它主要是影响3D图像的分辨率。如冠状面或矢状面 的重建 用Z轴方向的投影曲线的半高宽度(FWHM)来表 示。通常情况下,Z轴分辨率=层厚 目前的高档的多层螺旋CT的Z轴方向的空间分辨率 已经接近横轴面的空间分辨率,就是说基本上达到 了所谓“各向同性”
George David
George David
George David
CT Image Noise
Usually
described as standard deviation of pixel values像素值的标准偏差 Standard deviation of pixel values
CT Image Quality
CT 图像质量
山东省千佛山医院 CT室 王巍
George David
CT Image Quality Parameters
Spatial Resolution 空间分辨率 Image Noise Contrast Resolution
密度分辨率
Artifacts
伪影 噪声 Principal components of image quality are contrast, spatial resolution, and noise.
slices mean
• less active detector area
Biblioteka Baidu»less photons detected »More noise
CT
Image Quality Equation
s2(m) = kT/(td3R)
If slice thickness goes down by 2 Dose must go up by 2 To hold noise constant
对比噪声比CNR
优化门脉期图像的观察能量阈值,最佳显示为52KeV
George David
George David
CT Artifacts伪影
Areas
where image not faithful to subject Sources
• patient • image process • equipment