希腊神话与文学中的原型

The archetype and western literatureThe concept of archetype isindispensable incollective unconscious, it points out that the spirit of the existence of various certain forms. In general, these forms are always exist in anyplace and anytime. That’s the reason why the impact of the archetype in Greek myths on the literature is always there, which guide the literature ofwestern countries into a completely different direction and has great affection on its development. Every time when we study about literature, we can find the traceof the archetype in Greek myths.There are two kinds, one is that we can find some representatives of these archetypes appear in some articles, or some person who has the characteristics the archetypes have, which is called surface shift. The other one is deep shift,it’s about the Life view, values, cultural viewpoint, love, freedom and human nature and someconceptssmriti from the Greek myths.In Surface shift(表层移位), there are all kindsof archetypes in the literature. There are many famous heroes in Greek myths who have acquired different maverlous successes, such as the famous story about Argonautica’s heroes, thestory of king Oedipus, the story of Theseus’s getting rid of evil for the people,one of the most famous affairsis the sophocles’s 12 pieces of the great merit.The archetype of hero has great influence on traditionalwestern literary, it not only affects the whole structure of western literary works order but also affect the lofty style of literature and the heroic spirit ofcharacter image.According to different kinds of things they have done, these heroes can be divided into several specific types: pirates hero (such as represented in the gorbachev's hero), drifting hero (such as Odysseus), war hero (such as Achilles), business hero (such as Jason, Odysseus), which represent different archetypes in Greek myths. Thesearchetypes of heroes form thehero theme in western history of literature.The development vein of the western literature is as follows: hero inhistory of Greek myths--medieval knighthero--Renaissance noble hero (suchas Shakespeare)--tramp the heroes- classical heroes in 17th century( such as high in tragedy is the XiDe) - business heroes in 18th century( such as lubinSun)-the civilians heroes in the early 19th century ( such as Stendhal)— hero of psychology experiments inthe late nineteenthcentury(such as Dostoevsky" crime and punishment)-- modern heroes20 century, such as kafkaand Joyce.All these different kinds of heroes are developing from these archetypes of heroes. Apart from this, there are also some other kinds of archetypes in Greek myths, Zeus, Athena, Hera, artemis and so on, all of these image in Greek myths also have their archetype in literature.In deep shift（深层移位）,the literature inherit from the same values toward same things,which is called collective unconscious,maybe the view is not right, but it just because all human beings think it’s right, then it’s right.The ancient Greek culture is a kind of desire typeculture, the person's nature can get the maximum stretch. It encourages human beings to display their human nature, and endorse man’s common life and individual’s value. One of the most typicalpeople isAchilles. In Greek myths, he just doesn’t care about anyone else except the people close to him. He just thought he was insulted, so he won’t go out to fight though so many soldiers died in the field until his good friend died on battle.He is just that kind of person who display his own characteristics. We can alsofind thisin some famous writers’ work. For instance, inthe play Romeo and Juliet, the two people just pursue their dream, they just love each other very much, they don’t care about anyone else.They have showed themselves.In ancient Greek myths, No matter in the time of matriarchyor patriarchy, the difference between the position of men and women is also obvious. First the matriarchy，later the patriarchy. In the time of matriarchy，they are the core of the world. After stepping into patriarchy，they are no longer that noble ,they rely on man instead of themselves. All this also have great impact on the literature.They are many works extolling women’s beauty and noble characteristics, later some works show a kind of sympathy toward these poor women. After the male gods become the main part, the whole Americanextol the male literature.Among theliterature In the 20 century, such as Britain's Lawrence, Germany's Thomas mann, the United States of Theodore dreiser, Hemingway, all these writers’ works have prominent male consciousness, which is greatly influenced by the Male standard myth.All in all, the archetypes of Greek myths have great influence on literature.This deep shift is really enormous reflected in the literature. The view of universe, nature,ethics, and men and women status concept, power consciousness, revenge consciousness in Greek myths has influenced westerners the way of thinking and behaviorfor one thousand years, these are the accumulation ofcollective unconscious.All these views are inherited well in western literature.Shakespear exploit the deep shift perfectly in his works. Perhaps in some ways Shakespeare is not consciouslypursue these views, but the collective unconscious is in his mind, it will quietly governs his artistic imagination. Shakespeare go with the thought pattern ofancientGreeks, andattribute thesephenomena of nature,which couldn't be explained,to god's arrangement.Duringthe Renaissance, although science has greater success than ancient Greece, but the cognitive ability of people are still limited. Although we human beings know more and more natural, knowledge is more and more abundant, we can never conquer the nature,Greek myths will always be the guide.The views in it will always affect writers’ thinking.All in all, the archetypes in Greek myths have great influence on western literature. It was reflected in two ways, in surface shift, and deep shift.[参考文献]荣格集体无意识的概念（英文版）[M].北京：中国社会科学弗莱文学中的原型，威严的均称出版社，1999.朱维之。