被动语态巩固(翻译专练)

被动语态巩固（翻译专练）

➢了解汉英被动表达的差异

初中生学习英语被动语态最易出现的错误是，在很多该用被动语态的地方没有用。比如学生经常说出这样的句子：The classroom has cleaned. 这是因为汉语被字句的使用频率很低，学生习惯于“教室打扫干净了”等无形式标记被动句的表达法，对译成英语，也就忘了该用被动语态。深一层的原因是汉语史上被字句一般用来表示不愉快或遗憾的事情。比如人们一般问：“ 教师表扬（你）了没有？”而不大说：“你被老师表扬了没有？”一般说：“（我）又被老师批评了。”而不大说：“老师又批评我了。”（这句话的意思似乎是老师批评得不合适。）再如：“蛋糕被猫吃掉了。”（隐含义是蛋糕本来是我们要吃的。）当然，随着本世纪以来汉语欧化句式的大量涌现，被字句的使用频率大大增加，许多场合的被字句也并不表示不愉快，“我被老师表扬了。”一类句子也到处使用。但与英语相比，汉语中的被字句出现频率仍低了很多。另一方面，汉语中存在的大量无形式标记被动句，如果译成英语则必须用被动语态，但学生往往忘了使用被动语态，这是初中学生学习英语被动句时最易出现的错误。比如“信写完了”常被译成“The letter has written.”。对此，必须设计具体的语境，通过大量的英汉对比翻译，反复操练，才能加深理解。

①教室打扫干净了。The classroom has been cleaned.

②树种好了。The trees have been planted.

③杯子打破了。The cup was broken.

④汽车撞坏了。The car was broken.

⑤书他拿走了。The book has been taken away by him.

汉语中有的被动句的形式标记不是“被”字，而是“让”、“给”、“叫”、“受”、“遭”、“为…所…”、“挨”、“由”、“使”、“把”、“得到”、“获”、“予以”、“加以”、“经过”、等。

①那只狗叫他们给杀了。The dog was killed by them.

②小偷让警察抓去了。The thief was captured by a policeman.

③鞋子给扔了。The shoes have been thrown away.

④他遭了父亲一顿打。He was beaten by his father.

⑤我们为那部电影所感动。We were moved by that film.

⑥许多房屋在地震中遭到了破坏。A lot of houses were damaged in the earthquake.

⑦我所有的积蓄都给偷走了。All the money I had saved was stolen.

⑧庄稼让洪水冲毁了。The crops were washed away by the flood.

英语被动句译为不带被动标志性词语但包含被动

许多汉语句子不带表被动意义的标志性词语，看上去好像是主动句，但实际上包含被动意义，这样的汉语句子的被动意义是通过其主谓成分表达的逻辑意义关系来确定的。

①罗杰，你有电话。Roger, you are wanted on the phone.

②他的腿在一次事故中折断了。His leg was broken in an accident.

③人民大会堂是在1959年建造的。The Great Hall of the People was built in 1959.

④印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其是在科技英语中被动语态几乎随处可见，这是因为：（1）被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，更注重客观事实；（2）被动结构更能突出主要特征，说明对象，引人注目；（3）在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短。

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，被动语态的结构是主语+be+过去分词，其中be 动词体现时态，过去分词done体现被动。下面以动词do为例，总结出各种时态的被动语态。

1.一般现在时：am ( is, are ) + done.

主动语态：We clean the classroom.（我们打扫教室。）

被动语态：The classroom is cleaned by us.（教室被我们打扫。）

2.一般过去时：was ( were ) + done

主动语态：We cleaned the classroom last night.（我们昨晚打扫了教室。）

被动语态：The classroom was cleaned by us last night. （昨晚教室被我们打扫了。）

3.一般将来时：will ( shall / be going to ) be + done

主动语态：We will clean the classroom tomorrow.（我们明天将打扫教室。）

被动语态：The classroom will be cleaned by us tomorrow.（明天教室将被我们打扫。）

4.现在进行时：am ( is, are ) being + done

主动语态：We are cleaning the classroom.( 我们正在打扫教室。)

被动语态：The classroom is being cleaned by us. ( 教室正被我们打扫。)

5.过去进行时：was ( were ) being + done

主动语态：We were cleaning the classroom at this moment last night.

( 昨晚这个时候我们正在打扫教室。)

被动语态：The classroom was being cleaned by us at this moment last night.

( 昨晚这个时候教室正在被我们打扫。)

6.现在完成时：have ( has ) been + done

主动语态：We have cleaned the classroom.( 我们已经打扫了教室。)

被动语态：The classroom has been cleaned by us. ( 教室已经被我们打扫了。)

7.带情态动词的被动语态：

must ( can, may, should, need, would ) be + done

主动语态：We must clean the classroom. ( 我们必须打扫教室。)

被动语态：The classroom must be cleaned by us.( 教室必须被我们打扫。