指示语

• Tang: Do you know Nanjing well? Wang: I have never been to Jiangsu.
Tang must have the background knowledge that Nanjing is part of Jiangsu Province in order to understand Wang’s implied meaning
• This and this, are yours. That ’s mine.
Unless we know who speaks to whom and what the speaker keeps pointing at
• These language forms are notably deictics or indexicals (or deictic or indexical expressions) whose referents are identifiable only in the context concerned. • Deixis directly concerns the relationship between the language structure and the context in which it is used. • 话语和语境之间的关系是通过指示语而得以在语言结构 上反映出来。
Symbolic usage 象征用法
referring to some general entity accessible to the participants, existing prior to the utterance, and usually requiring only knowledge of the basic spatial-temporal pearameters of the speech event
Non-anaphoric Usage:
The usages of some deictic terms are neither deictic nor anaphoric. T hat is to say, their referents cannot be located either in the physical c ontext or in the discourse where they occur.
If
If you find a piece of paper on the desk that reads: "Meet me here a week from now with a stick about this big.", can you figure out the exact delivered information ? Meet me here a week from now with a stick about this big. All these colored words are deitic expressions. If we do not relate to the context, it's hard to figure out what it really means.
To understand what Jack refers to by “the hamburger”, Kate may turn to the situational context, namely a McDonald’s
• The hamburger didn’t order onion, Kate.
Different understanding about context
• Context It refers to the preceding utterance(s) and/or the following one(s) ( which may from the linguistic context or co-text)
• Speak louder, please. There’re nearly one hundred people here.
Speak louder, please.
reason
There’re nearly one hundred people here.
• The intrinsic relation between language use and context leads to a more or less ontological(本体论的) connection between them.
Anaphoric Usage:
the referent of a deictic term exists in the discourse rather than the context, and can be traced from the preceding of following discourse.
Linguistic Forms of Deixis
English deictics involve: personal pronouns(e.g. I, you, he), demonstrative pronouns指示代词(e.g. this, that), spatial and temporal adverbs(e.g. here, there; now, today), the definite article(the) some grammatical categories such as tense of the verbs.
Usages of deixis
Gestural usage
Deictic Usage
Symbolic usage Anaphoric
Non-deictic Usage
Non-anarphoric
Deictic Usage of deictics If
Gestural usage 体势用法
Accompanied by some gestures and requiring moment-by moment monitoring of the speech event
Gestural uses:在使用指示词时必须配合一定的手势、 眼神或者点头、音调的变化等副语言特征来加以理 解。
This and this, are yours. That is mine. Place the bookcase here. No, not here, but here.
Symbolic uses:在使用指示词时仅需要知道言语事件 基本的时间空间参数。
• “Good morning ” to greet someone we meet in the morning • “Good night” to part with someone we meet at night • “Could you do X?” generally indexes a distant social relation between the interlocutors • “No doing X” indicates the exercise of some authorized power,
Here we are. / There we go.
ing the temporal adverbs now as a discourse filler Now, where did we stop last time?
ing the demonstrative pronouns this and that to refer to indefinite things Oh, I did this and that.
ing spatial adverbs here and there idiomatically without referring to anything inside and outside the discourse
Chapter 6:Deixis
林芳 李文婷 张彧
Different understanding about context
• Context it denotes some physical environment or setting ( mainly including temporal-spatial dimensions) in which we produce or comprehend utterances.
1. This campusof things to do this week. It's sufficient to understand the deictic message with reference to the knowledge of the general location of the participants in sentence 1, the time period in which the interaction takes place in sentence 2.
Tom is in Junior One. He most likes Mathematics.
Jack is back again. I met this weird guy the other day. It was a garden surrounded by maple trees. Here Lotus has spent her happy childhood.
Non-deictic Usage of deictics
Deictics are not always used deictictly. There are also cases in which the meaning of a deictic term can be interpreted without reference to the physical situation. It is further subdivided by Levinson into anaphoric usage（照应用法） and non-anaphoric usage（非照应用法）.
Definition of deixis
Deixis is a term originating from Greek, which means pointing（指点）or indicating（指示）. Deictics are expressions cannot be fully understood without reference to the context in which they are uttered. “在不知其使用语境时就无法确定其所指语义的指 示词”（巴尔——希勒尔）
ing the personal pronouns we, you and he to refer to people in general sense You can never succeed without efforts.
One cannot lose what he never owned.
• Context some invisible social or mental factors, especially social distance, power relations, encyclopedic knowledge and expectations, that affect the production or comprehension of certain utterances.