英语论文文献综述报告

跨文化交际理论下的英语新闻汉译策略的论文
文献综述报告
摘要
众所周知，词与词形成句，句与句构成篇，从而组成一则新闻。

因此句子就成了整个新闻的主要主城部分。

对新闻英语句子的翻译是始终表现出一个翻译者或一个记者的技巧。

那就是把一个扩展开的简单英语句子翻译成中文的技巧。

我们应该首先把英语句子分成几个意群,可以是一个词、一个短语,一个条款,甚至是一个组合的任何部分。

同时根据中国的时间和逻辑的序列，继而把意群转化成中文副本并同时记录下来。

如果任何一个句子的失去了它的逻辑,句子无论如何也不能成立。

因此从英文句子转化成汉语至少需要两个步骤的转化。

并以分割和转化以及重新排序为重点。

跨文化交际就是不同国家，不同文化之间的交流与沟通，以及相互理解。

它包含了人类学，文化研究，心理学，历史，艺术，宗教，地理和通讯等各个领域。

在我看来,外国人学习汉语最好就是多阅读中文报纸和杂志,多听广播和看电视。

我们也应该尽量接触接触英语报纸和电台。

一点也不夸张的说,社会的快速发展,给现代英语的领域带来了巨大的发展。

没有英语报纸和新闻媒体,我们找不到任何的方式使详细地记录了新生事物和多变的英语世界。

总之，本综述报告将着重讲如何运用跨文化交际理论去分析新闻翻译英语成中文的主要策略并进行研究。

ABSTRACT
As we all know that news was formed by sentences and sentences were formed by words. So the sentences were the main part of all the structure of news. The translation of English sentences about news was always show the skill of a translator or an journalist. To translate an expanded simple English sentence into appropriate Chinese. We should first and foremost divide the English sentence into several sense groups, which could be a word, a phrase, a clause, or even a combination of any of them. Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts
and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.
Intercultural Communication seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. This also includes areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, history, art, religion, geography, and communication.
As I see, the foreigners studying Chinese have to read more Chinese newspapers and magazines, listening to radio and watching TV. We should try our best to get in touch with English newspaper and radio. Not at all exaggerated, the rapid development of society has brought about a great advance in the modern English field. Without English newspaper and journalistic media, we can not find any way to make a detailed record of the newly emerging things and changeable English world.
Above all, this paper mainly studies how to use cross-communication theory to translate English news to Chinese.
Content
In order to accomplish my paper, I have read a large a mount of papers related to the information I need which was written by others. I simply paint a structure in my brain about how to write my paper before I began to write. In the first part, certainly I will introduce what is extensive reading and what is schema theory. And then I will give ideas about how to use schema theory to improve students' English reading ability. After reading all the papers I searched in the internet, I get a full understanding of these concepts. Now I will introduce what I have learned in sequence.
Literature Review
1 Expanded Definition
Intercultural Communication seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them.
This also includes areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, history, art, religion, geography, and communication.
These theories can be applied to many fields such as business, management, marketing, advertising, education, health care and other public services.
As business becomes more international, many companies need to know how best to structure their companies, manage staff and communicate with customers.
Division is to reduce the English hypotactic structure into a certain number of meaningful groups. Look at the following examples.
Remarks by US Presidents Bush at Qing Hua University (February22,2002, Beijing )
I’m so grateful for the hospitality, and honored for the reception at one of China’s and the world’s great universities.
I know how important this place to your Vice President. He not only received his degree here but more importantly, he met his gracious wife here.
I want to thank the students for giving me the chance to meet with you, the chance to talk a little bit about me country and answer some of your questions.
The students and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So, congratulations. I don’t know if you know this or not, but my wife and I have daughters who are in college, just like you. One goes to the university of Texas. One goes to Yale. They are twins. And we are proud of our daughters, just like your parents are proud of you, I am sure.
This paragraph can be divided into the following sense groups:
Thank you for your hospitality. I’m glad to be here.
The president Hu was a student in this university.
I am proud of my twins daughters just like your parents because the Qinghua university
is a world famous university and is one of the best in China.
If you make a division in this way, a long paragraph will be easy to understand and read. 1.1 Culture and Communication
Initially, Hall and the other anthropologists on the FSI staff taught their trainees about the concept of culture, and about the macro-level details of specific cultures such as their kinship structure and social institutions. The diplomats and development technicians studying at FSI
were underwhelmed by this rather conventional anthropological approach. Hall (1959, p.32) noted: “There seemed to be no ‘practical’value attached to either what the anthropologist did or what he made of his discoveries.”The trainees complained to Hall that what the anthropologists told them about working with the Navajo was of little value to them because the United States did not have an embassy on the Navajo Reservation (Hall, 1959). The FSI trainees insisted that they needed to understand how to communicate effectively with individuals who had a different culture than their own. Hall (1959) concluded: “By and large, it is useless to deal with culture on the meta level.”
Hall began to meet every weekday afternoon with George Trager to discuss how to reconceptualize the anthropology curriculum at FSI (Hall, 1992; Sorrells, 1998), thus bringing together linguistic and anthropological perspectives into an intellectual convergence that eventually became known as intercultural communication. Out of their joint work, Hall and Trager (1953) wrote a Foreign Service Institute training manual, The Analysis of Culture, in which they created a 10 by 10 matrix for mapping a given culture along certain dimensions (this matrix is reproduced in Hall’s [1959, pp. 190-191] The Silent Language).
Hall trained 2,000 people at the FSI over a five-year period, mainly in batches of 30 to 35. The methods of training were highly participatory and experiential. Hall de-emphasized listening to lectures and reading books as a means of understanding intercultural communication. Hall gained useful classroom examples of intercultural communication from his trainees, many of whom already had extensive international experience. Further insights and teaching examples were obtained by Hall’s travels to visit his former trainees in their overseas assignments. Why did the “intellectual Camelot”for intercultural communication at FSI end in 1955? The Foreign Service Institute was embedded within the U.S. Department of State, with the purpose of training Foreign Service personnel. FSI was one part of a government bureaucracy, and the anthropologists and linguists teaching at FSI had difficulties in dealing with the rest of the U.S. State Department, which was suspicious of the enclave of academics at FSI. Hall (1992, p. 202) remembers that “My message was frequently misunderstood and actively resisted by most of the administrators as well as the members of the Foreign Service.”Eventually, the State Department decided to “clean out the anthropologists”from the Foreign Service Institute. With the departure of Hall and Trager, and others, the brief window of academic creativity that had
flourished at the FSI from 1951 to 1955 closed. The intellectual center of intercultural communication moved elsewhere, eventually (a decade or so later) to university-based departments of communication. One of the most important means of disseminating the elements of the original paradigm for intercultural communication, worked out at the Foreign Service Institute, was via Hall’s (1959) important book, The Silent Language.
1.2 Transformation plus Reordering
After decomposing the original sentence into several meaningful groups, the transformation and reconstruction can be carried out in the meantime. Because the components of a Chinese sentence are more often interconnected through internal logical relationship instead of by marked linguistic denotations, the sequence of the components that indicates the internal Logic deserves the translator’s cautious consideration. Basing on the given purpose, supple ways and means of journalistic translation are admitted by Skopos theory at lexical levels.
All in all, the Skopos theory, put forward by a German, is widely used in the process of translation and widens people’s traditional eye scope on translation method s and brings the debate on translation standards to a high level.
To research on translations of news report with the skopos theory primarily aims at providing more details about the great theory in order that everybody could use the theory in their translation practice. This thesis is the very one to provide new perspective to the application of skopos theories to the translations of News report. It aims to make the best use of this theory in the common practice on the genre.
2 Translations
Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.
2.1 Translating English Neologism into Chinese
Journalistic neologisms introduce the newly emerging things, phenomena and experience in a vivid way. And their Chinese counterparts are hoped to perform the same function effectively. So the translation of English journalistic neologies must follow the principles of faithfulness and
acceptability. Basing on the two principles, there are many methods to neological translation.
(1)Translation in a literal way. With the progress of the news, the elements in English and Chinese translation have much in common. When coping with these similarities between two language systems.
(2)Free translation：If there is not a complete equivalent in Chinese for an English neology. The translator shoulder adheres to the sense while looking for some other suitable form. This may be referred as free translation.
(3)Transliteration: This method is very powerful when there is not counterpart in Chinese for the neologism, especially for people names and terms in various fields. For example, the word ‘Chechen 车臣; koala 考拉; Clone克隆；euthanasia安乐死; cellular phone移动电话; hula hoop呼拉圈; beeper BB机”. The wo rds about news were fron their sounds. When the mere translation sounds is not sufficient for the recipients to understand, it is necessary to add a generic word to the transliterated part to make the Chinese rendition more accurate in meaning.
(4)Transference: Transference is to adopt or copy something completely from the source language to the target language without alterations. In the background of the frequent exchanges between the eastern and western cultures nowadays, the English new words have influenced the Chinese lexis substantially. Chinese speakers have come to use the English new words. We can feel the methods from the examples as follows.
(1) He works enthusiastically as ever even though he has retired from the leading post. (尽管已退居二线,他的工作热情却丝毫不减).
(2) Journalists should firmly object to the payoffs-aimed journalism which deviates from press ethics. (新闻记者应坚决反对有偿新闻,因为它违背了新闻记者的职业道德).
2.2 Purposeful Translation of Journalistic Sentences
As we all know that news was formed by sentences and sentences were formed by words. So the sentences were the main part of all the structure of news. The translation of English sentences about news was always show the skill of a translator or an journalist. To translate an expanded simple English sentence into appropriate Chinese. We should first and foremost divide the English sentence into several sense groups, which could be a word, a phrase, a clause, or even a combination of any of them. Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the
logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.
3 Intercultural Communications
Over the past four decades the field of intercultural communication has grown mainly within university departments of communication. Dozens of textbooks on intercultural communication have appeared. Throughout the growth of intercultural communication study, Hall’s work has remained influential. Hall and his publications are still highly cited, both within the field of intercultural communication and outside of the field. Hall ranks as the second most-cited intercultural communication author and three of his books are among the most- cited books in intercultural communication, on the basis of the Social Science Citation Index from 1972 to 1998 (Hart, 1999a). Hall was considered the most influential figure in the field of intercultural communication by respondents in a survey of U.S. members of the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and
Research (SIETAR) (Harman and Briggs, 1991). Intercultural Communication in Japan American and Japanese intercultural communication scholars began studying U.S./Japanese communication behavior in the 1970s, stressing the differences in individualism/collectivism, low-context/high-context cultures, self-disclosure, and other values (Condon & Saito, 1974, 1976; Barnlund, 1975). Communication research on American/Japanese interaction, conducted by both U.S. and by Japanese intercultural communication scholars, expanded tremendously in the following decades. Today there are more studies of Japanese/American communication than of intercultural communication between any two other cultures (Ito, 1992). Why? The United States and Japan are the two largest economic powers in the world, and a high volume of trade and personnel interchange occurs between them. Further, several early and influential communication scholars, such as John C. Condon, William B. Gudykunst, and Clifford Clarke had personal life experiences involving Japanese/American communication, which influenced their research and writing about intercultural communication. Condon taught for a dozen years in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s at International Christian University, Tokyo. Gudykunst served at a U.S. Navy base in Japan, in charge of intercultural communication. Clarke, a founder of the Summer Institute in Intercultural Communication at Stanford University (now held annually near
Portland, Oregon), was raised by American missionary parents in Japan. Several important conferences and workshops on intercultural communication were held in Japan, bringing together scholars from the U.S. and Japan to focus on this new, growing field. Condon and Mitsuko Saito, his faculty colleague, organized two important conferences on intercultural communication, held at International Christian
University, out of which books were edited (Condon & Saito, 1974, 1976). While courses in intercultural communication are taught throughout the world today, usually in university departments of communication, in Japan these courses are also offered in university departments of English and schools of business. One reason for the growing popularity of intercultural communication, and for the location of some courses in business schools, is that this field is perceived in Japan as a particularly useful skill for use in international business. The Influence of Hall on Intercultural Communication Edward T. Hall made three major contributions to the field of intercultural communication .
Hall’s work made clear the concept of intercultural communication (he had also been one of the first scholars to use this term in the United States), stressing that interaction with non-Japanese people involved more than the mere exchange of words. Cultural systems of beliefs, values, and worldviews were also involved. Until Hall, much emphasis for so-called “internationalization”or “international communication" was placed simply on the mastery of eikaiwa (English conversation). The Japanese public prior to the mid-1960s believed that once an individual learned eikaiwa, that person would be an effective international communicator. Japanese simultaneous interpreters, who knew that much more was involved in achieving competence in dealing with English- speaking people, therefore felt the need to introduce such concepts as intercultural communication. Masao Kunihiro, who had majored in anthropology at the University of Hawaii, took notice of Hall’s work in intercultural communication in order to meet this need. As in the United States, Hall’s work helped scholars to identify the parameters of intercultural communication research and to establish this field by emphasizing the role of culture in communication with people from English-speaking countries. The introduction of Hall’s concept of intercultural communication also brought interdisciplinary perspectives to the issue of Japanese interactions with non- Japanese. The International Christian University conferences included Japanese scholars from various disciplines, including Takeo Doi and Chie
Nakane。

Hall identified four major influences on his work: (1) cultural anthropology, (2) linguistics, (3) ethology, the study of animal behavior, and (4) Freudian psychoanalytic theory (Hall, 1992; Sorrells, 1998).
4. Cultural Anthropology
Cultural anthropology served as both a positive and negative influence on Hall’s formation of the paradigm for intercultural communication. At Columbia University Hall was particularly influenced by Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict (Hart, 1996b). In The Hidden Dimension, Hall acknowledged that the connection that he made between culture and communication in his noted book The Silent Language had its beginnings with Boas who “laid the foundation of the view...that communication constitutes the core of culture...”(Hall, 1966, p.1). The strong emphasis on cultural relativism by Boas and Benedict is evident in Hall’s work. Margaret Mead, who preceded
Hall in helping the U.S. government apply anthropological understandings, and Raymond L. Birdwhistell, who was trained in cultural anthropology and who pioneered the study of kinesics, also influenced Hall. Hall did not accept certain important aspects of an anthropological perspective, however. Anthropologists generally focus on macro-level, single- culture studies, investigating the economic, government, kinship, and religious systems of a single culture. Hall’s approach at FSI focused on the micro-level behaviors of interactions between people of different cultures. This intercultural approach grew out of his applied work at FSI, where he taught a workshop course, Understanding Foreign People, to American diplomats (Murray, 1994).
Linguistics: At the FSI, Hall’s most influential colleague was George L. Trager, a linguist with post-doctoral training at Yale University with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf from 1936 to 1941 (Carroll, 1940/1956; Hockett, . Trager was perhaps closer to Whorf than any other scholar of his day; they shared scholarly interests in Native American languages of the American Southwest, Hopi for Whorf and Tanoan for Trager (Hockett, 1993). Thus Hall was exposed to the concept of linguistic relativity, the process through which language influences human thought and meaning (Whorf, 1940/1956). Hall later said that what Whorf did for understanding the influence of language on human thinking, Hall himself did for human behavior through his study
of nonverbal communication (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1990).
5.Conclusions
Based on the previous studies,this study aims to explore the syntactic features of English newspaper published in China in comparison with newspaper published in the United States.Findings show that there do exist syntactic similarities and differences between English news reports of the two newspapers.On average,sentences employed in China Daily are a little bit longer than those in the New York Times.And the frequency of using subordinate clause is lower,which manifests that China Daily employs longer phrases instead of subordinate clauses.And a deeper analysis on the use of noun phrases reveals that American English news reports tend to use more post-modifiers;while in Chinese ones pre-modifiers are usually adopted.
5.1 News
News as journalism is a genre of publicizing latest events. It informs us of what is going on in the world at large. So if we want to introduce China to the world and let people from other countries know us well, we should adopt a proper way and should pay more attention to the translation of news into English and avoid the appropriateness.
Newspapers today are an integral part of our society.They inform and entertain people in the world everyday.Inevitably,reading English newspaper has become a good way to learn English and to know the outside world.But does the language used by English newspapers published in China and that used by newspapers published in English speaking countries share similar syntactic features or differ much from each other.to reveal the syntactic difference and similarities two newspapers are selected—China Daily and the New York Times. Based on the previous studies,this study aims to explore the syntactic features of English newspaper published in China in comparison with newspaper published in the United States.Findings show that there do exist syntactic similarities and differences between English news reports of the two newspapers.On average,sentences employed in China Daily are a little bit longer than those in the New York Times.And the frequency of using subordinate clause is lower,which manifests that China Daily employs longer phrases instead of subordinate clauses.And a deeper analysis on the use of noun phrases reveals that American English news reports tend to use more post-modifiers; while in Chinese ones pre-modifiers are usually adopted. As far as the types of sentences are concerned, similarities go with the using of compound sentence and compound
complex sentence. However, for the simple and complex sentence, the comparison between the two shows a contrary contrast, more simple sentences are found in China Daily and more complex in the New York Times. The analysis of subordinate clause reveals that China Daily tends to use more nominal clauses and fewer relative clauses, though the difference is by no means significant. But for adverbial clause the percentages in the two are almost the same.The findings on the placement of adverbial clause show that there is a tendency of using initial adverbial clause in the NYT, and the distribution of initial adverbials sentence in the NYT is more balanced than that in CD, which lies in the different culture background and different thinking ways. Though some of the findings go against the previous viewpoints, they have their reasonability as it is a quantitative study based on international news reports. It is hoped that researchers engage into a systematic analysis of English newspaper published in China from a comprehensive perspective in exploring more linguistic points, such as phonological, lexical and discourse analysis.
5.2 Impacts of the Silent Language
In The Silent Language impacted the public, the scholarly community of intellectuals and social scientists, and Edward Hall’s career. The Silent Language was an impressively popular book, with 505,000 copies sold during the period from 1961 to 1969. In addition, selections from The Silent Language were reprinted in many dozens of edited books, magazines, and other publications. The book was translated into six languages, including Japanese in 1966 (by Masao Kunihiro and others). The popularity of The Silent Language vaulted Hall into a different lifestyle and work style of public lectures, wide travel, interviews with Psychology Today and Playboy, and a circle of famous friends like Marshall McLuhan (Rogers, 2000), Margaret Mead, David Riesman, and Buckminster Fuller. Hall discussions and correspondence with these leading thinkers undoubtedly advanced his conceptualization of intercultural and nonverbal communication, as is suggested by his later books on proxemics (Hall, 1966) and chronemics (Hall, 1983). Over the past four decades the field of intercultural communication has grown mainly within university departments of communication. Dozens of textbooks on intercultural communication have appeared. Throughout the growth of intercultural communication study, Hall’s work has remained influential. Hall and his publications are still highly cited, both within the field of intercultural communication and outside of the field. Hall ranks as the second
most-cited intercultural communication author and three of his books are among the most- cited books in intercultural communication, on the basis of the Social Science Citation Index from 1972 to 1998 (Hart, 1999a). Hall was considered the most influential figure in the field of intercultural communication by respondents in a survey of U.S. members of the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR) (Harman and Briggs, 1991).
5.3 Core Competency
Intercultural Communicative Competence has been said to combine three components: knowledge –information necessary to interact appropriately and effectively
motivation –positive affect toward the other culture, empathy
skills –behavior necessary to interact appropriately and effectively
Besides different ways of expression, another issue hampering Chinese books from being sold out of the country is translation. And a recent conference on the overseas promotion of Chinese books has revealed there is a high demand for high-quality translations in literature and social science books. At the 6th conference on Chinese Books Overseas Promotion, experts made a loud appeal about the low quality of translation of Chinese books going overseas. Problems include poor language and overly direct translation, which results in simple piles of words or completely wrong meanings. Quality translation is especially lacking in books of literature and social science. Guo Guang, director of China Youth Publishing House, London, said, "Besides having a good command of language and fine translation techniques, a good translator should understand the target country's cultural background, and should also conduct deepened research on the professional aspects of the book. We are now lacking talents in the field of book translation." Most of the translators in China are amateur ones. Their lack of qualification leads to poor translations that get published and flow into the market. Poor translation causes the loss of information, and more importantly, keeps the book out of the hands of foreign readers. Experts are asking that a talent training system be established in the field of translation. They say the industry should adhere to translation standards and rules, and set up a reliable talent pool. They all agree that improving the translation quality is the key factor in opening the bottle neck of Chinese books going overseas.
5.4 Communication and culture
Communication was one of the most important dimensions. The focus in the Hall/Trager。