英文学术写作中常用的词汇与表达方式

表示例外：
With the exception of …
Apart from …
Except for …
表示原因/缘由：
be due to
be attibuted to
be accounted for
be a consequence of
stem from
表示定义/命名：
be named
be called
be denoted by
be known as
be defined as
be referred to
引出设问句（不能直接使用设问句）：
It is uncertain/unclear …
It has not been determined …
It is necessary to consider …
The question remains …
Current studies provide little information on …
We need to know/consider …
There is some question as to …
Another issue raised by this study is …
指出问题所在：
This system/process/idea has its problems.
There remains the issue of reliability.
This model has some serious liminations.
Few solutions have been found to …
Little progress has been made in …
The problem remains as to how …
Researchers still have to find a way to …
引出解决方案：
Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One
remedy is to …
One method to address this difficulty is to …
There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The
first … The second …
Several options are available to address this obstacle.
However, the best one seems to be …
A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this
limitation.
Recently, researchers have made significant progress in
overcoming this difficulty by …
引出中心话题：
Recently, there has been growing interest in …
The possibility of … has generated wide interest in …
The development of … is a classic problem in …
The development of … has led to the hope that …
The … has become a favorite topic for analysis …
Knowledge of … has great importance for …
The study of … has become an important aspect of …
A central issue in … is …
(The) … has been extensively studied in recent years.
Many investigators have recently turned to …
The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.
Many recent studies have focused on …
表达相似之处：
Similarly, …
Likewise, …
In the same fashion, …
As in X, in Y …
Like X, Y …
The same …
X is similar/comparable to Y
X resemble Y
X correspond to Y
表达不同之处或比较/对照：
In contrast, …
Unlike X, Y …
In contrast to …
On the other hand, …
…; however, …
…, but …
Whereas/While …, …
…, whereas/while …
X differ from Y
X is different from Y
X contrast with
评价他人的研究/论著：
正面：useful, important, interesting, clarity, accessibility,
detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive, practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant,
scholoarly, original, perceptive, rigorous, economical
负面：inconsistent, restricted, misleading, thin, anecdotal,
sloppy
总结：
Overall, …
In general, …
On the whole, …
In the main, …
With … exception(s), …
The overall results indicate …
The results indicate, overall, that …
指出本研究的局限：
It should be noted that this study has been primarily
concerned with …
This analysis has concentrated on …
The findings of this study are restricted to …
This study has addressed only the question of …
The limination of this study are clear: …
We would like to point out that we have not …
指出研究结果的局限：
However, the findings do not imply …
The results of this study cannot be taken as evidence for …
Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …
The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …
指出本研究的意义：
Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest …
Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here
would seem to indicate …
However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …常用的拉丁文缩写：
cf. = compare
e.g. = for example
et al. = and other authors
etc. = and others
errata = list of typographical mistakes
ibid. = the same as the previous reference
i.e. = that is to say
infra = see below
loc. cit. = in the place cited
N.B. = take note
op. cit. = in the work cited
sic = the error is in the original quote
supra = see above
viz. = namely
在介绍概念时常见的段落结构如下：
One sentence definition –> components/types
/classifications/applications/history/examples/operations
/principles/causes/effects
如有必要还可通过和相似概念的比较，概念的历史发展，或对不同专家看法的综合来明晰概念。

另外，当一个概念的定义有广泛争议时，应当申明自己使用的是哪种定义。

常用的句式有：
For the purpose of this paper, XX is defined as …
Here we define XX as …
In this paper, I have adopted AA’s definition of XX.
This paper follows AA’s definition of XX.
参考文献
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for
Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills: A Course for
Nonnative Speakers of English. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press.。