chapter 7&8MLA论文格式的讲解
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Chapter 7 Standardizing the Format
Contents
论文整体结构与格式 内注 参考书目
三种流行的英文学术论文格式
芝加哥格式 （The Chicago Manual Style） Style） 现代语言学会格式 (The Modern Language association Style) 美国心理学会格式 (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association)
Oral Defense Preparation
I Scheduling Procedures Initial submitted research. Five weeks before the student’s expected graduation date. oral presentation along with an abstract An additional 5 minutes should be planned for committee members’ questions and possible questions or comments from the viewing audience.
3. You do need to know the details of a few key studies, which form the basis of your investigation. 4. You need to be familiar with larger issues, such as the basic assumption, theoretical framework, paradigm, crosscross-cultural perspectives, Christian integration, etc.
Methodology
Hypotheses/Questions Are specific questions to be answered listed or specific hypotheses to be tested stated? Does each hypothesis state an expected relationship or difference between two variables? If necessary, are variables directly or operationally defined? Is each hypothesis testable?
要求：
①答辩要简明扼要，力求抓住中 心和要点。 ②熟悉自己的论文以及所参考的 书籍资料。 ③答辩时要保持沉着冷静，听清 问题，抓住要点。 ④回答时注意围绕问题中心，力 求表达条理分明，不说不着边际 或关系不大的话。
Acquire Expert Knowledge
Academic supervisors have a role in helping novice researchers to acquire the necessary skills associated with data gathering, data analysis through the actual work of practicing those skills under supervision.
II Evaluating and Defending the Research Report
Introduction Is there a statement of the problem? Is background information on the problem presented? Does the problem statement indicate the variables of interest and the specific relationship between those variables, which were investigated?
Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria al. Beyond Fraud. Berkeley: U of Fraud. California P, 1993. American Medical Association. Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Medicine. New York: Random,1989.
Chapter 8 Preparing the Oral Defense
Sun Yu
与指导老师密切合作
指导老师的作用：①把握学生的 方向②指出学生的不足。包括： 查阅资料 开题报告 文献综述 论文摘要 论文布局
答辩的目的与要求
目的： ①看学生对相关知识或论文本身 所论证的问题认识的深浅。 ②判断论文的优劣程度及是否照 搬照抄。
英语毕业论文的要求里通常规定， 要列出10种以上参考书目（包括 要列出10种以上参考书目（包括 期刊杂志里的文章和网页） 在毕业论文的参考书目里，最常 用的条目是一本书一个作者的情 况，这种条目由三部分构成： 作者姓名+句号+书名+句号+ 作者姓名+句号+书名+句号+出版 信息+ 信息+句号
Example: Kaku, Michio. Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension. New Dimension. York: Oxford UP,1994
Notice
所有的内注必须和论文后面的参考书 目对上号。例如： Between the 1960s and the 1990s, television coverage of presidential elections changed dramatically (Hallin 5). 参考书目 Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 19681968-1988.” Journal of Communication 42.2 (1992): 5-24. 5-
Key Feature Of MLA style . Language and Literature. Recommends citation of sources as listed in-context inwithin the paper or text rather than in document endnotes or page footnotes
Publication Informaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱion
出版信息一般要列出书籍出版城市， 出版公司的名称和出版的年代。 书写：出版地点：出版公司， 书写：出版地点：出版公司，出版时 间. 出版社的名称可以用缩写形式，如 FLTRP(外语教学与研究出版社) FLTRP(外语教学与研究出版社)。大 学出版社用UP 学出版社用UP (University Press).如： Press).如： Oxford UP
10 steps for the oral defense of your dissertation
1. Answers the questions from the examining committee. 2. Be well prepared for your presentation academically, mentally and physically. .
基本部分之外的补充信息
作者的名字 文章名 书名 编者，译者名 版本号 卷本号 系列总称 出版地点，出版公司名称，出版日期 页码
Exercise— Exercise—Correction
Robert M, Townsend. The Townsend. Medieval Village Economy. Economy. Princeton; Princeton; Princeton UP, 1993. Berlage, Gai Ingham. Women in Baseball: The Forgotten History. History. Greenwood: Westport,1994. Westport,1994.
Summary (or Abstract)
Is the problem restated? Are the number and type of subjects and instruments described? Is the design used identified? Are procedures described? Are the major results and conclusions restated?
参考书目
Bibliography Works Cited References
Importance of Bibliography
一。如果没有参考其他的书，那 么你的论据就缺乏广泛性和权威 性。 二。如果你的确借鉴了别人的成 果，而你却没有在你的参考书目 中列出，那么你就是在剽窃别人 的成果。
Requirements
Other Kinds of Items
Lopate, Philip, ed. The Art of the ed. Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present. Present. New York: AnchorAnchorDoubleday,1994. Welsch, Roger L., and Linda K. Welsch. Gather’s Kitchens: Foodways in Literature and Life. Life. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P,1987.
MLA style has been widely adopted
By schools, academic departments, and instructors for over half a century. The association's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly ,literary journals, newsletters, magazines ,by many university and commercial presses. The MLA's guidelines are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the world.
Author’s Name
在参考书目里，作者的名字应该 是姓在前名在后，并按首字母的 顺序来排列。姓的后面要加逗号， 如：Porter, 如：Porter, Katherine Anne.全名 Anne.全名 拼完以后要加一个句号，表示第 一部分的结束。
Title of the Book
书名要写全，包括副标题，通常 是在主标题后用冒号。但如果书 名的后面已有问号，感叹号或破 折号就不能再用冒号了。书名全 部写完后要在后面加句号。然后 书名要用斜体表示。
内注
在撰写毕业论文时，如果你引用了他 人作品中内容，不管是直接引用还是 间接引用，都需要在文中加内注标出。 内注通常在所引用的内容的结果处， 用圆括号表示。 在MLA格式中，括号里不需要给出发 MLA格式中，括号里不需要给出发 表时间，页码也不需要用符号P.来表 表时间，页码也不需要用符号P.来表 示。 （Marcuse 197） 197）
Avoid Plagiarism
Examples of plagiarism Materials taken from the Web Your own voice
Submit Your Work for Peer Review
Peer review and Critique.
Scrutiny and Feedback.
Contents
论文整体结构与格式 内注 参考书目
三种流行的英文学术论文格式
芝加哥格式 （The Chicago Manual Style） Style） 现代语言学会格式 (The Modern Language association Style) 美国心理学会格式 (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association)
Oral Defense Preparation
I Scheduling Procedures Initial submitted research. Five weeks before the student’s expected graduation date. oral presentation along with an abstract An additional 5 minutes should be planned for committee members’ questions and possible questions or comments from the viewing audience.
3. You do need to know the details of a few key studies, which form the basis of your investigation. 4. You need to be familiar with larger issues, such as the basic assumption, theoretical framework, paradigm, crosscross-cultural perspectives, Christian integration, etc.
Methodology
Hypotheses/Questions Are specific questions to be answered listed or specific hypotheses to be tested stated? Does each hypothesis state an expected relationship or difference between two variables? If necessary, are variables directly or operationally defined? Is each hypothesis testable?
要求：
①答辩要简明扼要，力求抓住中 心和要点。 ②熟悉自己的论文以及所参考的 书籍资料。 ③答辩时要保持沉着冷静，听清 问题，抓住要点。 ④回答时注意围绕问题中心，力 求表达条理分明，不说不着边际 或关系不大的话。
Acquire Expert Knowledge
Academic supervisors have a role in helping novice researchers to acquire the necessary skills associated with data gathering, data analysis through the actual work of practicing those skills under supervision.
II Evaluating and Defending the Research Report
Introduction Is there a statement of the problem? Is background information on the problem presented? Does the problem statement indicate the variables of interest and the specific relationship between those variables, which were investigated?
Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria al. Beyond Fraud. Berkeley: U of Fraud. California P, 1993. American Medical Association. Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Medicine. New York: Random,1989.
Chapter 8 Preparing the Oral Defense
Sun Yu
与指导老师密切合作
指导老师的作用：①把握学生的 方向②指出学生的不足。包括： 查阅资料 开题报告 文献综述 论文摘要 论文布局
答辩的目的与要求
目的： ①看学生对相关知识或论文本身 所论证的问题认识的深浅。 ②判断论文的优劣程度及是否照 搬照抄。
英语毕业论文的要求里通常规定， 要列出10种以上参考书目（包括 要列出10种以上参考书目（包括 期刊杂志里的文章和网页） 在毕业论文的参考书目里，最常 用的条目是一本书一个作者的情 况，这种条目由三部分构成： 作者姓名+句号+书名+句号+ 作者姓名+句号+书名+句号+出版 信息+ 信息+句号
Example: Kaku, Michio. Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension. New Dimension. York: Oxford UP,1994
Notice
所有的内注必须和论文后面的参考书 目对上号。例如： Between the 1960s and the 1990s, television coverage of presidential elections changed dramatically (Hallin 5). 参考书目 Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 19681968-1988.” Journal of Communication 42.2 (1992): 5-24. 5-
Key Feature Of MLA style . Language and Literature. Recommends citation of sources as listed in-context inwithin the paper or text rather than in document endnotes or page footnotes
Publication Informaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱion
出版信息一般要列出书籍出版城市， 出版公司的名称和出版的年代。 书写：出版地点：出版公司， 书写：出版地点：出版公司，出版时 间. 出版社的名称可以用缩写形式，如 FLTRP(外语教学与研究出版社) FLTRP(外语教学与研究出版社)。大 学出版社用UP 学出版社用UP (University Press).如： Press).如： Oxford UP
10 steps for the oral defense of your dissertation
1. Answers the questions from the examining committee. 2. Be well prepared for your presentation academically, mentally and physically. .
基本部分之外的补充信息
作者的名字 文章名 书名 编者，译者名 版本号 卷本号 系列总称 出版地点，出版公司名称，出版日期 页码
Exercise— Exercise—Correction
Robert M, Townsend. The Townsend. Medieval Village Economy. Economy. Princeton; Princeton; Princeton UP, 1993. Berlage, Gai Ingham. Women in Baseball: The Forgotten History. History. Greenwood: Westport,1994. Westport,1994.
Summary (or Abstract)
Is the problem restated? Are the number and type of subjects and instruments described? Is the design used identified? Are procedures described? Are the major results and conclusions restated?
参考书目
Bibliography Works Cited References
Importance of Bibliography
一。如果没有参考其他的书，那 么你的论据就缺乏广泛性和权威 性。 二。如果你的确借鉴了别人的成 果，而你却没有在你的参考书目 中列出，那么你就是在剽窃别人 的成果。
Requirements
Other Kinds of Items
Lopate, Philip, ed. The Art of the ed. Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present. Present. New York: AnchorAnchorDoubleday,1994. Welsch, Roger L., and Linda K. Welsch. Gather’s Kitchens: Foodways in Literature and Life. Life. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P,1987.
MLA style has been widely adopted
By schools, academic departments, and instructors for over half a century. The association's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly ,literary journals, newsletters, magazines ,by many university and commercial presses. The MLA's guidelines are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the world.
Author’s Name
在参考书目里，作者的名字应该 是姓在前名在后，并按首字母的 顺序来排列。姓的后面要加逗号， 如：Porter, 如：Porter, Katherine Anne.全名 Anne.全名 拼完以后要加一个句号，表示第 一部分的结束。
Title of the Book
书名要写全，包括副标题，通常 是在主标题后用冒号。但如果书 名的后面已有问号，感叹号或破 折号就不能再用冒号了。书名全 部写完后要在后面加句号。然后 书名要用斜体表示。
内注
在撰写毕业论文时，如果你引用了他 人作品中内容，不管是直接引用还是 间接引用，都需要在文中加内注标出。 内注通常在所引用的内容的结果处， 用圆括号表示。 在MLA格式中，括号里不需要给出发 MLA格式中，括号里不需要给出发 表时间，页码也不需要用符号P.来表 表时间，页码也不需要用符号P.来表 示。 （Marcuse 197） 197）
Avoid Plagiarism
Examples of plagiarism Materials taken from the Web Your own voice
Submit Your Work for Peer Review
Peer review and Critique.
Scrutiny and Feedback.