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How to cancel (scalar) implicature?
陈慧珍 廖曦仪 白 黎
Introduction
Proposal
Experiment & summary
Implicature
1）Firstly put forward by H. P. Grice(1961,1975) 2）Definition ：
---R- principle(Speaker based): the minimization of linguistic form （上限原则，推导下限含义）
John has three children.
(a) +> John has at least three children.
(b) +> John has at most three children.
P there for q --- He is Chinese; +>> therefore he know how to use chopsticks
Conventional implicature: attached to particular lexical items or linguistic constructions
(4)Not all of the students went to the party. +>Some of the students went to the party. (5)John smiled at the secretary. +>John smiled at the female secretary. (6)James caused the car to stop. +>James caused the car to stop in an abnormal way.
3)S, W涉及的是相同的语义关系或来自相同的语义场。
（转引 项成东 2006 ；Horn 1972）
构成荷恩等级关系的常见等级词：
1）不定代词,如<al,l some>等;
2）数词,如<,three, two, one>等;
3）情态词,如<necessarily,possibly>, <mus,t should, may>等; 4）连接词,如<and, or>等;频度副词,如<always, often, sometimes>等; 5）程度形容词,如<ho,t warm >等; 6）动词,如<know, believe>, <love, like>或<start, finish>等
3）Classification （Grice 1961）：
Implicature Conventional implicature （规约含义） Conversational implicature (会话含义) Particularized implicature （特殊会话含义）
Generalized implicature （一般会话含义）
(mere instantiations of Zipfian economy 最低力原则)
Levinson
Q-principle I-principle M-principle
Horn scales
公式：<S, W > (S指强项, W指弱项)
条件：
1)在一个任意的句子框架A内必须实现A(S)蕴含A(W); 2)S, W词汇性质相同;
What is implicated
Contextual meaning
指语言在使用时所产生与语境相关的附加意 义。（熊学亮 1997）
熊学亮. 含义分类标准评析.[J]. 外语教学与研 究.1997: 1-8
3）Classification （Grice 1961,1975）：
meaning
Levinson’s theory of conversational implicature
Q-principle : what isn’t said, isn’t. (话语信息) I-principle: what is expressed simply is stereotypically exemplified. （常规关系） M-principle: What is said in an abnormal way is not normal. (有标记话语)
Horn’s theory of conversational implicature
Zipf---least effort(省力原则或经济原则)
（单一化力量） one word for more meaning
---the force of unification(speaker’s economy)
Particularized implicature: context; against CP
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature
Horn scales (何恩等级理论) Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle（1984）
---The oil has run out. ---Oh, there is a garage around the corner.
Generalized implicature: CP ; stereotypes
---What on earth has happened to the roast beef? ---The dog is looking happy.
Different words for every meaning
---the force of diversification(hearer’s economy)
（ 多样化力量）
Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle
--- Q- principle(Hearer based): the maximization of informational content (下限原则，推导上限含义)
what is said
what is implicated conversationally
conventionally
generalized
particularized
Huang Yan. Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching And Research. 2009.
陈慧珍 廖曦仪 白 黎
Introduction
Proposal
Experiment & summary
Implicature
1）Firstly put forward by H. P. Grice(1961,1975) 2）Definition ：
---R- principle(Speaker based): the minimization of linguistic form （上限原则，推导下限含义）
John has three children.
(a) +> John has at least three children.
(b) +> John has at most three children.
P there for q --- He is Chinese; +>> therefore he know how to use chopsticks
Conventional implicature: attached to particular lexical items or linguistic constructions
(4)Not all of the students went to the party. +>Some of the students went to the party. (5)John smiled at the secretary. +>John smiled at the female secretary. (6)James caused the car to stop. +>James caused the car to stop in an abnormal way.
3)S, W涉及的是相同的语义关系或来自相同的语义场。
（转引 项成东 2006 ；Horn 1972）
构成荷恩等级关系的常见等级词：
1）不定代词,如<al,l some>等;
2）数词,如<,three, two, one>等;
3）情态词,如<necessarily,possibly>, <mus,t should, may>等; 4）连接词,如<and, or>等;频度副词,如<always, often, sometimes>等; 5）程度形容词,如<ho,t warm >等; 6）动词,如<know, believe>, <love, like>或<start, finish>等
3）Classification （Grice 1961）：
Implicature Conventional implicature （规约含义） Conversational implicature (会话含义) Particularized implicature （特殊会话含义）
Generalized implicature （一般会话含义）
(mere instantiations of Zipfian economy 最低力原则)
Levinson
Q-principle I-principle M-principle
Horn scales
公式：<S, W > (S指强项, W指弱项)
条件：
1)在一个任意的句子框架A内必须实现A(S)蕴含A(W); 2)S, W词汇性质相同;
What is implicated
Contextual meaning
指语言在使用时所产生与语境相关的附加意 义。（熊学亮 1997）
熊学亮. 含义分类标准评析.[J]. 外语教学与研 究.1997: 1-8
3）Classification （Grice 1961,1975）：
meaning
Levinson’s theory of conversational implicature
Q-principle : what isn’t said, isn’t. (话语信息) I-principle: what is expressed simply is stereotypically exemplified. （常规关系） M-principle: What is said in an abnormal way is not normal. (有标记话语)
Horn’s theory of conversational implicature
Zipf---least effort(省力原则或经济原则)
（单一化力量） one word for more meaning
---the force of unification(speaker’s economy)
Particularized implicature: context; against CP
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature
Horn scales (何恩等级理论) Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle（1984）
---The oil has run out. ---Oh, there is a garage around the corner.
Generalized implicature: CP ; stereotypes
---What on earth has happened to the roast beef? ---The dog is looking happy.
Different words for every meaning
---the force of diversification(hearer’s economy)
（ 多样化力量）
Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle
--- Q- principle(Hearer based): the maximization of informational content (下限原则，推导上限含义)
what is said
what is implicated conversationally
conventionally
generalized
particularized
Huang Yan. Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching And Research. 2009.