印染废水处理论文外文翻译
两篇印染废水处理的外文翻译
5 处理效果
该工程 2007 年 5 月竣工后，经试运行 3 个月，于 9 月正式投入正常运行， 从运行 1 年的情况来看，系统运行稳定、处理效果显著，出水水质良好。经环境 监测站在不同的时期测得出水水质各项指标均己达《污水综合排放标准》 （GB 8978-1996）一级排放标准，测得的部分结果如表 2 所示。
-1-
苏州科技学院本科毕业设计（外文翻译 1）
距采用 1 cm ， 一天清理 2 次，以保证排水畅通。废水先经格栅去除大块杂物后， 自流入隔油池。 （2）调节池 钢混结构，尺寸 8 m ×6 m×2.5 m ， 1 座，HRT 2.3 h。废水在调节池内一方 面利用气浮作用将油脂进一步除去，另一方面将废水充分混合，均匀水质水量。 （3）催化氧化池 内设组合式催化氧化装置 2 台，尺寸 6 m ×4 m×3 m ，处理能力为 25 m3 /h， 其关键装置是一个管式催化氧化单元。管径采用 200（根据情况可大可小）的不 锈钢管或 PVC 管，管内壁涂有光催化功能的 TiO2 涂层， 这种装置单位体积/ 表面 积大，1 m3 液体管内表面积达 20 m 2。管内沿管径轴向安装紫外灯管，废水进入 管中通过管道推流混合，不用搅拌装置。废水在管内流动与管内壁的 TiO2 涂层 接触，在其表面发生光催化氧化反应，同时 H2O2 在紫外光作用下也产生各种氧 化反应， 最终达到去除污染物的目的。 该设备适用范围广， 可改善废水可生化性； 操作简单，清洗方便，不会发生 结垢和有机物粘附现象；催化表面积大，催化 效率高；紫外光能利用充分，大大降低单位处理能耗。 （4）沉淀池 钢混结构，尺寸 5 m×5 m ×3 m， 2 座，HRT 3 h。 （5） ABR 池 2 座，钢混结构，尺寸 8 m×6.5 m × 4 m，HRT 10 h，池内放置大比表面积 的球状悬浮生物填料。废水经催化氧化处理去除部分有机物，改善废水可生化性 和脱色后，经排放到 pH 中和池加碱调到中性，再进入 ABR 池。 （6） MBR 池 2 座，钢混结构，尺寸 8 m× 6 m × 4 m ， HRT 8 h ，流量为 12 m3/h 。 MBR 池为板框抽吸淹没式结构，膜组件为孔径约 0.2μm 的 PVDF 中空纤维膜。平常 通过周期性地间歇操作和通风来减少膜污染，每 6 个月进行一次化学清洗，用 0.1% 的 NaClO 和 4%的 NaOH 将膜组件浸泡 24 h 。 （7）中间水池 2 座，钢混结构，尺寸 6 m× 3.5 m ×4 m，HRT 8 h。 （8）回用水池 2 座，钢混结构，尺寸 6 m× 3.5 m ×4 m，HRT 8 h。 （9）污泥处理系统。 污泥池 2 座，钢混结构，尺寸 6 m ×4 m×3 m ，压滤机 2 台，污泥泵 4 台。 沉淀污泥排放到污泥池后，用污泥泵打入板框压滤机，经压滤后的干渣外运到固 废处理站处理，压滤出水回废水调节池。
印染厂回用水标准
印染厂回用水标准Water pollution is a serious issue globally, with the textile industry being one of the major contributors. 印染厂是家产业种大量用水的企业，同时也是水污染的主要源头之一。
In order to address this problem, it is crucial for printing and dyeing factories to strictly adhere to water reuse standards. 为了解决这一问题，印染厂必须严格遵守回用水标准。
Implementing these standards not only helps protect the environment, but also ensures the sustainability of the industry in the long run. 实施这些标准不仅有助于保护环境，还能确保产业的可持续发展。
One of the main reasons why printing and dyeing factories need to follow water reuse standards is to reduce the amount of wastewater discharged into rivers and lakes. 对于印染厂而言，遵守回用水标准的一个主要原因是为了减少排放到河流和湖泊中的废水量。
By reusing water in various processes, factories can significantly decrease their water consumption and minimize the negative impact on aquatic ecosystems. 通过在各个工序中重复使用水，工厂可以显著降低用水量，并最大程度地减少对水生态系统的负面影响。
印染废水处理论文外文翻译
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十八章外文翻译印染废水处理论文摘要：本文分析了印染废水处理的所面临的问题，以及介绍了印染废水处理方法的研究进展与动向。
并指出不同印染废水处理方法的组合是印染废水处理的有效方法。
关键词：印染废水；处理方法纺织印染工业作为中国具有优势的传统支柱行业之一，20 世纪90 年代以来获得迅猛发展，其用水量和排水量也大幅度增长。
据不完全统计，我国日排放印染废水量为3000-4000kt，是各行业中的排污大户之一。
加强印染废水的处理可以缓解我国水资源严重匮乏的问题，对保护环境、维持生态平衡起着极其重要的作用。
1 印染废水处理面临的问题1.1 排放标准的日益严格随着社会经济的不断发展和人们环境意识的提高，我国加大了对印染污水的治理。
根据《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》，除Ⅲ类污水排放指标变化不大外，国家增加了Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类污水印染废BOD、COD、色度、悬浮物、氨氮、苯胺类、二氧化氯等指标的排放限定。
而印染废水水质一般平均为COD800-2000mg/L，色度200-800 倍，pH 值10-13，BOD/COD 为0.25-0.4，因此印染废水的达标排放是印染行业急需要解决的问题。
1.2 印染废水处理难度增加 1.2.1 印染废水组分复杂印染废水是指印染加工过程中各工序所排放的废水混合而成的混合废水。
主要包括：预处理阶段(如烧毛、退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光)排放的退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光废水；染色阶段排放的染色废水；印花阶段排放的印花废水和皂洗废水；整理阶段排放的整理废水。
印染废水水质随原材料、生产品种、生产工艺、管理水平的不同而有所差异，导致各个印染工序排放后汇总的废水组分非常复杂。
随着染料工业的飞速发展和后整理技术的进步，新型助剂、染料、整理剂等在印染行业中被大量使用，难降解有毒有机成分的含量也越来越多，有些甚至是致癌、致突变、致畸变的有机物，对环境尤其是水环境的威胁和危害越来越大。
印染废水处理工程设计
国有大中型纺织印染企业基本建有废水处理装置，并相当一部分正常运行，其处理成本为0.7~1.0元/吨左右。而多数乡镇企业则很少修建污染处理装置，其污染不容忽视。
据统计，1994年纺织工业全年排放废水量达8.7亿立方米（不含乡镇企业）居全国各行业第四位，其中印染废水约占80%。印染废水是一种色度较高，以人工合成有机物为主、浓度较高的有机废水，亦属于较难处理的工业废水。我国的染料生产水平于国外差距较大，染料上染率低，助剂投配量较大，加大了纺织印染行业的污染负荷。
毕业设计（论文）材料之二（1）
毕业设计（论文）
专 业：环境工程
题 目：印染废水处理工程设计
作 者 姓 名：导师及职称：
导师所在单位：
2010年6月10日
本科生毕业设计（论文）任务书
2011届院
专业
学生姓名：
Ⅰ
毕业设计（论文）题目
中文：印染废水处理工程设计
英文：Design of Dye Wastewater Treatment Project
对于大型纺织厂而言，纺织工业废水处理常用的流程为一级好氧处理工艺[2]。最近，一些大型纺织生产厂采用了二级厌氧－好氧技术。经厌氧－好氧处理后，废水的COD和BOD去除率可分别达到70％和95％。
大多数中小型纺织厂没有生物处理设施。只有在一些厂中采用了沉淀或一级处理以减少废水中悬浮固体的浓度和一部分BOD。一些中小型纺织厂还采用了化学处理法（如絮凝）。必须强调的是，化学处理法由于要投加化学药剂，其成本一般是较高的。工业生产实践表明，单纯用化学法处理纺织工业废水很难达到排放标准的要求。
染布厂污水处理流程
染布厂污水处理流程染布厂污水处理流程英文介绍：The wastewater treatment process in a dyeing factory is crucial for ensuring efficient removal of pollutants and safe discharge of treated water. Here is a brief overview of the typical wastewater treatment process in a dyeing factory:Preliminary Treatment: Raw wastewater from the dyeing process undergoes initial treatment to remove large solids and debris.Screening: The wastewater passes through screens to remove any remaining solid particles or fibers.Sedimentation: The water is then allowed to settle in sedimentation tanks, where heavier particles settle to the bottom.Biological Treatment: The pretreated wastewater enters biological treatment units, such as activated sludge tanks, where microorganisms break down organic pollutants.Aeration: Air is introduced into the biological treatment units to support the activity of the microorganisms.Clarification: The treated water is then passed through clarification tanks, where remaining solids settle and are removed.Filtration: Further filtration may be employed to remove any remaining suspended particles.Disinfection: The water is disinfected to kill any remaining harmful microorganisms.pH Adjustment: The pH of the water is adjusted to ensure it meets discharge standards.Final Discharge: The treated water, now meeting the required discharge standards, is safely discharged into the environment.染布厂污水处理流程中文介绍：染布厂的污水处理流程对于确保有效去除污染物和安全排放处理后的水至关重要。
污水处理的英文文献翻译(1)
Nutrient removal in an A2O-MBR reactor with sludgereductionABSTRACTIn the present study, an advanced sewage treatment process has been developed by incorporating excess sludge reduction and phosphorous recovery in an A2O-MBR process. The A2O-MBR reactor was operated at a flux of 77 LMH over a period of 270 days. The designed flux was increased stepwise over a period of two weeks. The reactor was operated at two different MLSS range. Thermo chemical digestion of sludge was carried out at a fixed pH (11)and temperature (75℃) for 25% COD solubilisation. The released pbospborous was recovered by precipitation process and the organics was sent back to anoxic tank. The sludge digestion did not have any impact on COD and TP removal efficiency of the reactor. During the 270 days of reactor operation, the MBR maintained relatively constant transmembrane pressure. The results based on the study indicated that the proposed process configuration has potential to reduce the excess sludge production as well as it didn't detonated the treated water quality.Keywords: A2O reactor; MBR; Nutrient removal; TMP1. IntroductionExcess sludge reduction and nutrients removal are the two important problems associated with wastewater treatment plant. MBR process has been known as a process with relatively high decay rate and less sludge production due to much longer sludge age in the reactor (Wenet al., 2004). Sludge production in MBR is reduced by 28-68%, depending on the sludge age used (Xia et al.,2008). However, minimizing the sludge production by increasing sludge age is limited due to the potential adverse effect of high MLSS concentrations on membrane (Yoon et al., 2004). This problem can be solved by introducing sludge disintegration technique in MBR (Young et al., 2007). Sludge disintegration techniques have been reported to enhance the biodegradability of excess sludge (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). In overall, the basis for sludge reduction processes is effective combination of the methods for sludge disintegration and biodegradation of treated sludge. Advances in sludge disintegration techniques offer a few promising options including ultrasound (Guo et al., 2008), pulse power (Choi et al.,2006), ozone (Weemaes et al., 2000), thermal (Kim et al., 2003), alkaline (Li et al., 2008) acid (Kim et al., 2003) and thermo chemical(Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). Among the various disintegration techniques, thermo chemical was reported to be simple and cost effective (Weemaes and Verstraete, 1998). In thermal-chemical hydrolysis, alkali sodium hydroxide was found to be the most effective agent in inducing cell lysis (Rocker et al., 1999). Conventionally, the nutrient removal was carried out in an A2O process. It has advantage of achieving, nutrient removal along with organic compound oxidation in a single sludge configuration using linked reactors in series (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). The phosphoroes removal happens by subjecting phosphorous accumulating organisms (PAO) bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Akin and Ugurlu, 2004). These operating procedures enhance predominance PAO, which are able to uptake phosphorous in excess. During the sludge pretreatment processes the bound phosphorous was solubilised and it increases the phosphorousconcentration in the effluent stream (Nishimura, 2001).So, it is necessary to remove the solubilised phosphorus before it enters into main stream. Besides, there is a growing demand for the sustainable phosphorous resources in the industrialized world. In many developed countries, researches are currently underway to recover the phosphoroes bound in the sludge's of enhanced biological phosphorus removal system (EBPR). The released phosphorous can be recovered in usable products using calcium salts precipitation method. Keeping this fact in mind, in the present study, a new advanced wastewater treatment process is developed by integrating three processes, which are: (a) thermo chemical pretreatment in MBR for excess sludge reduction (b) A2O process for biological nutrient removal (c) P recovery through calcium salt precipitation. The experimental data obtained were then used to evaluate the performance of this integrated system.2. Methods2.1. WastewaterThe synthetic domestic wastewater was used as the experimental influent. It was basically composed of a mixed carbon source, macro nutrients (N and P), an alkalinity control (NaHCO3) and a microelement solution. The composition contained (/L) 210 mg glucose, 200 mg NH4C1, 220 mg NaHCO3, 22一34 mg KH2PO4, microelement solution (0.19 mg MnCl2 4H20, 0.0018 mg ZnCl22H2O,0.022 mg CuCl22H2O, 5.6 mg MgSO47H2O, 0.88 mg FeCl36H2O,1.3 mg CaCl2·2H2O). The synthetic wastewater was prepared three times a week with concentrations of 210±1.5 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40±1 mg/L total nitrogen (TN) and 5.5 mg/L total phosphorus (TP).2.2. A2O-MBRThe working volume of the A2O-MBR was 83.4 L. A baffle was placed inside the reactor to divide it into anaerobic (8.4 L) anoxic (25 L) and aerobic basin (50 L). The synthetic wastewater was feed into the reactor at a flow rate of 8.4 L/h (Q) using a feed pump. A liquid level sensor, planted in aerobic basin of A2O-MBR controlled the flow of influent. The HRT of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic basins were 1, 3 and 6 h, respectively. In order to facilitate nutrient removal, the reactor was provided with two internal recycle (1R). IRl (Q= 1)connects anoxic and anaerobic and IR 2 (Q=3) was between aerobic and anoxic. Anaerobic and anoxic basins were provided with low speed mixer to keep the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) in suspension. In the aerobic zone, diffusers were used to generate air bubbles for oxidation of organics and ammonia. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the aerobic basin was maintained at 3.5 mg/1 and was monitored continuously through online DO meter. The solid liquid separation happens inaerobic basin with the help of five flat sheet membranes having a pore size of 0.23 pm. The area of each membrane was 0.1 m2. They were connected together by a common tube. A peristaltic pumpwas connected in the common tube to generate suction pressure. In the common tube provision was made to accommodate pressure gauge to measure transmembrane pressure (TMP) during suction. The suction pump was operated in sequence of timing, which consists of 10 min switch on, and 2 min switch off.2.3. Thermo chemical digestion of sludgeMixed liquor from aerobic basin of MBR was withdrawn at the ratio of 1.5% of Q/day and subjected to thermo chemical digestion. Thermo chemical digestion was carried out at a fixed pH of 11(NaOH) and temperature of 75℃for 3 h. After thermo chemical digestion the supernatant and sludge were separated. The thermo-chemicallydigested sludge was amenable to further anaerobic bio-degradation (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004), so it was sent to theanaerobic basin of the MBR2.4. Phosphorus recoveryLime was used as a precipitant to recover the phosphorous in the supernatant. After the recovery of precipitant the content was sent back to anoxic tank as a carbon source and alkalinity supelement for denitrification.2.5. Chemical analysisCOD, MLSS, TP, TN of the raw and treated wastewater were analyzed following methods detailed in (APHA, 2003). The influent and effluent ammonia concentration was measured using an ion-selective electrode (Thereto Orion, Model: 95一12). Nitrate in the sample was analyzed using cadmium reduction method (APHA, 2003).3. Results and discussionFig. 1 presents data of MLSS and yield observed during the operational period of the reactor. One of the advantages of MBR reactor was it can be operated in high MLSS concentration. The reactor was seeded with EBPR sludge from the Kiheung, sewage treatment plant, Korea. The reactor was startup with the MLSS concentration of 5700 mg/L. It starts to increase steadily with increase in period of reactor operation and reached a value of 8100 mg/L on day 38. From then onwards, MLSS concentration was maintained in the range of 7500 mg/L by withdrawing excess sludge produced and called run I. The observed yields (Yobs) for experiments without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion were calculated and given in Fig. 1. The Yobs for run I was found to be 0.12 gMLSS/g COD. It was comparatively lower than a value of 0.4 gMLSS/g CODreported for the conventional activated sludge processes (Tchoba-noglous et al., 2003). The difference in observed yield of these two systems is attributed to their working MLSS concentration. At high MLSS concentration the yield observed was found to be low (Visva-nathan et al., 2000). As a result of that MBR generated less sludge.The presently used MLSS ranges (7.5一10.5 g/L) are selected on the basis of the recommendation by Rosenberger et al. (2002). In their study, they reported that the general trend of MLSS increase on fouling in municipal applications seems to result in no impact at medium MLSS concentrations (7一12 g/L).It is evident from the data that the COD removal efficiency of A2O system remains unaffected before and after the introduction of sludge digestion practices. A test analysis showed that the differences between the period without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion (run II and III) are not statistically significant.However, it has been reported that, in wastewater treatment processes including disintegration-induced sludge degradation, the effluent water quality is slightly detonated due to the release of nondegradable substances such as soluble microbial products (Ya-sui and Shibata, 1994; Salcai et al., 1997; Yoon et al., 2004). During the study period, COD concentration in the aerobic basin of MBR was in the range of 18-38 mg/L and corresponding organic concentration in the effluent was varied from 4 to 12 mg/L. From this data it can be concluded that the membrane separation played an important role in providing the excellent and stable effluent quality.Phosphorus is the primary nutrient responsible for algal bloom and it is necessary to reduce the concentration of phosphorus in treated wastewater to prevent the algal bloom. Fortunately its growth can be inhibited at the levels of TP well below 1 mg/L (Mer-vat and Logan, 1996).Fig. 2 depicts TP removal efficiency of the A2O-MBR system during the period of study. It is clearly evident from the figure that the TP removal efficiency of A/O system was remains unaffected after the introduction of sludge reduction. In the present study, the solubilised phosphorous was recovered in the form of calcium phosphate before it enters into main stream. So, the possibility of phosphorus increase in the effluent due to sludge reduction practices has been eliminated. The influent TP concentration was in the range of 5.5 mg/L. During thefirst four weeks of operation the TP removal efficiency of the system was not efficient as the TP concentration in the effluent exceeds over 2.5 mg/L. The lower TP removal efficiency during the initial period was due to the slow growing nature of PAO organisms and other operational factors such as anaerobic condition and internal recycling. After the initial period, the TP removal efficiency in the effluent starts to increase with increase in period of operation. TP removal in A2O process is mainly through PAO organisms. These organisms are slow growing in nature and susceptible to various physicochemical factors (Carlos et al., 2008). During the study period TP removal efficiency of the system remains unaffected and was in the range of 74-82%.。
写一篇关于印染厂排未经处理的废气的话题英语作文
印染厂未经处理废气排放英语作文1英文作文：In recent years, the issue of untreated waste gas emissions from printing and dyeing factories has become increasingly prominent. This not only poses a serious threat to the environment but also has a significant impact on people's lives.For example, in some areas near printing and dyeing factories, residents have begun to experience various health problems. Many people suffer from persistent coughing and difficulty breathing. The unprocessed waste gas contains harmful substances such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which can cause respiratory diseases and even endanger people's lives. Moreover, the waste gas emissions also have a negative impact on the environment. They can reduce air quality, making the sky over the factory area always hazy. This not only affects people's daily lives but also disrupts the ecological balance. Birds and other wildlife may be forced to leave the area due to the poor air quality.To address this problem, both the government and enterprises need to take action. The government should strengthen supervision and inspection of printing and dyeing factories. Stringent regulations should be implemented to ensure that factories install purification equipment and treat waste gas properly. At the same time, the government should also increase penalties for factories that violate environmental protection regulations. Enterprises, on the other hand, should be responsible for their actions. They should invest in advanced purification equipment and technologies to reduce waste gas emissions. By doing so, they can not only protect the environment but also enhance their corporate image.In conclusion, untreated waste gas emissions from printing and dyeing factoriesare a serious problem that requires the joint efforts of the government and enterprises. Only by taking effective measures can we protect the environment and people's health.中文翻译：近年来，印染厂未经处理的废气排放问题日益突出。
印染废水处理外文文献
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印染污水培训中英文
漂白 Bleach
丝光 Mercerizing
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
染色 Dyeing
整理 Arrangement
印染废水特征污染物分析 Characteristic pollutant analysis of the printing and dyeing BOD 来自有机物，如染料、浆料、表面活性剂等。 BOD comes from organic matters, such as dyes, pastes, surfactants, etc. COD 来自染料、还原漂白剂、醛、还原净水剂、淀粉整理剂等。 COD comes from the dye, the reducing bleaching agent, the aldehyde, the reducing water purifying agent, the starch finishing agent, etc. 重金属毒物来自铜、铅、锌、铬、汞、氰离子等。 Heavy metal toxins from copper, lead, zinc, chromium, mercury, cyanide ion, etc. 色度来自染料、颜料在废水中呈现的颜色。 The color comes from the dye and pigment in the waste water.
印染工艺产污分析 Pollution analysis of printing and dyeing process 工序 Process
退浆 Desizing 煮练 Scouring
添加物 Additives
淀粉酶或硫酸 Amylase or sulfuric acid 氢氧化钠、清洁剂 Sodium hydroxide, cleaner 双氧水、氯、次氯酸、碱 Hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, hypochlorous acid and alkali 氢氧化钠 Sodium hydroxide 表面活性剂、元明粉、保险粉等化学剂 Chemical agent such as surfactant, sodium sulphate, insurance powder 软化剂、淀粉、树脂、甲醛等化学剂 Softener, starch, resin, formaldehyde and other chemical agent
印染废水处理的英语
印染废水处理的英语英文回答：Textile Wastewater Treatment.Textile wastewater treatment is a critical environmental issue due to the significant amounts of hazardous chemicals and pollutants discharged into water bodies. These pollutants can harm aquatic life, contaminate drinking water sources, and pose risks to human health.Effective textile wastewater treatment involves amulti-step process that aims to remove or reduce pollutants to acceptable levels before discharging the treated water into the environment. The treatment process typically begins with a preliminary treatment stage, where large solids and suspended particles are removed using physical methods such as screening and sedimentation.The next step involves chemical treatment, wherecoagulants and flocculants are added to destabilize pollutants and promote their agglomeration into larger flocs. These flocs are then removed through sedimentation or flotation.Biological treatment is often employed as the next stage, where microorganisms break down organic pollutants into simpler, less harmful substances. Activated sludge, trickling filters, and anaerobic digestion are commonly used biological treatment technologies.Advanced treatment processes, such as membrane filtration, electrocoagulation, and ozonation, may be necessary to remove residual pollutants or meet stringent regulatory requirements.中文回答：印染废水处理。
印染污水处理工艺流程
印染污水处理工艺流程英文描述：The treatment process for printing and dyeing wastewater typically involves several key steps. Initially, raw wastewater undergoes pretreatment to remove large particles, oils, and dyes. This pretreatment phase often includes both physical and chemical processes, such as sedimentation and coagulation.Subsequently, the pretreated wastewater enters the biological treatment stage, where microorganisms are utilized to degrade organic matter into inorganic substances. Common biological treatment methods include activated sludge processes and anaerobic treatments.After biological treatment, further purification steps may be applied, such as coagulation and sedimentation to remove residual suspended particles and colloids. Additionally, biological contact oxidation and filtration processes can enhance the removal of residual organic matter and fine particles.Finally, the treated water undergoes disinfection to eliminate any remaining pathogens before being discharged or reused. The entire process aims to ensure that the treated water meets the required discharge standards.中文描述：印染污水处理工艺流程通常包括几个关键步骤。
污水处理外文翻译带原文
Study on Disinfection and Anti –microbial Technologies for Drinking WaterZHU Kun, FU Xiao Yong(Dept. of Environmental Engineering, LAN Zhou Railway University, LAN Zhou 730070, China)Abstract: Disinfection by-products produced by the reaction between chlorine and dissolved organic compounds and other chemicals are considered as a worrying problem in the drinking water treatment process since a series of mutagenic carcinogen substances are formed including trihalomethanes (THMs). Among the tested disinfectants(chlorine , ozone , chlorine dioxide , potassium permanganate , chloramines and hydrogen peroxide etc. ) , chlorine dioxide has proved to be the most feasible and effective oxidant for drinking water treatment and removal of pathogens due to its oxidation efficiency , low cost and simple way of utilization. A series of experiments indicate that chlorine dioxide can significantly restrain production of trihalomethanes (THMs) and control bacteria growth particularly for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The experiments verified that both ozone and chlorine dioxide are absolutely vital to ensure thtion of water storage are destroyed. The paper discusses oxidation capacity of chlorine dioxide, especially for removing petroleum compounds, which is affected by reaction time, gas injection way, and pH of treated water.Key words: disinfection; oxidants; water treatment; pathogens; chlorine dioxideCLC number: X523 Document code: A1 IntroductionChemical and filtration processes are two main methods used in China for treating drinking water meanwhile UV radiation has been used successfully for water treatment with relatively low flow rate. On the individual family level, usually chemical treatment is a feasible alternative. The following guidelines exist for the selection of suitablal of contaminants should be done by decomposition, evaporation or precipitation etc, to eliminate or decrease the toxicity, oxidants or reactionby-products should not be harmful to human health, and the purification processes should be practical and economical. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and discuss available disinfectants for drinking water treatment. The different disinfectants are compared regarding purification efficiencies and application approaches.2 Comparison ofO3 > ClO2 > HOCl > OCl - > NHCl2 > NH2ClReferring to Fiessinger′s [2] suggestion, the properties of these disinfectants are compared in Tab. 1. Chlorine is shown to be an excellent disinfectant to prevent waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever over long periods. Chlorine reacts not only within oxidation, but also by electrophilic substitution to produce a variety of chlorinated organic by - products, particularly trihalomethanes (THMs) and other mutagens. Here THMs mainly refer to chloroform, bromoform, dibromochloromathane and bromodichloromathane etc. Since the 1970`s, the usage of Cl2 in drinking water disinfection has been questioned with ozone being substituted as the preferred disinfectant in the water supply plants. But , ozone could not be introduced to the rural farmer community due to its high costs and short half - life (15～20 min. ) . As with other disinfectants, ozonation also leads to formation of organic by - product s such as aldehyde, ketones, and carboxylic acids, and also mutagenicity may be induced if bromic anion exists.Tab. 1 Comparison of various oxidants- no effect ; + little effect ; + + effect ; + + + largest effectMany studies have pointed out that disinfection is absolutely vital to ensure that any microorganisms arising from fecal contamination of water storage are destroyed. The selection of the available disinfectant s must concern to reduce risk from microbial contamination of drinking water and the potential increase in risk from chemical contamination that result from using any of the disinfectant s. The biocidal efficiency of commonly used disinfectants - ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine and chloramines are ranked almost with the same order as the oxidizing capacity, but the stability of those are following the order as [3]:Chloramines > Chlorine dioxide > Chlorine > Ozone3 Purification of organic pollutants by chlorine dioxideAccording to WHO guideline for drinking water quality, much consideration should be paid to benzene homologous compounds; therefore, the study on purification effect s of chlorine dioxide is focused on petrochemical pollutants. A series of experiment s were carried out to simulate the oxidation processes of contaminated water. The polluted solutions were prepared in a dark barrel (10L capacity) of seven kinds of benzene homologous compounds-Benzene , toluene , ethyl benzene , p-phenylmethane, o-phenylmethane, m-phenylmethane and styrene. Samples were taken to determine the initial concentration of the compounds prior to the test s. Standard chlorine dioxide solution was produced from sodium chlorite reacted with HCl solution of 10% [4]. The GR - 16A Gas - chromatograph with FID detector Shenyang LZ-2000 was used for measurement of Cl2, ClO2, ClO-2 and ClO-3[5]. Oil concentrations were determined with an UV -120-20 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu) following the procedure described by APHA [4]. Organic compounds in the water samples were measured with a GC-MS (QP-1000A). ClO2and O3were standardized by iodimetric titration at pH7.For the purpose of chemical disinfection for drinking water, chlorine was instantaneously ignored due to the formation of THMs and other mutagenic substances. The results indicated that potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide did not have enough oxidation capability to decompose petroleum contaminant s achieving only 46 %, and 5.7% decomposition of styrene, respectively. Ozone could not be selected due to it s high cost, complex operation and short half-life although it is an excellent oxidant for water treatment. Chlorine dioxide was the next most successful alternative for disinfection. The benefit s include-effective oxidation capacity, algicidal effect and negligible formation of halogenated by-products. Based on economic and operational requirement, the mixing gas method is easily used. The results obtained suggest that disinfection of drinking water with ozone and or chlorine dioxide seems to be a suitable alternatives to the use of NaClO for cont rolling the formation of non-volatile mutagens[6].In the laboratory experiments, the oxidants ozone, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate and the mixing gas (mainly contained ClO2 and a certain amount of Cl2, O3 and H2O2) were tested for removal of the petroleum compounds, and results are shown in Tab. 2.Tab. 2 Comparison of oxidation capacity for the various oxidantsA study was conducted to elucidate the decay pathway of monochloramine in thepresence and absence of natural organic matter (NOM) [7]. It was found that natural organic matter acted primarily as a reductant rather than catalyst. This conclusion was verified using a redox balance, and much of oxidizing capacity of monochloramine goes towards NOM oxidation. Cleaning agents and disinfectants from house keeping, hospitals, kitchens are sources of absorbable halogenated organic compounds (AOX) in municipal wastewater. The amount of AOX generated strongly depends on the nature and concentrations of dissolved and solid organic compounds, the concentration of active substances, temperature, pH and reaction time [8] When the mixing gases react with water molecules and organic micro-pollutants, hypochlorous acid is formed by chlorine, chlorite and chlorate ions are produced from chlorine dioxide in a series of redox reactions. The principal reactions are summarized as follows:ClO2+ organic →ClO -² + oxidized organic (1)2ClO -² + Cl2 = 2ClO2 + 2Cl - (2)2ClO -²+ HOCl = 2ClO2 + 2Cl - + OH- (3)2ClO2 + HOCl + H2O = 2ClO - ³ + HCl + 2H+ (4)The rate of chlorate yield can be described by Equation (5):d [ClO3]/ d t = 2 k [ClO2] [HOCl] (5)in which k = 1.28 M/ min at 25 ℃ [9].The stoichiometry of the undesirable reactions that form chlorate in low concentration of chlorite or presents of excess chlorine is given as:ClO -² + Cl2 + H2O = ClO - ³ + 2Cl - + 2H+ (6)ClO - ² + HOCl = ClO - ³ + Cl - + H+ (7)At alkaline conditions:ClO -² + HOCl + OH- = ClO - ³ + Cl - + H2O (8)Typically, chlorine dioxide is used in drinking water treatment and the concentrations are ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/L [10]. However, the relevant by - products of chlorine dioxide treatment-chlorite and chlorate have been found to induce methemoglobinemia in the human body when concentrations are more than 100 mg/L [11]. The oxidation results of the organic contaminants were affected byreaction time. The initial concentrations and removal rate at different times are listed in Tab. 3. It is shown that chlorine dioxide has a very strong oxidation capability including the break down of the benzene ring. There are no other commonly used oxidants to do like this except for ozone.Tab. 3 Removal rate of tested organic compounds at different operating time (at pH7)The injecting method for chlorine dioxide gas into the solution also has an apparent influence on the removal rate. With the indirect method, the gas firstly was dissolved in a certain amount of distilled water, and then added to the tested organic solutions, as a result, removal rates appear lower than for the direct blowing method. The main reason for the difference is due to the conversion and decomposition of chlorine dioxide in the dissolving process before the reaction. It is confirmed from Tab. 3 that the removal rate was proportional to operating time. Since chlorine dioxide showed very strong oxidation capability for organic chemicals but was reduced to chlorite anion according to Equation (4), and the removal rate initially appeared quite high. Then, chlorite keeps the oxidation capacity at a level, which allows decomposition of the organic compounds to continue even though the oxidation reaction gradually became weaker with reaction time. The experiment indicated that pH values significantly influenced the removal rate of the organic compounds. The differences of degradation rates in a variety of pH through indirect input way areshown in Tab. 4.Tab. 4 Degradation rate of benzene homologous compounds with indirect method at different pH (after 15 min)There are, however, some disadvantages with ClO2, such as easy loss from solution due to volatilization, and disproportionation above pH 10 into chlorate and chlorite ions that are of certain oxidation capacity, but reported to be harmful to health if the concentration is too high. Chlorine dioxide was unstable in the solution even though it has a stronger oxidation capability than chlorite and chlorate as the two resulted in anions being dominant in the oxidation processes. The actual concentration of chlorine dioxide depended on the existence of chlorine, chlorite and chlorate whose concentrations were determined by pH values of the solution according to Equations (6) and (8) respectively. Consequently, the pH is the critical controlling factor in the concentrations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. The latter two harmful ions can be removed quite quickly by treatment with a reducing agent such as sulfur dioxide - sulfite ion at pH values of 5～7[10 ,12]. Fe (II) can be used to eliminate chlorite from the water , and the redox reaction is kinetically more rapid at pH 5～7 as well[13]. It was evident that the decomposition in acidic conditions was much better than that in alkaline conditions because a disproportional amount of chlorine dioxide was consumed by the reactions under alkaline conditions. For drinking water treatment, it has been suggested that the mixture of chlorine 0.8 mg/L and chlorinedioxide 0.5 mg/L will achieve disinfection and control THMs formation in preference to use of pure chlorine dioxide[14]. According to USEPA drinking water standard, the residue of ClO2 is limited as 0.8 mg/L that tends to the goal of 0.4 mg/L.4 Control of pathogens with disinfectantsHuman pathogens that are transmitted by water including bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Organisms transmitted by water usually grow in the intestinal tract and leave the body in the feces. Thus, they are infections. Fecal pollution of water supplies may then occur, and if the water is not properly treated, the pathogens enter a new host when the water is consumed, therefore, it may be infectious even if it contains only a small number of pathogenic organisms. Most outbreaks of waterborne diseases are due to breakdowns in treatment systems or are a result of post contamination in pipelines.The microorganisms of concern are those which can cause human discomfort, illness or diseases. These microbes are comprised of numerous pathogenic bacteria, viruses, certain algae and protozoa etc. The disinfection efficiency is typically measured as a specific level of cyst inactivation. Protozoan cysts are the most difficult to destroy. Bacteria and viral inactivation are considered adequate if the requirement for cyst inactivation is met. Therefore, water quality standard for the disinfection of water have been set at microorganisms, usually take the protozoan cysts as indicator, so viruses will be adequately controlled under the same operation conditions required for inactivation of protozoan cysts. The widely found drinking water contamination is caused by protozoan that is a significant intestinal pathogens in diary cattle, likely a source of this outbreak.There are two of the most important protozoa - Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts those are known to outbreak diseases, frequently are found in nature and drinking water storage ponds. Protozoa form protective stages like oocysts that allow them to survive for long periods in water while waiting to be ingested by a host. Protozoa cysts are not effectively removed by storing water because of their small size and density. Cryptosporidium oocysts have a setting velocity of 0.5 um/s. Therefore, if the water tank is 2 m deep, it will take the oocyst 46 days to settle to thebottom. Giardia cysts are much large and have a great settling velocity of 5.5um/s. It was evident that chlorine and chloramines were ineffective against Cryptosporidium oocysts, which was discovered to be amazingly resistant to chlorine, and only ozone and chlorine dioxide may be suitable disinfectants [15]. The investigations have verified that Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to chorine, even up 14 times as resistant as the chlorine resistant Giardia, therefore methods for removing it in past rely on sedimentation and filtration. Watson′s Law to study protozoan disinfection, reads as follows:K = Cηt (9)In the formula:K ——constant for a given microorganism exposed to a disinfectant under a fixed set of pH and temperature conditions;C ——disinfectant concentration (mg/ L);η——empirical coefficient of dilution ;t ——time required to achieve the fixed percentage inactivation.For the preoxidation and reduction of organic pollutants , the recommended dosages are between 0. 5～2. 0 mg/ L with contact time as 15～30 min depending on the pollutants characteristics in the water. In the case of post - disinfection , the safe dosages of ClO2 are 0. 2～0.4 mg/L. At these dosages, the potential by - products chlorite and chlorate do not constitute any health hazard [16]. The relation between disinfectant concentration and contact time can be established by using Ct products based on the experimental data. From this the effectiveness of disinfectants can be evaluated based on temperature, pH value and contact time. Since Cryptosporidium has become a focus of regulatory agencies in the United States and United Kingdom, the prospects of controlling this pathogen show more considerable. The comparison of the Ct values by using ozone , chlorine dioxide , chlorine and chloramines for Giardia and Cryptosporidium cyst s are listed in Tab. 5[17 ,18 ] , and for some microorganisms disinfection are displayed in Tab. 6[19 ] .Tab. 5 Ct values (mg·min/ L.) for disinfection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts by using 4 disinfectantsTab. 6 Comparison of value intervals for the product Ct (mg·min/ L) for the inactivation of various microorganisms by using 4 disinfectantsThe mean Ct value for ClO2 at pH 7 and 5 ℃was 11. 9 mg·min/ L, and dropped to 5.2 at pH 7 and 25 ℃. High temperatures normally enhance the efficiency of disinfectants while lower temperatures have opposite effects requiring additional contact time or extra quantity of disinfectants. The best performance for ClO2 is at pH 9 and 25 ℃, which yields a Ct product of 2.8 mg·min/ L [20]. Chlorine dioxide appears to be more efficient for Cryptosporidium oocysts than either chlorine or monochloramine. Exposure of oocysts to 1.3 mg·min/ L at pH 7 reduces excystation from 87 % to 5 % in a hour at 25 ℃. Based on this result, Ct product of 78 mg·min/ L was calculated. However, the Ct product for ozone to do this work was examined as 5 - 10 mg·min/ L from observation that excystation decreased from 84 % to 0 % after 5 minutes with the ozone concentration of 1 mg/ L [15]. As with other disinfectants, increasing temperature decreased the Ct values and improved the cysticidal action. Increasing temperature unexpectedly reduced the Ct values from a high of 6.35 mg·min/ L at pH5 to a low of 2.91 mg·min/ L at pH 9[20]. It is generally the rule, that for protozoa ozone is the best cysticide, chlorine dioxide is superior to chlorine andiodine, but chlorine, in overall, is much superior to chloramines [21].Although disinfection efficiency of ozone is higher than chlorine dioxide, this difference can be compensated by the contact time. The experiment indicated that chlorine dioxide could reach the same results for disinfection of coliform bacteria as ozone did if time lasted long enough, which can be seen in Fig. 1. The added concentrations of both of ozone and chlorine dioxide were 2 mg/ L.Control of Cryptosporidium oocysts in potable water requires an integrated multiple barrier approach. Coagulation is critical in the effective control of Cryptosporidium by clarification and filtration. Dissolved air floatation can achieve oocysts removal of 3 logs compared to about 1 log by sedimentation. Dissolved air floatation and filtration provide two effective barriers to Cryptosporidium oocysts with cumulative log removal of 4 to 5 compared to log removals of 3 to 4 by sedimentation and filtration [22].Fig. 1 Comparison of disinfection efficiency between ozone and chlorine dioxide on coliform bacteria5 Tendency of disinfection for drinking waterIn the future, the burden of producing water with low pathogen level and low tastes and odor will be allocated to a combination of steps, including source water protection, coagulation - flocculation - sedimentation, filtration, floatation, membrane processes and adsorption. Some form of terminal treatment with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, UV, or other agents will also be required. No single step can or should be expected to shoulder the entire burden to controlling a given contaminant. With the development of techniques, new chemical and physical agents will meet tests of practicability for use in water treatment and will reduce pathogens. These may include electromagnetic fields and other forms of treatment with light or sonic energy [23].In light of availability, efficacy, operability and costs, the priority should be given to ultraviolet method among all of the currently utilized disinfection technologies, particularly in developing countries. The medium and low - pressure UV extends tremendous potential promise for adaptation into various scale water supply plants. The researches have validated that extremely low dosage of UV can behighly effective for inactivate oocysts [24]. Furthermore, comparison of medium and low - pressure lamps demonstrated no significant differences. By using low - pressure UV at the dosage of 3 , 6 and 9 mJ/ cm2 , oocyst inactivation levels were yielded between 3.4 and 3.7 log. In the trials of UV in water with turbidity of more than 1 NTU, the ability of medium –pressure was not affected, and high level of oocysts inactivation could still be achieved.6 ConclusionsTo purify drinking water, chlorine dioxide can be chosen instead of chlorine, ozone and other disinfectants because of it s advantages of high efficiency of disinfection, competent stability, low cost and simple utilizing way etc. Both ozone and ClO2 are absolutely vital to ensure that any microorganisms arising from fecal contamination of water storage are destroyed. The utilization of chlorine dioxide has been found to efficiently restrict protozoa growth, to disinfect from bacteria and viruses. Taking the protozoan cysts as indicator in which Cryptosporidium oocysts were solidly resistant to chlorine, but chlorine dioxide may be suitable disinfectants to mutilate. Thus, viruses will be adequately controlled by chlorine dioxide under the same operation conditions required for inactivation of protozoan cysts. The experiment indicated that chlorine dioxide could reach the same results for disinfection of coliform bacteria as ozone did if time lasted long enough although disinfection efficiency of ozone is higher than chlorine dioxide.It is an obvious preference for chlorine dioxide to pragmatically remove oil and benzene homologous compounds in water treatment meanwhile the formation of mutagenic and toxic substances is limited. The degradation rate was proportional to input amount of oxidants and increase of operating time. The dosage input , in overall , is suggested to range between 0. 5～2.0 mg/ L. The effective pH at which reactions occur is in the slightly acid range of 5 to 7 at which formation of chlorite and chlorate is minimized. The chlorine dioxide gas should be injected directly into the treated water body, so that high concentrations of ClO2 can be kept in the solution. Under these conditions, the elimination rate for organic pollutants will be much higher. For the storage system, input dosage of chlorine dioxide concentration should be higherthan that in laboratory studies due to complex pollutants in treated water. References:[1 ] Katz J . Ozone and chlorine dioxide technology for disinfection of drinking water [M]. Noyes New Jersey: Data Corporation, 1980.[2] Fiessinger F. Organic micropollutants in drinking water and health [M] . Publisher, N. Y., U. S. A: Elsevier Sci., 1985.[3 ] Hoff J C , Geldreich E E. Comparison of the biocidal efficiency of alternative disinfectants [C] . In Proceedings AWWA seminar, Atlanta, Georgia, 1980.[4 ] APHA , American Public Health Association. American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. (16th Edition) [M]. Washington D. C., 1989.[5] Dietrich A M. Determination of chlorite and chlorate in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water by flow injection analysis and ion chromatography[J ] .A nal. Chem., 1992, 64:496 - 502.[6] Monarca S. Mutagenicity of extracts of lake drinking water treated with different disinfectants in bacterial and plant tests[J ] . Water Res, 1998, (32):2 689 - 2 695.[7] Vikesland P , Ozekin K, Valentine R L. Effect of natural organic matter on monochloramine decomposition : pathway elucidation through the use of mass and redox balance[J ] . Envi ron. Sci. Tech., 1998, 32 (10):1 409 - 1 416.[8] Schulz S , Hahn H H. Generation of halogenated organic compounds in municipal wastewater [M] . Proc. 2nd Int. Assoc. Water Qual. Int. Conf. Sewer Phys. Chem. Bio. Reactor, Aalborg, Denmark, 1998.[9 ] Aieta E M. A review of chlorine dioxide in drinking water treatment [J]. J. A WWA, 1986, 78 (6): 62 - 72.[10 ] Gordon G Minimizing chlorine ion and chlorate ion in water treatment with chlorine dioxide[J ] . J. A WWA, 1990, 82 (4):160 - 165.[11] Kmorita J D , Snoeyink V L. Monochloramine removal from water by activated carbon[J ] . J. A WWA, 1985, (1):62 - 64.[12] Gordon G, Adam I , Bubnis B. Minimizing chlorate information[J ] . J. AWWA, 1995, 87, (6): 97 - 106.[13] Iatrou A. Removing chlorite by the addition of ferrous iron[J ] . J. A WWA, 1992, 84 (11): 63 - 68.[14 ] Schalekamp Maarten. Pre - and intermediate oxidation of drinking water with ozone, chlorine and chlorine dioxide [J]. J. Ozone Science and Engineering, 1986, 8: 151 - 186[15 ] Korich D G, Mead J R , Madore M S , et al . Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine and monochramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oosyst viability [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1990, 56: 1 423 - 1 428.[16 ] AWWA Research Foundation. Chlorine dioxide; drinking water issues, 2nd International Symposium [R]. Houston, TX, 1992.[17] Lykins B W, Griese H G. Using chlorine dioxide for trihalomethane control[J ] . J, A WWA, 1986, 71 (6): 88 - 93.[18] Regli S. Chlorine dioxide , drinking water issues , 2nd International Symposium [ R ] . Houston, TX, AWWA Research Foundation, 1992.[19] Hoff J C. Inactivation of microbial agents by chemical disinfectants[J] . US EPA, 1986.[ 20 ] Rubin A , Evers D , Eyman C , et al . Interaction of gerbil - cultured Giardia lamblia cysts by free chlorine dioxide [J]. Applied and Envi ronmental Microbiology, 1989, 55: 2 592 - 2 594.[ 21 ] Rusell A D , Hugo WB , Ayliffe GA J . Principes and Practice of Disinfection [M]. Preservation and Sterilization. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U K, 1992.[22 ] Edzwald J K, Kelley M B. Control of Cryptosporidium from reservoirs to clarifiers to filters [C] . Proc. 1st IAWQ –IWSA Joint Specialist Conf. Reservoir Manage. Water Supply, Prague, Czech, 1998.[23] Haas Charles N. Disinfection in the Twenty - first century[J ] . J. A WWA, 2000, 92 (2): 72 - 73.[24 ] Clancy L , Jenneifer , Bukhari Z , et al , Using UV to Inactivate Gryptosporidium[J ] . J. A WWA, 2000, 92: 97 - 104.饮用水的消毒及杀菌技术研究朱琨伏小勇(兰州铁道学院环境工程系, 甘肃兰州730070)摘要:饮用水处理消毒过程中可产生一系列致癌物质,主要是氯与水中的有机物和其它化学成分反应的结果,其中典型产物有三氯甲烷. 通过对常用消毒剂液氯,臭氧,二氧化氯,高锰酸钾,氯胺及过氧化氢的实验对比,证明二氧化氯是高效,方便,廉价的消毒剂. 它不仅对一般病原菌类有明显的抑制和杀菌作用,对清除难以灭杀的潜原性病毒也有理想的效果. 在净化水中石油类有机物时,二氧化氯的效果受到反应时间,注入方式和pH 值的影响.关键词:消毒;氧化剂;水处理;病原菌;二氧化氯中图分类号:X523 文献标识码:A中文译文：饮用水消毒和杀菌技术的研究朱琨伏小勇（兰州铁道学院环境工程系，甘肃兰州，730070 中国）在饮用水处理过程中，通过氯与溶解性有机物和其他化合物的反应所产生的消毒副产物被看作一个令人担忧的问题，因为一系列诱变致癌的物质组成包括总卤甲烷。
印染废水处理研究论文
印染废水处理研究论文本文旨在探讨印染废水处理研究论文的重要性以及在环境保护中的作用。
印染工业是一种传统的纺织工业，它通过在面料上应用颜色和图案来创造有吸引力的设计。
然而，在这个过程中，印染废水被排放到自然环境中，它包含各种污染物质和化学物质，如色素、重金属、钠盐和阴离子等。
这些污染物质会危害水资源、土壤和空气质量，从而对人类健康和环境造成潜在的威胁。
为了解决这一问题，许多研究人员致力于研究印染废水处理技术。
本文将介绍近年来发表的几篇印染废水处理研究论文，以探讨这项研究的现状和未来发展方向。
首先，2014年发表的“铁氧化物纳米材料用于染料废水的处理研究”（Research on the Treatment of Dye Wastewater with Iron Oxide Nanomaterials）是一篇重要的研究论文。
该研究使用铁氧化物纳米材料来处理多种染料废水，发现这种方法可以快速、高效地去除污染物质，并实现更低的水处理成本。
这项研究不仅为印染废水处理提供了新的解决方案，而且为其他废水处理领域带来了启示。
其次，2018年发表的“利用自组装技术处理染料废水的研究”（Research on Treatment of Dye Wastewater UsingSelf-Assembly Technology）是另一篇重要的研究论文。
该研究基于自组装技术，将复杂的染料废水自我净化，并减少了对环境的影响。
研究人员还发现，这种方法可以在相同的废水处理过程中产生更少的废物并提高能效。
这项研究为染料废水处理领域带来了新契机，其中自组装技术能够提供一种更加可持续的废水处理解决方案。
此外，2019年发表的“分子印染柔性水凝胶的制备及其对染料废水的处理效果研究”（Preparation of Molecular Dyeing Flexible Hydrogels and Their Treatment Performance for Dye Wastewater）是一项有潜力的研究，它将染料废水和柔性水凝胶有机地结合在一起。
aao污水处理工艺外文文献译文
aao污水处理工艺外文文献译文Recent Upgrades to Aerobic Activated Sludge Treatment for Sewage (AAO)最近污水激活液体处理技术(AAO)的升级近年来，汉语激活液体处理技术(AAO)被广泛地应用于各种废水污水处理系统，特别是在有机物的分解过程中发挥了重要作用。
这种处理技术根据有机化合物的溶解及二氧化碳的气态收集，能够有效地帮助减少污染物的总量和质量。
而近些年来随着现代技术的发展，AAO处理技术也开始得到改良和更新。
Firstly, the science and technology surrounding AAO has been subject to a numberof improvements. For instance, there have been updates to the wastewater treatment process which have resulted in a more efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus with fewer risks of sludge build-up. This means that AAO systems can now be applied to a wider range of wastewater applications. In addition, new measuring systems have been developed to monitor the performance of AAO systems more precisely. This has opened up the possibility of making adjustments to the optimal parameters, which can help to ensure that the outcome of the process is as effective as possible.RR先后，AAO 技术围绕的科学技术也被进行了一系列的改进。
印染工业园区印染废水的处理工艺流程
印染工业园区印染废水的处理工艺流程(中英文版)**English:**The印染工业园区, which is known for其complex印染processes, generates a significant amount of印染wastewater.This印染wastewater is known to be highly polluting due to the various dyes, chemicals, and residues present in it.Therefore, treating this印染wastewater is a crucial step in maintaining environmental standards.处理印染废水的第一步是初步筛选和预处理.This involves removing large solids, fibers, and debris from the印染wastewater.After this, the印染wastewater is settled in a sedimentation tank, where solid particles settle to the bottom and are removed.ext, the印染wastewater undergoes a biological treatment process.This is done in an activated sludge tank, where microorganisms break down the organic matter in the印染wastewater.The sludge that is produced is then separated from the treated water and disposed of properly.最后, the treated印染wastewater undergoes a final clarification process before being discharged.This ensures that the印染wastewater is clean and safe to be released back into the environment.**中文:**印染工业园区产生的印染废水含有多种染料、化学品和残留物，因此具有很高的污染性。
染布厂污水处理流程
染布厂污水处理流程英文回答：Wastewater treatment is a crucial process in textile dyeing and printing factories. As an owner of a dyeing factory, I understand the importance of implementing an effective wastewater treatment process to comply with environmental regulations and reduce the impact on the surrounding ecosystem.The wastewater treatment process in my dyeing factory involves several steps. Firstly, the wastewater iscollected from various sources such as dyeing, rinsing, and cleaning processes. It is then passed through a primary treatment unit, where solid particles and larger debris are removed through processes like sedimentation and filtration.After the primary treatment, the wastewater undergoes a secondary treatment process. This step involves biological treatment, where microorganisms are used to break downorganic matter in the wastewater. The wastewater is aerated to provide oxygen for the microorganisms to thrive and degrade the pollutants. This process helps in reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) levels in the wastewater.Once the secondary treatment is completed, the wastewater is further subjected to tertiary treatment. This step involves the removal of any remaining suspended solids, dissolved organic matter, and nutrients. Various methods such as coagulation, flocculation, and filtration are employed to achieve this. Chemicals like alum or ferric chloride are added to the wastewater to facilitate the formation of flocs, which can be easily separated from the water.Finally, the treated wastewater is disinfected to eliminate any remaining pathogens or harmful microorganisms. Chlorination or ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is commonly used for this purpose. The disinfected water is then discharged into the environment or reused for non-potable purposes such as irrigation or industrial processes.It is important to note that the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment process depends on various factors such as the quality of the incoming wastewater, the efficiency of the treatment units, and the adherence to proper maintenance and monitoring practices. Regular sampling and analysis of the treated wastewater are necessary to ensure compliance with regulatory standards.中文回答：染布厂的污水处理流程对于保护环境和减少对周围生态系统的影响至关重要。
污水处理工业废水回用毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
污水处理工业废水回用毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述污水处理工业废水回用毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Catalytic strategies for industrial water re-useAbstractThe use of catalytic processes in pollution abatement and resource recovery is widespread and of significant economic importance [R.J. Farrauto, C.H. Bartholomew, Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes, Blackie Academic and Professional,1997.]. For water recovery and re-use chemo-catalysis is only just starting to make an impact although bio-catalysis is well established [J.N. Horan, BiologicalWastewater Treatment Systems; Theory and Operation, Chichester, Wiley, 1990.]. This paper will discuss some of the principles behind developing chemo-catalytic processes for water re-use. Within this context oxidative catalytic chemistry has many opportunities to underpin the development of successful processes and many emerging technologies based on this chemistry can be considered .Keywords: COD removal; Catalytic oxidation; Industrial water treatment1.IntroductionIndustrial water re-use in Europe has not yet started on the large scale. However, with potential long term changes in European weather and the need for more water abstraction from boreholes and rivers, the availability of water at low prices will become increasingly rare. As water prices rise there will come a point when technologies that exist now (or are being developed)will make water recycle and re-use a viable commercial operation. As that future approaches, it is worth stating the most important fact about wastewater improvement–avoid it completely if at all possible! It is best to consider water not as a naturally available cheap solvent but rather, difficult to purify, easily contaminated material that if allowed into the environment will permeate all parts of the biosphere. A pollutant is just a material in the wrong place and therefore design your process to keep the material where it should be –contained and safe. Avoidance and then minimisation are the two first steps in looking at any pollutant removal problem. Of course avoidance may not be an option on an existing plant where any changes may have large consequences for plantitems if major flowsheet revision were required. Also avoidance may mean simply transferring the issue from the aqueous phase to the gas phase. There are advantages and disadvantages to both water and gas pollutant abatement. However, it must be remembered that gas phase organic pollutant removal (VOC combustion etc.,) is much more advanced than the equivalent water COD removal and therefore worth consideration [1]. Because these aspects cannot be over-emphasised，a third step would be to visit the first two steps again. Clean-up is expensive, recycle and re-use even if you have a cost effective process is still more capital equipment that will lower your return on assets and make the process less financially attractive. At present the best technology for water recycle is membrane based. This is the only technology that will produce a sufficiently clean permeate for chemical process use. However, the technology cannot be used in isolation and in many (all) cases will require filtration upstream and a technique for handling thedownstream retentate containing the pollutants. Thus, hybrid technologies are required that together can handle the all aspects of the water improvement process[6,7,8].Hence the general rules for wastewater improvement are:1. Avoid if possible, consider all possible ways to minimise.2. Keep contaminated streams separate.3. Treat each stream at source for maximum concentration and minimum flow.4. Measure and identify contaminants over complete process cycle. Look for peaks, which will prove costly to manage and attempt to run the process as close to typical values as possible. This paper will consider the industries that are affected by wastewater issues and the technologies that are available to dispose of the retentate which will contain the pollutants from the wastewater effluent. The paper will describe some of the problems to be overcome and how the technologies solve these problems to varying degrees. It will also discuss how the cost driver should influence developers of future technologies.2. The industriesThe process industries that have a significant wastewater effluent are shown in Fig. 1. These process industries can be involved in wastewater treatment in many areas and some illustrations of this are outlined below.Fig. 1. Process industries with wastewater issues.2.1. RefineriesThe process of bringing oil to the refinery will often produce contaminated water. Oil pipelines from offshore rigs are cleaned with water; oil ships ballast with water and the result can be significant water improvement issues.2.2. ChemicalsThe synthesis of intermediate and speciality chemicals often involve the use of a water wash step to remove impurities or wash out residual flammable solvents before drying.2.3. PetrochemicalsEthylene plants need to remove acid gases (CO2, H2S) formed in the manufacture process. This situation can be exacerbated by the need to add sulphur compounds before the pyrolysis stage to improve the process selectivity. Caustic scrubbing is the usual method and this produces a significant water effluent disposal problem.2.4. Pharmaceuticals and agrochemicalsThese industries can have water wash steps in synthesis but in addition they are often formulated with water-based surfactants or wetting agents.2.5. Foods and beveragesClearly use water in processing and COD and BOD issues will be the end result.2.6. Pulp and paperThis industry uses very large quantities of water for processing –aqueous peroxide and enzymes for bleaching in addition to the standard Kraft type processing of the pulp. It is important to realise how much human society contributes to contaminated water and an investigation of the flow rates through municipal treatment plants soon shows the significance of non-process industry derived wastewater.3. The technologiesThe technologies for recalcitrant COD and toxic pollutants in aqueous effluent are shown in Fig. 2. These examples of technologies [2,6,8] available or in development can be categorised according to the general principle underlying themechanism of action. If in addition the adsorption (absorption) processes are ignored for this catalysis discussion then the categories are:1. Biocatalysis2. Air/oxygen based catalytic (or non-catalytic).3. Chemical oxidation1. Without catalysis using chemical oxidants2. With catalysis using either the generation of _OH or active oxygen transfer. Biocatalysis is an excellent technology for Municipal wastewater treatment providing a very cost-effective route for the removal of organics from water. It is capable of much development via the use of different types of bacteria to increase the overall flexibility of the technology. One issue remains –what to do with all the activated sludge even after mass reduction by de-watering. The quantities involved mean that this is not an easy problem to solve and re-use as a fertilizer can only use so much. The sludge can be toxic via absorption of heavy metals, recalcitrant toxic COD. Inthis case incineration and safe disposal of the ash to acceptable landfill may be required. Air based oxidation [6,7] is very attractive because providing purer grades of oxygen are not required if the oxidant is free. Unfortunately, it is only slightly soluble in water, rather unreactive at low temperatures and, therefore, needs heat and pressure to deliver reasonable rates of reaction. These plants become capital intensive as pressures (from _10 to 100 bar) are used. Therefore, although the running costs maybe low the initial capital outlay on the plant has a very significant effect on the costs of the process. Catalysis improves the rates of reaction and hence lowers the temperature and pressure but is not able to avoid them and hence does not offera complete solution. The catalysts used are generally Group VIII metals such as cobalt or copper. The leaching of these metals into the aqueous phase is a difficulty that inhibits the general use of heterogeneous catalysts [7]. Chemical oxidation with cheap oxidants has been well practised on integrated chemical plants. The usual example is waste sodium hypochlorite generated in chlor-alkali units that can be utilised to oxidise COD streams from other plants within the complex. Hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate are all possible oxidants in this type of process. The choice is primarily determined by which is the cheapest at the point of use. A secondary consideration is how effective is the oxidant. Possibly the most researched catalytic area is the generation and use of _OH as a very active oxidant (advanced oxidation processes) [8]. There are a variety of ways of doing this but the most usual is with photons and a photocatalyst. The photocatalyst is normally TiO2 but other materials with a suitable band gap can be used [9,10]. The processes can be very active however the engineering difficulties of getting light, a catalyst and the effluent efficiently contacted is not easy. In fact the poor efficiency of light usage by the catalyst (either through contacting problems or inherent to the catalyst) make this process only suitable for light from solar sources. Photons derived from electrical power that comes from fossil fuels are not acceptable because the carbon dioxide emission this implies far outweighs and COD abatement. Hydroelectric power (and nuclear power) are possible sources but the basic inefficiency is not being avoided. Hydrogen peroxide and ozone have been used with photocatalysis but they can be used separately or together with catalysts to effect COD oxidation. For ozone there is the problem of the manufacturingroute, corona discharge, which is a capital intensive process often limits its application and better route to ozone would be very useful. It is important to note at this point that the oxidants discussed do not have sufficient inherent reactivity to be use without promotion. Thus, catalysis is central to their effective use against both simple organics (often solvents) or complex recalcitrant COD. Hence, the use of Fenton’s catalyst (Fe) for hydrogen peroxide [11]. In terms of catalysis these oxidants together with hypochlorite form a set of materials that can act has ‘active oxygen transfer (AOT) oxidants’ in the presence of a suitable catalyst. If the AOT oxidant is hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide then three phase reactions are avoided which greatly simplifies the flowsheet. Cheap, catalytically promoted oxidants with environmentally acceptable products of oxidation that do not require complex chemical engineering and can be produced efficiently would appear to offer one of the best solutions to the general difficulties often observed.3.1. Redox catalysis and active oxygen transferThe mechanism of catalytically promoted oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite cannot be encompassed within one concept, however there are general similarities between the two oxidants that allows one to write a series of reactions for both (Fig. 3) [5]. This type of mechanism could be used to describe a broad range of reactions for either oxidant from catalytic epoxidation to COD oxidation. The inherent usefulness of the reactions is that;1. The reactions take place in a two-phase system.2. High pressure and temperature are not required.3. The catalytic surface can act as an adsorbent of the COD to be oxidised effectively increasing the concentration and hencethe rate of oxidation.The simple mechanism shows the selectivity issue with this type of processes. The oxidant can simply be decomposed by the catalyst to oxygen gas – this reaction must be avoided because dioxygen will play no role in COD removal. Its formation is an expensive waste of reagent with oxygen gas ($20/Te) compared to the oxidant ($400–600/Te). To be cost competitive with alternative processes redox catalysis needs excellent selectivity.3.2. Technology mappingThe technologies so far described can be mapped [12] for their applicability with effluent COD concentration (measured as TOC) and effluent flow rate (m3 h-1). The map is shown in Fig. 4. The map outlines the areas where technologies are most effective. The boundaries, although drawn, are in fact fuzzier and should be only used as a guide. Only well into each shape will a technology start to dominate. The underlying cost model behind the map is based on simple assertions – at high COD mass flows only air/oxygen will be able to keep costs down because of the relatively low variable cost of the oxidant. At high COD concentrations and high flows only biological treatment plants have proved themselves viable –of course if done at source recovery becomes an option. At low flows and low COD levels redox AOT catalysis is an important technology –the Synetix Accent 1 process being an example of this type of process (see Fig. 5 for a simplified flowsheet). The catalyst operates under very controlled conditions at pH > 9 and hence metal leaching can be avoided (<5 ppb). The activity and selectivity aspects of the catalyst displayed in Fig. 3 can befurther elaborated to look at the potential surface species. This simple view has been extended by a significant amount ofresearch [3,4,5]. Now the mechanism of such a catalyst can be described in Fig. 6. The key step is to avoid recombination of NiO holes to give peroxy species and this can be contrasted with the hydrogen peroxide situation where the step may be characterized as oxygen vacancy filled. From both recombination will be facilitated by electronic and spatial factors. The range of application of the process is outlined below. From laboratory data some general types of chemical have been found suitable –sulphides, amines, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, carboxylic acids, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. From industrial trials recalcitrant COD (nonbiodegradable) and sulphur compounds have been successfully demonstrated and a plant oxidising sulphur species has been installed and is operational.4. ConclusionsWastewater treatment processes are in the early stages of development. The key parameters at present are effectiveness and long term reliability. Many processes operating are in this stage, including the redox Accent TM is a trademark of the ICI Group of Companies. catalysis systems. However,once proven, redox catalysis offers many advantages for COD removal from wastewater:1. The low capital cost of installation.2. Simple operation that can be automated.3. Flexible nature of the process – can be easily modified to meet changing demands of legislation.Hence it will be expected to develop into an important technology in wastewater improvement.AcknowledgementsThe author is grateful to Jane Butcher and Keith Kelly of Synetix for discussions on this paper. References[1] R.J. Farrauto, C.H. Bartholomew, Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes, Blackie Academic and Professional, 1997. F.E. Hancock / Catalysis Today 53 (1999) 3–9 9[2] J.N. Horan, Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems; Theory and Operation, Chichester, Wiley, 1990.[3] F.E. Hancock et al., Catalysis Today 40 (1998) 289.[4] F. King, F.E. Hancock, Catal. Today 27 (1996) 203.[5] J. Hollingworth et al., J. Electron Spectrosc., in press.[6] F. Luck, Environmental Catalysis, in: G. Centi et al. (Eds.), EFCE Publishers, Series 112, p. 125.[7] D. Mantzavinos et al., in: V ogelpohl and Geissen (Eds.), in: Proceedings of the Conference on Water Science and Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, May 1996, J. Int. Assoc. Water Quality, Pergamon, 1997.[8] R. Venkatadri, R.W. Peters, Hazardous Waste Hazardous Mater. 10 (1993) 107.[9] A.M. Braun, E. Oliveros, Water Sci. Tech. 35 (1997) 17.[10] D. Bahnemann et al., Aquatic and surface photochemistry, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. (1994) 261.[11] J. Prousek, Chem. Lisy 89 (1995) 11.工业废水回用的接触反应策略摘要：无论从控制污染还是资源恢复的角度，接触反应都是被广泛应用并极具经济效益的。
处理污水问题英文作文
处理污水问题英文作文Paragraph 1:Sewage is a major environmental issue that needs immediate attention. The contamination of water bodies due to untreated wastewater poses a serious threat to both human health and the ecosystem. It is high time we address this problem and find sustainable solutions.Paragraph 2:The first step towards tackling sewage problems is to raise awareness among the general public. People need to understand the consequences of improper disposal of sewage and the impact it has on our environment. By educating individuals about the importance of proper wastewater management, we can instill a sense of responsibility in them.Paragraph 3:Investing in advanced sewage treatment technologies is another crucial aspect of solving this issue. Traditional methods of wastewater treatment are often inadequate and fail to remove harmful pollutants. By adopting innovative techniques such as membrane bioreactors or advanced oxidation processes, we can ensure that the treated water meets the required standards before being released back into the environment.Paragraph 4:Collaboration between governments, industries, and communities is essential in addressing sewage problems. Governments should enforce strict regulations and policies regarding wastewater management, while industries need to implement effective treatment systems to minimize their impact on the environment. At the same time, communities should actively participate in initiatives such as recycling wastewater for non-potable uses, reducing the burden on treatment plants.Paragraph 5:Promoting the use of decentralized wastewater treatment systems can also be a viable solution. These systems treat sewage at the source, eliminating the need for extensive infrastructure and long-distance transportation of wastewater. They are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and can be tailored to suit the specific needs of different communities.Paragraph 6:In addition to addressing the issue of sewage treatment, it is equally important to reduce the generation of wastewater. Implementing water conservation measures, such as promoting the use of low-flow fixtures and encouraging responsible water usage, can significantly reduce the volume of wastewater generated. This approach not onlyhelps in conserving water resources but also lessens the burden on sewage treatment plants.Paragraph 7:Lastly, regular monitoring and maintenance of sewage treatment plants are crucial to ensure their optimal performance. Regular inspections, testing, and maintenance can help identify and rectify any issues before they escalate. It is essential to invest in the training of personnel responsible for operating and maintaining these facilities to ensure their efficient functioning.In conclusion, addressing sewage problems requires a multi-faceted approach involving awareness, technological advancements, collaboration, decentralized systems, water conservation, and regular maintenance. By implementing these measures, we can effectively tackle the issue of wastewater contamination and protect our environment for future generations.。
印染废水处理论文外文翻译
（齐齐哈尔大学）毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：轻工与纺织学院专业：轻化工程班级：轻化102 姓名：颜波学号： 2010101010外文翻译原文Dyeing Wastewater TreatmentS.M. SapuanAbstract：This paper analyzes the treatment of dyeing wastewater issues facing, and describes methods of dyeing wastewater treatment progress and trends.。
And pointed out that different methods of dyeing wastewater。
treatment is a combination of effective treatment of dyeing wastewater。
Keywords：Dyeing wastewater; Treatment；Strengthen the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment can ease the severe shortage of water resources issues, protection of the environment, maintain ecological balance plays a very important role。
A printing and dyeing wastewater treatment problems 。
The increasingly stringent emission standards With the development of social economy and people's environmental awareness, our increased investment in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment。
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十八章外文翻译印染废水处理论文摘要：本文分析了印染废水处理的所面临的问题，以及介绍了印染废水处理方法的研究进展与动向。
并指出不同印染废水处理方法的组合是印染废水处理的有效方法。
关键词：印染废水；处理方法纺织印染工业作为中国具有优势的传统支柱行业之一，20 世纪90 年代以来获得迅猛发展，其用水量和排水量也大幅度增长。
据不完全统计，我国日排放印染废水量为3000-4000kt，是各行业中的排污大户之一。
加强印染废水的处理可以缓解我国水资源严重匮乏的问题，对保护环境、维持生态平衡起着极其重要的作用。
1 印染废水处理面临的问题1.1 排放标准的日益严格随着社会经济的不断发展和人们环境意识的提高，我国加大了对印染污水的治理。
根据《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》，除Ⅲ类污水排放指标变化不大外，国家增加了Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类污水印染废BOD、COD、色度、悬浮物、氨氮、苯胺类、二氧化氯等指标的排放限定。
而印染废水水质一般平均为COD800-2000mg/L，色度200-800 倍，pH 值10-13，BOD/COD 为0.25-0.4，因此印染废水的达标排放是印染行业急需要解决的问题。
1.2 印染废水处理难度增加 1.2.1 印染废水组分复杂印染废水是指印染加工过程中各工序所排放的废水混合而成的混合废水。
主要包括：预处理阶段(如烧毛、退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光)排放的退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光废水；染色阶段排放的染色废水；印花阶段排放的印花废水和皂洗废水；整理阶段排放的整理废水。
印染废水水质随原材料、生产品种、生产工艺、管理水平的不同而有所差异，导致各个印染工序排放后汇总的废水组分非常复杂。
随着染料工业的飞速发展和后整理技术的进步，新型助剂、染料、整理剂等在印染行业中被大量使用，难降解有毒有机成分的含量也越来越多，有些甚至是致癌、致突变、致畸变的有机物，对环境尤其是水环境的威胁和危害越来越大。
总体而言，印染废水的特点是成分复杂、有机物含量高、色度深化学需氧量(COD)高，而生化需氧量(BOD5)相对较低，可生化性差，排放量大。
1.2.2 印染废水处理方法的局限性80 年代以前，我国印染废水的可生化性较高，CODcr 浓度常在800mg/L 以下，采用传统的生物与物化联合处理系统，出水即可达到排放标准。
近二十年来，印染废水水质发生了很大的变化。
传统的印染废水处理方法，如吸附、悬浮、过滤、混凝等具有设备简单，操作简便和工艺成熟的优点，但是这类处理方法通常是将有机物从液相转移到固相或气相，不仅没有完全消除有机污染物和消耗化学药剂，而且造成废物堆积和二次污染；生物法只能除去印染废水中的BOD，对于COD 特别是有毒难降解有机物和色度的出去效果不明显。
单一的处理方法已不能满足当前印染废水发展的要求。
2 印染废水处理研究进展与动向 2.1 传统方法和工艺的改进 2.1.1 吸附法吸附法特别适合低浓度印染废水的深度处理，具有投资小、方法简便、成本低的特点，适合中小型印染厂废水的处理。
传统的吸附剂主要是活性碳，活性碳只对阳离子染料、直接染料、酸性染料、活性染料等水溶性染料具有较好的吸附性能，但是不能去除水中的胶体疏水性染料，并且再生费用高，使活性碳的应用受到限制。
近几年，研究的重点主要在开发新的新的吸附剂以及对传统的吸附剂进行改良方面。
2.1.2 混凝法混凝法具有投资费用低、设备占地少、处理容量大、脱色率高等优点。
混凝剂有无机混凝剂、有机混凝剂及生物混凝剂等。
传统混凝法对疏水性染料脱色效率很高。
缺点是需随着水质变化改变投料条件，对亲水性染料的脱色效果差，COD 去除率低。
如何选择有效的混凝脱色工艺和高效的混凝剂，则是该技术的关键。
2.1.3 化学氧化法化学氧化是目前研究较为成熟的方法。
氧化剂一般采用Fenton 试剂(Fe2 ,H2O2)、臭氧、氯气、次氯酸钠等。
按氧化剂的不同，可将化学氧化分为：臭氧氧化法和芬顿试剂氧化法。
臭氧氧化法不产生污泥和二次污染，但是处理成本高，不适合大流量废水的处理，而且CODcr 去除率低。
通常很少采用单一的臭氧法处理印染废水，而是将它与其它方法相结合，彼此互补达到最佳的废水处理效果。
汪晓军等[13]用臭氧-曝气生物滤池工艺处理模拟废水2.1.4 电化学法电化学法具有设备小、占地少、运行管理简单、CODcr 去除率高和脱色好等优点，但是沉淀生成量及电极材料消耗量较大，运行费用较高。
传统的电化学法可分为电絮凝法、电气浮法、电氧化法以及微电解、电解内法等。
国外许多研究者从研制高电催化活性电极材料着手，对有机物电催化影响因素和氧化机理进行了较系统的理论研究和初步的应用研究，国内在这一领域的研究还刚刚起步。
2.1.5 生物处理法生物处理法主要包括好氧法和厌氧法。
目前国内主要采用好氧法进行印染废水处理。
好氧法又分为活性污泥法和生物膜法。
活性污泥既能分解大量的有机物质，又能去除部分色度，还可以微调pH 值，运转效率高且费用低，出水水质较好，适合处理有机物含量较高的印染废水；生物膜法对印染废水的脱色作用较活性污泥法高。
但是生物法存在着三个自身无法解决的问题：①剩余污泥的处里费用较高；②单一运用生物法己不能满足实际运用的需要；③有时需要在其前端加一道提高废水可生化性的预处理，提高了投资及运行成本。
单一的好氧生物处理只能去除废水中的部分易降解的有机物，色度问题无法解决。
为了降低消耗及去除废水中较难降解的有机污染物，出现了厌氧-好氧新型处理工艺和生物强化技术。
厌氧-好氧法可先由厌氧过程中的产酸阶段，去除部分较易降解的有机污染物，将较难降解的大分子有机物分解为较简单的小分子有机物，再通过好氧生物处理过程进一步去除。
厌氧-好氧法处理难生化降解的印染废水具有除污染效率高、运行稳定和较强的耐冲击负荷能力等特点。
有研究报道，采用厌氧-好氧工艺处理印染废水，在进水CODcr 为1085mg/L，BODS 为315mg/L 的情况下，二者的去除率分别可达83.9 和76.2，再经硫化床自然氧化和混凝沉淀处理，去除悬浮物，排水可达排放标准。
由于传统的生物方法对色度的去除往往不够理想，国内外许多学者致力于培育或改良高降解活性菌种用于印染废水处理，产生了生物强化技术。
其机理为向废水处理系统中投加自然界中的优势菌种或通过基因组合技术产生的高效菌种，增强生物量，强化生物量的反应，以去除某一种或某一类有害物质为目的。
目前，生物强化技术最普遍的应用方式是直接投加对目标污染物具有特效降解能力的微生物。
2.2 高新技术的应用和实践2.2.1 光化学氧化法光化学氧化法由于其反应条件温和(常温、常压)、氧化能力强和速度快等优点。
光化学氧化可分为光分解、光敏化氧化、光激发氧化和光催化氧化四种。
目前研究和应用较多的是光催化氧化法。
光催化氧化技术能有效地破坏许多结构稳定的生物难降解的有机污染物，具有节能高效、污染物降解彻底等优点，几乎所有的有机物在光催化作用下可以完全氧化为CO2、H2O 等简单无机物。
但是光催化氧化方法对高浓度废水效果不太理想。
关于光催化氧化降解染料的研究主要集中在对光催化剂的研究上。
其中，TiO2 化学性质稳定、难溶无毒、成本低，是理想的光催化剂。
传统的粉末型TiO2 光催化剂由于存在分离困难和不适合流动体系等缺点，难以在实际中应用。
近年来，TiO2 光催化剂的搀杂化、改性化成为研究的热点。
2.2.2 膜分离技术膜分离技术处理印染废水是通过对废水中的污染物的分离、浓缩、回收而达到废水处理目的。
具有不产生二次污染、能耗低、可循环使用、废水可直接回用等特点。
膜分离技术虽然具有如此多的优点，但也存在着尚待解决的问题，如膜污染、膜通量、膜清洗、以及膜材质的抗酸碱、耐腐蚀性等问题，所以，现阶段运用单一的膜分离技术处理印染废水，回收纯净染料，还存在着技术经济等一系列问题。
现在膜处理技术主要有超滤膜，纳米滤膜和反渗透膜。
膜处理对印染废水中的无机盐和COD 都有很好的去除作用。
3 结语随着排放标准的日益严格，各国学者在印染废水的处理技术方面进行了深入的探索。
相信随着科学技术的不断进步，印染废水的处理工艺将逐渐完善，投资省、运行费用低、操作简单的处理技术将给印染废水的处理带来新的希望。
Dyeing Wastewater Treatment Abstract: This paper analyzes the treatment of dyeing wastewater issues facing, and describes methods of dyeing wastewater treatment progress and trends. And pointed out that different methods of dyeing wastewatertreatment is a combination of effective treatment of dyeing wastewater. Keywords: Dyeing wastewater; treatment As the textile industry has the advantage of one of the traditional pillar industries, the 20th century was the rapid development since the 90s, its water consumption and discharge are greatly increased. According to incomplete statistics, China's daily discharge dyeing wastewater capacity 3000-4000kt, is the big one of the sewage industry. Strengthen the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment can ease the severe shortage of water resources issues, protection of the environment, maintain ecological balance plays a very important role. A printing and dyeing wastewater treatment problems 1.1, the increasingly stringent emission standards With the development of social economy and people's environmental awareness, our increased investment in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. According to "textile dyeing and finishing of industrial water pollutant discharge standards", in addition to class Ⅲeffluent changed little, the state increased the class Ⅰand Ⅱdyeing wastewater effluent BOD, COD, color, suspended solids, ammonia, aniline, Chlorine dioxide emission limits and other indicators. The general water quality printing and dyeing wastewater average COD800-2000mg / L, chroma 200-800 times, pH, 10-13, BOD / COD for the 0.25-0.4, so printing is a printing and dyeing wastewater discharge standards in the industry need to solvethe problem. 1.2 The difficulties in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment 1.2.1 components of complex printing and dyeing wastewater Printing and dyeing wastewater refers to the process of dyeing process wastewater discharged by each process a mixture of mixed wastewater. Include: pre-processing stage (such as singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization) emissions desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization wastewater; dyeing stage of dyeing wastewater discharge; printing stage of waste water and discharge printing soaping wastewater; finishing stages of finishing wastewater discharge. Quality printing and dyeing wastewater with raw materials, production varieties, production technology and management level vary, leading to various printing and dyeing process wastewater discharge summary after the component is very complex. With the rapid development of industrial dyes and finishing technology, new additives, dyes, finishing agents in the dyeing industry, being used extensively in refractory toxic organic content are more and more, and some are carcinogenic, mutation, resulting in distortion of the organic matter, on the environment especially the water environment of threats and hazards is growing. Overall, the printing and dyeing wastewater is characterized by complex composition, organic matter content is high, dark color and chemical oxygen demand (COD),whereas the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is relatively low, poor biodegradability, emission volume. 1.2.2 the limitations of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment 80 years ago, our printing and dyeing wastewater biodegradability higher, CODcr often concentration 800mg / L the following, using the traditional biological and physico-chemical co-treatment system, effluent discharge standards can be achieved. Past two decades, water quality printing and dyeing wastewater has undergone great changes. Traditional printing and dyeing wastewater treatment methods, such as adsorption, suspension, filtration, coagulation and other features simple, easy tooperate and process the advantagesof maturity, but such treatment is usually to transfer organic matter from liquid to solid or gas, not only did not complete elimination of organic pollutants and consumption of chemicals and pollution caused by waste accumulation and secondary; biological methods can only remove the printing and dyeing wastewater BOD, COD, especially for toxic and refractory organics and color out of little effect. Single approach can not meet the current requirements of the development of dyeing wastewater. 2 Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Treatment and Trends 2.1 traditional methods and process improvement 2.1.1 Adsorption Assay suitable for low-depth treatment of dyeing wastewater with lowinvestment, which is simple and low cost, suitable for small and medium sized printing and dyeing wastewater. Traditional activated carbon adsorbent is mainly activated carbon only cationic dyes, direct dyes, acid dyes, reactive dyes and other water-soluble dye has good adsorption properties, but not removal of colloidal hydrophobic dyes, and the high cost of renewable so that the application of activated carbon is limited. In recent years, research focused mainly on the development of new adsorbents and new adsorbent for improvement on the traditional side. 2.1.2 Coagulation Coagulation with low investment costs, equipment, small footprint, processing capacity, decolorization rate and so on. Coagulants are inorganic coagulants, organic coagulants and biological coagulant. Traditional coagulation decolorization efficiency on hydrophobic high. It requires change with changes in feed water quality conditions, the decolorization effect of hydrophilic poor, COD removal rate. How to choose an effective coagulation process and efficient coagulant, it is the key to the technology. 2.1.3 Chemical Oxidation Study of chemical oxidation is more mature approach. Oxidant commonly used Fenton reagent (Fe2, H2O2), ozone, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, etc.. According to the different oxidants, chemical oxidation can be divided into: ozone oxidation and Fenton's reagent oxidation. Ozonationdoes not produce sludge and secondary pollution, high costs, however, not suitable for large flow waste water treatment, and CODcr removal rate. Seldom a single ozone treatment of dyeing wastewater, but will combine it with other methods, complementary to each other to achieve the best wastewater treatment effects. Wang Xiaojun et al [13] with ozone biological aerated filter wastewater treatment process 2.1.4 Electrochemical Electrochemical method has the equipment, small, small footprint, simple operation and management, CODcr removal rate and the bleaching of high and good, but the precipitation formation and consumption of large electrode materials, higher operating costs. The traditional electrochemical methods can be divided into electric flocculation, electric float, electro-oxidation and micro-electrolysis, electrolysis within the law. Many foreign researchers from the developing electrode materials with high electrocatalytic activity to proceed, on the organic electro-catalytic oxidation mechanism of influencing factors and a more systematic application of theoretical study and preliminary research, the domestic research in this field has just started. 2.1.5 biological treatment Biological treatment include aerobic and anaerobic methods. Currently the main method of dyeing wastewater using aerobic treatment. Divided into aerobic activated sludge and biofilm. A large number of both activated sludge decomposition of organic material, but also remove some color, you can fine-tune the pH value, high efficiency and low cost of operation, effluent quality is better suited to deal with printing and dyeing wastewater with higher organic matter content; biofilm decolorization of dyeing wastewater than the activated sludge process. However, there are three biological methods can not solve its own problems: ①Department of residual sludge in higher costs; ②single-use biological Ji can not meet the needs of practical application; ③sometimes necessary to add afront-end to improve its wastewater biodegradability pretreatment, to improve the investment and operating costs. Only a single aerobic biological treatment to remove part of readily biodegradable wastewater organic matter, color can not solve the problem. In order to reduce consumption and waste removal more difficult to degrade organic pollutants in the emergence of anaerobic - aerobic treatment process and the new biological technology. Anaerobic - aerobic anaerobic process can start with the acid production phase to remove part of the easily degradable organic pollutants, degradation of macromolecules will be more difficult to decompose organic matter to simpler organic molecules, and through aerobic biological treatment process to further remove. Anaerobic - aerobic treatment of biodegradable wastewater was difficult with the removal of pollution, high efficiency, stable and strong resistance capacity and so on. Studies have reported that anaerobic - aerobic process of dyeing wastewater, the influent CODcr to 1085mg / L, BODS to 315mg / L in the case, both the removal rate up to 83.9 and 76.2, respectively, and then by fluidized bed natural oxidation and coagulation treatment to remove suspended solids, water up to emission standards. The traditional biological method of color removal is often not ideal, many domestic and foreign scholars dedicated to nurturing high-degradation activity of bacteria or improved treatment of dyeing wastewater, resulting in a bioaugmentation. The mechanism for the wastewater treatment system to increase the dominant species in nature or produced through genetic technology and efficient combination of bacteria, increased biomass, enhanced biomass response to removal of a particular hazardous substance or class of purpose. At present, the biological technology is the most common application form directly to the target dosage degradation of pollutants with the effects of microorganisms. 2.2 The application and practice of high-tech 2.2.1 Photochemical Oxidation Photochemical oxidation due to its mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature and pressure), oxidation capability and speed advantages. Photochemical oxidation of decomposition can be divided into light, photosensitization oxidation, light excitation of four oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation. More current research and application ofphotocatalytic oxidation is. Photocatalytic oxidation can effectively destroys many structural stability Di difficulty to the degradation of organic pollutants, Juyou energy efficiency, pollution and other degradation Chedi advantages, almost all of the organic matter in the next Ke Yi Guang complete oxidation catalyst for the CO2, H2O and other inorganic Jian Dan material. However, the photocatalytic oxidation effect of high concentrations of waste water is not ideal. On the photocatalytic degradation of dyes in the light focused on the study of catalysts. Which, TiO2 chemical stability, insoluble non-toxic, low cost, is an ideal photocatalyst. Conventional powder-type TiO2 photocatalyst separation because of the difficulties and shortcomings such as not suitable for mobile systems, it is difficult to apply in practice. In recent years, TiO2 photocatalyst mixed technology, modification of a hot topic. 2.2.2 Membrane Separation Technology Membrane separation technology of dyeing wastewater by the pollutants in wastewater the separation, concentration and recovery of waste water treatment to achieve the purpose. With no secondary pollution, low energy consumption, can be recycled, wastewater reuse, etc directly. Although membrane separation technology has so many advantages, but there are also unresolved problems, such as membrane fouling, membrane flux, membrane cleaning, and acid resistant membrane material, corrosionresistance and other problems, so at this stage the use of a single membrane separation technology of dyeing wastewater, recycling pure dyes, there are still technical and economic andother issues. Now membrane ultrafiltration membrane treatment technologies, nano-filtration membrane and reverse osmosis membrane. Membrane Treatment of dyeing wastewater salts and COD removal are very good role. 3 Conclusion With increasingly stringent emission standards, national scholars in the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technologies in-depth exploration. We believe that with the continuous progress of science and technology, printing and dyeing wastewater treatment process will be gradual improvement, investment, low cost, simple processing technology Wastewater treatment will bring new hope.1。