文学翻译批评的理论框架

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文学翻译批评的理论框架
摘要
\本文是对文学翻译批评的一种界定性研究,旨在卉清文学翻译批评究竟是什么这一雕沦¨题。

叟学翻译足翻译的重要组成}}Ij分,文学翻译的研究具有重大理论价值。

然iflJ,^‘种较为普遍的脱象足人们往往把翻译研究默认为文学翻译研究,从】『ii混淆了翻译研究与文学翻译研究的K别。

I刊样,在文学翻泽批评领域,池存在类似的iI口J题,即人们倾向f把翻泽-JLL.I,'Iz默认为文学翻泽JLL4.。

i£o此外,文学翻泽批评的丛础理论研究,1i够,比如,文学翮泽批评究竟足4t么。

存基础_li论研究0i充分的情况下研究其他问题,jwE沦价值难免受到影响。

、l,l然,…r翻泽批评也括文学翻汗批评,还山j二订螳学肯研究的剐湃j11:i.Ii实酗:上班圮怂义。

产黜浑批计,凼Ifu他们射翻译批计的研究刈本文研究文学翻译-l!:t7'1:仍有指导意义。

虽然彳f些资料对文学翻译批评的研究不够全面,但是把这些资料综合翱;起来面,它们仍刘‘文学翻译批评的研究具有理论价值,从,1i同力‘面揭/J÷了文学翻译批评的性质。

I-10口所收集到的资制表nJJ,i2,仃研究人多集t}uI在罨封译批pFfl9内部系统这一方面。

畅晓荣,I:恩琵,郏海凌,PeterNewmark,Bemoan等对翻译批评’r}:质,类型,功能,标准,方法等的研究,初步构建出翻译批计的基本理论框架。

明:钧的《文学翻洚.ILLi.'I'-I,Tf',D)。

fS作为H内较‘,tfl',j以“文学翻译jILLl.,'1…’冠名f14j.nlt沧著作,体现.广训『究的准确,rL,对该领域的研究起J’示范作用。

他在。

Ⅲ},探讨了文学番4j译jLLi4"fl;J一些艇本问题.,f结合实践进行了批评。

在外部系统方曲,个【[1i而理论性较强的研究还不够。

4;过,有些学者x·tili4=l译jLLLtz在翻译教学cp运用的研究,如马红军的《翻i晕JLLkti散论》,赵桂华的《翻溽理沦‘j技巧》,为本文研究文学翻i罩-Jl:l:i.'lz与lU关理论的关系作了理沦准备。

本文是在}{i『人fl',j基础上进行的深入研究。

1功一
本文首先}刿确提It{文学翻译批评这一概念,}uI;imii本文研究的是文学翻译批评l『【『1:足翻译批评;努力避免概念/1:清,避免J1]t,tli}-:tLL].'tj指代文学翻译批评;Jl刈文学制洋批评系统tlr的准术妣念(如文学翻i荦.iLLi:Ii『}0定义)进{j尽刈1能严格的界
定:对易H皑淆的概念t如力法1』牛,J硎:)进仃特5}1J【爱分。


:、征内部系统r|1(第3章),本文深入州究了义学翻泽批评的性质,类,弘,功能,标准__fll,J法,卡JJ步构建了文学翻译批评的理论框架,行尝试着回答了文学翻译批评是什么,如何进行文学翻译批评等胖沦iluJ题。

本文还特别提出了几义学翻译批盯的概念,{}{…剥文学翻i幂}llfi:l。

本身的}ltkt'-f‘分重要,有助1i文学翻泽批评的理沦建设。

证外部系统rI·(第4章).本义硼f究r文学翻泽批评与文学翻译教学的关系,文学翻译批评与文学翻湃技巧的区别,以及史学翻译批评与文学翻译理论的关系,从腼确定了文学翻译批评征文学翻洋理沦系统rfI的位筲,有助丁我们史为准确地把握文学翻译批评的性胍等理沦问题。

虮J:所述玎幂j:亡,{‘先址舀!内部系统。

IJ把文学酬i棼批评分解成性质,类型,J』J能,标准,方法等要素进行微舭研究;然后义在外部系统中把文学翻t季-}LL评作为一个祭体,宏观研究le与1fj关理沦的关系。

通过对文学罨封泽批评在内部系统f|J进行解牛』i研究以及尢外部系统tfJ进行比较研究,使我们刘文学翻译批评性质的理解更JJ【|深刻准确。

文学翻ie::『LL评的理沦框架足动态的,不是静念的。

它随着文学翻译理沦与川天理沦的发展I而不断变化,凶而需要我们运用新理论不断深化刘其认U{。

此外,我们还需要强化文学翻洋批评的丛础理论"f究,吲为越是基础的理论越往往具有重要价值,越能刈术来的研究产生影响。

关键词:文学翻译批评;内部系统;外部系统
ATheoreticalFrameworkofLiterary
TranslationCriticism
Abstract
Thisdissertationisadefinhlgattemptatliterarytranslationcriticism,aimingtoexplorethetheoreticalquestionofwhatisliterar),translationc,‘iticism.Literarytranslation,theresearchintowhichisoftheoreticalsignificance,countsasanimportantpartoftranslation.However.peopletendtoconsidertranslationstudiesasliterarytranslationstudies,thusblurringthediffercnccbetweenthcnl.Sodoesthefieldel、literarytranslationcriticismPeopletendtoconsidertranslationcriticismasliterarytranslationcriticisnl.Moreover,tileresearchintobasictheoriesisnotdeepenoughWithoutafinnlbundationinbasictheories,tileresearchintootheraspcctsoflitm‘arytranslationcriticismisusuallysuperficial.
Becausetranslationcriticisnlismoregeneralacategorythanliterarytranslationcriticism,andbecausewhatpeopleactuallystudyisliterarytranslationcriticism,theirresearchesOlltranslationcriticismarestillofhelptothisdissertation.Althoughthosestudiesofliterarytranslationcriticismareuotcomprehensiveenoughifseeninisolation,theyexploreahnosteveryaspectoflitct‘arytranslationcriticismirtakenasawhole.
Astotheinnersystem,YangXiaorong,WangEnmian,ZhengHailing,PeterNewmark,Bcrnlanandmanyotherscholarsresearchonnature,typology,function,criterionandmethodology.
Litera0,TranslationCriticismResearchbyXuJuuisonooftheearliestmonographsentitledwith‘literarytranslationcriticism’inChina,reflectingtheaccuracyel‘study
Astotheoutersystem.therea1.efewsystematicresearches.However,sonleworksontheapplicationoftranslationcriticismintranslationteaching,say,Random矗』,缸011Transhaion0‘iticismbyMaHongjun,7)4arts/alienTheoryandTechniqueby
ZhaoGuihua,plovidcatheoreticalbasisforthisdissertation
Thisdissertationisafurtherresearchbascduponpreviousliterature
onthissubject.Itputsforwarddefinitelytheconceptofliterarytranslationcriticism,pointingoutwhatthisdissertationconcentratesuponisliterarytranslationcriticism,butnottranslationcriticism.Itdefinesthebasicconcepts(tilenature,methodology,ctc.)ofliterarytranslationcriticismasstrictlyaspossibletoavoidambiguities,andmakesspecialdistinctionsbctweenconfusingconcepts,likeliterarytranslationcriticismversusliterarytranslationteclmique.
Tiffsdissertationfirststudiesliterarytranslationcriticisminitsinnersystem(Chapter3),exalniningnature,typology,function,criterionandmethodology,constructingaprelinlinaryframeworkofliterarytranslationcriticismandtryingtoanswerquestionssuchaswhatisliteratytranslationcriticism,howlocoml,wtit.Thisdissertationspeciliestheconceptofrecta-literarytranslationcriticisminparticular,notingthatthecriticismofliterarytranslationel‘iticismassuchisofgreatsignificancemidthatitcontributestOthcoreticalstudies.
Thenthisdissertationstudiesliterarytranslationcriticisminitsoutersystem(Chapter4),examiningtilerelationshipbetweenliterarytranslationcriticismanditsrelateddisciplines,thatis,literarytranslationteaching,literarytranslationtechniqueandliterarytranslationtheory,enablingUStolocatethepositionofliterarytranslationcriticisminliterarytranslationtheoryandtohaveallexactunderstandingofliterarytranslationcriticism.
Toconclude,thisdissertationfirstdecomposesliterarytranslationcriticismintoitsnature,typology,function,criterionandmethodologyintileinnersystem,conductingastudyonamicro—level.Thenitresearchesintotherelationshipbetweenliteral’Ytranslationcriticismandtherelateddisciplinesonamacro—level,takingliterarytranslationcriticismasasingleentity.Tileanalyticalexaminationofliterarytranslationcriticisminitsinnersystemandthecomparativeexaminationofliterarytranslationcriticismandtilerelateddisciplinesillitsoutersystemtogethercontributetoathoroughinterpretationofliterarytranslationcriticism.
IV
Thetheoreticalframeworkofliterarytranslationcriticismisdynamicinsteadofstatic.Itdevelopsconstantlyasliterarytranslationthcowandtherelateddisciplinesdevelop.Inaddition,thebasictheoriesofliterarytranslationcriticismneedfurthering.Thisisbecausebasictheoriesareofgreatimportanceandinfluencethefuturestudyprofoundly.
KeyWOI‘ds:literarytranslationcriticism;innersystem;outersystem
Acknowledgements
1wouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorProf.DcngHongfeng,whohasadvisedmldencouragedmeduringthewholewritingprocessfromthefirstdrafttothefinalone,showinggreatpatienceandinsight.Withoutguidanceandstimulatinginfluencefromhim,thisdissertationwouldbesimplyimpossible.
1amalsotremendouslyindebtedtoProf.YmlgZUian,Prof.ZhangDelu,Prof.LiuRushan,ProfiZhaoDeyuandallthcotherprofessorsduringmygraduateyears,whoscteachingsontranslationandlinguisticsIfindunexceptionallybeneficialtomystudy.
1anlgratefultoallmyclassmates,espcciallySongChengfang,fortheCOtlrseofthestudyisaccompaniedbywillingexchangesofdocumentsandideasamongUS.
——一垒堕!!!鲤!!!!:翌!!!!曼!!!堕堕!!!!型旦竺型型竺£型!!!!!!
ATheoreticalFrameworkofLiterary
r”■J●●n··一
IranSIatlonUriticism
ChapterOneIntroduction
I.1WhatDoLitel’amre,TranslationandCriticismMeaninThisDissertatiOIl?
Beforetakingafurtherstepinelaboratinguponliterarytranslationcriticism,itisnecessarytodefineliterature,translationandcriticismstrictlyfirst.Astoliterature,cfllai(辞海编辑委员会,1994:1732)offersadefinitionasfollows:
‘Oneofthesocialideologies.AllbooksandliteraturewereoncecalledliteratureinancienttimesbothinChinaandabroad.Inmodemtimes,itisusedtorefersolelytotheartwhichcrcatcscharactersbynleallSoflanguagetoreflectsociallifeandtileauthor’Smindsandsentiments.Therefore,itmayalsobecalled‘‘alinguisticart”…InChina,duringtileWetDynasty,theJinDynastyandtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,whichstretchfromA.D.22Itill589,literaturewasdividedintoverseandprose,Inn'todcmtimes,itisusuallydividedintopoetry,prose,fiction,dramaandStellario.’
Inthisdissertation,literaturemeansasitisdefinedabove,includingpoetry,prose,fiction,dramaandSCellario.Translationmeans,toHseRomanJakobson’Sterms(EdwinGcntzler,1993:1),interlingualtranslation,ortheinterpretationofsignsinonelanguagewithsignsfromanotherlanguage(translationproper).Itexcludesintralingualtranslation.arewordingofsignsinollelanguagewithsignsfromthesamelanguage,aswellasintersemiotictranslation,ortiletransfer(‘tlansmutation’)of
ATheoreticalFrameworkofLiteraryTranslationCriticism
thesignsinonelanguagetonon—verbalsignsystems(fromlanguageintoartormusic).Astocriticism,ModernChineseDictionar),(中圈社私}I皖语言形}究所词典编辑室,1983:865)presentstwoexplanations:(1)pointingoutortopointoutmeritsanddemerits;and(2)criticizingortocriticizedemeritsanderrors.Inthisdissertation,however,criticismisemploycdinthreesenses:(1)practiceofcriticisln,thatis,theactivityofpointingoutbothmeritsanddemerits;(2)researchoncriticism,thatis,researchonhowtopointoutmeritsanddemerits;and(3)articlesandbooksonc^tidsm
1.2Methodand0bjectives
Tiffsdissellationinvestigatesliterarytranslationcriticisminitsinnersystemandoutersystem.Throughstudyingtheelementsofinnersystem,thatis,nature,typology,function,criterionandmethodology,thisdissertationletsUSgraspthebasicideaofliterarytranslationcriticism.Tbroughstudyingitsoutersystem(therelationshipbetweenliteral’Ytranslationcriticismandliterarytranslationteaching,thedifferencebetweenliterarytranslationcriticismandliterarytranslationtechnique,andtherelationshipbetweenliterarytranslationcriticismandliterarytranslationtheories),thisdissertationletsUSkamwitspositioninliterarytranslationtheory,thusobtainingamoreexactunderstandingofthenatureoflitcrarytranslationcriticism.
InthisdissertationIattempttoachievethreetheoreticalobjectives.Firstly,toobtainadeepandexactunderstandingofthenatureofliterarytranslationcriticism,thebasicconceptsofwhichdeserveadeepandexactresearchandareoftheoretical
criticisminbothitsinnersystenlsignificance.Secondly,tostudyliterarytranslation
andoutersystem.Thismayprovideanewmodelofresearchforlaterstudiesinthisfield.Thirdly,todefinebasicconceptsstric@:Thismaygivesomeinspirationstofiflurestudiesinthisfield.Thatis,conceptsshouldbedefinedstrictlybeforetheyarestudied,thusavoidingpossibleambiguity.

1.3OutlineofThisDissertation
Thisdissertationconsistsof5chapters.
ChapterOne,thatis,thepresentchapteLisallintroduction.Itstudieswhatliterature,translationandcriticismnleaninthisdissertation,thenpresentsthemethod
andobjectives,andtheoutlineintheend.
ChapterTwoisareviewofpreviousresearchonliterarytranslationcriticism.It
firstsummarizesthetheoreticalstatus,thenpointsouttheproblemsunsolvedandprovidestrialsolutions.
ChapterThreedealswiththeimaersystemofliterarytranslationcriticism,which
containsnature,typology,function,Cl‘iterionandmethodology.
translationcriticism,thatis,ChapterFourdealswiththeoutersystemofliterary
therelationshipbetweenliterarytranslationcriticismandliterarytranslationteaching,
thedifferencebetweenliterarytranslationcriticismandliterarytranslationteclmique,andtherelationshipbetweenliterarytranslationcriticismandliterarytranslationtheories.
forChapterFive,thatis,thelastchapter,isaconclusionandpresentstimpoints
ftiartherresearch.

ChapterTwoAReviewofPreviousResearchonLiterary
TranslationCriticism
2.1TheoreticalStatus
Literarytranslationcriticismisallimportantbranchofliterarytranslationtheories,aswellasallimportantpartot’literarytranslationcause.Atthesametime,itisalsoanindispensablclinkinliterarytranslationprocess.Manyscholarshaveexaminedit.However,itshouldbepointedoutthatbecausemanypeopletendtoregardtranslationcriticismasliterarytranslationcriticism,andbecausetranslationcriticismismoregeneralacategorythanliterarytranslationcriticism,theirresearchesontranslationcriticismarestillofhelptotheresearchonliterarytranslationcriticismhere.Astotheresearchonnature,WangEmnian(1999:7—10)issystematic.Hewritesthat‘Translationcriticism,asapartoftranslationstudies,istheanalysisandevaluationoftranslationthoughts,translationactivitiesandtranslations,accordingtosometheoriesamdviewpoints,inordertoimprovethetranslator’Squalificationsandthequalityoftranslationasawhole.’hiaddition,LiuShusen(1997:184),ZhengHailing(2000:19-22)andWenJun(2000:65—68)alsoresearchintothisaspect.Astothestudyoftypology,YangXiaorong(1993:19—23)isparticularlyworthmcntioning.Shepointsout‘thattranslationcriticismmay,atleast,bedividedintotwolevels,thatis,superficialcriticismanddeepcriticism.Generallyspeaking,superficialcriticismusuallyreferstotheassessmentoftranslationtechniques,anddeepcriticismusuallyreferstotheassessmentoftranslationtheories.’Shenotonlyputsforwardexplicitlythetwolevelsoftranslationcriticism,thatis,superficialcriticismanddeepcriticism,butimpliesthattheremayexistotherlevels.OtherscholarswhotouchthisareaincludeLuJun&HouXiangqunr2001:336~344).Astothestudyoffunction,PeterNewmark(2001:181)andBerman(许钧、袁莜一等.2001:292)bothexploreit.PeterNewmarkpointsoutthattranslationcriticismisallessentiallinkbetweentranslationtheoryanditspracticeandthat‘Ithasfive

purposes:(a)toimprovestandardsoftranslation;(b)toprovideanobjectlessonfor
translators;(e)tothrowlightonideasabouttranslationatparticulartimesandinparticularsubject—areas;(d)toassistintheinterpretationoftileworkofsignificantwritersandsignificanttranslators;(e)toassesscriticallysemanticandgramlnaticaldifierencesbetweenSLand’rL.’
Astothestudyofcriterion,BeFlllan(订:钧、袁莜一等,2001:292)putsforward
moralcriterionandpoeticcriterion.Tilemoralcriteriontargetstheoriginaltext,requiringthatthetranslatorshould‘respect’tileoriginaltextandthatheshouldalsobe‘responsible’totheoriginaltext.Thepoeticcriteriontargetsthereceptivelanguage,stressingthatthetranslatedtextmustbeabletoexistasanorganicwhole,andnmstbecharacterizedbyitsrhythm,consistentstyleandinhel‘entunity.Inaddition,otherscholarsthatstudycriterionincludeJiaoJuyin(《翻泽通讯》编辑部,
1984:35—43)andZhaoShaohou(《翻译通讯》编辑部,1984:68—72).
Astothestudyofmethodology,PeterNewmarkf2001:l86—189)isworthnoting.
Heproposesthatthereare‘twopossibleapproaches,tilefunctionalandtheanalytical.Thefunctionalisageneralapproach,tileattempttoassess--whetherthetranslatorhas
achievedwhatheattemptedtodoandwherehefellsbort.Thisresponseisilltermsofideas.Detailstendtogetmissedout.Tosomeextenttiffsisasubjectiveapproach,theequivalent,intilecaseofateachergradingascript,of“impressionmarking”,and
thereforeunreliable’andthat‘TheanalyticalappI’eachisdetailed…itrests0nthe
Canbeassessedinsectionsandthatjustasabadtranslationisassumptionthatatext
easiertorecognizethanagoodone,SOamistakeiseasiertoidentifythanacorrectorfelicitousanswer.’
Therearenotmanysystematicresearchesontheoutersystemofliterm’Ytranslationcriticism.However,RandomTalksOHTranslationCriticismbyMaHongjun(2000),whichcriticizesparticularaspectsoftranslationandgivesdeepinspirationstoreadel’S,canbeconsideredafinetextbookoftranslation.LiteraryTranslationCriticisntResearchbyXuJun(I992)isoneoftheearliestmonographs(oreventheearliestmon091.aph)entitledwith‘literarytranslationcriticism’,thus
reflectingtheaccuracyofresearch,sttldiestherelationshipbetweenliterary
translationcriticismandliterarytranslationtheories,andconductscriticismof
literarytranslationswithconvincingpower.
2.2ProblemsandSolutions
However,theresearchOilliterarytranslationcriticismlagsfarbehindthoseonotherbranchesofliterarytranslationtheorics,andthepracticeofliterarytranslationcriticismisnotabletomeettheneedofthedevelopmentoftheliterarytranslationcause.Altboughliterarytranslationcriticismhasmadegreatcontributionstotheimprovementofliterarytranslationandtothedevelopmentoftheliterarytranslationcause,thesecontributionsarestill,insomesense,insufficient.Theproblemsinthefieldofliterarytranslationcriticismareasfollows:
(1)Somebasicterminologiesarenotyetstrictlydefined.Insomebooksandarticlcsonthissubject,literarytranslationcriticismandtranslationcriticismarenotdistinguishedfromeachother,noraretheydefinedscientifically;thereisatendencytorelbrtotheformerasthelatter,andtherescarchOiltilesubjectsandobjectsofliterarytranslationcriticismisnotdeepenough.
(2)Basicresearchofsignificantvalueisfarfromenough.Thepresentresearch
011literarytranslationcriticismconcentratesmainlyonthecomparativeanalysisofboththeoriginalandthetranslatedtextsonanficrocosmielevelorisimpressionistandsubjecttosubjectivefactors.Althoughitmaythrowsomclightsuponourunderstandingofliterarytranslationcriticism,ithasnotpaidenoughattentiontotheinnersystem,whichcontainselementsofliterarytranslationcriticism,andtheoutersystem,whichisconcemedwiththestudyoftherelationshipbetweenliterarytranslationcriticismanditsrelateddisciplines.
Theexplanationsforthesephenomenaarethatliterarytranslationcriticismis
consideredawasteoftimeandeffortsandtodonogoodtotheliterarytranslation
critics(Forinstance,tomakeathoroughandobjectiveassessmentofatranslatedwork
ATheoreticalFrameworkofLiteraryTranslatiouCriticism
requiresmuchtimeandgreatcfforts.What’Smore,ifthecriticpointsoutsomeelTOrSinthetranslatedwork,eVCUthoughhisintentionsmaybegood,hemayarousethe
translator’Sdisgust);thatcomparedwithliterarytranslators,therealefewliterarytranslationcritics,andparticularlyprofessionalcriticswhoarewellpreparedintranslationtheoriesandarecapableoftranslation;andthatsomecriticsarenotableto
criticizeeffectively,duetothefactthattheylackessentialliterarytranslationcriticism
theories;andthatSOlVeareunwillingtocriticize,becausetheyhavenotyetfully
criticism.
recognizedthesignificanceofliterarytranslation
translationAccordingly,attemptsaremadeattheinnersystemofliterary
criticism,includingitsnature,typology,function,criterionandmethodology,in
examinationofChapterThree,andattheoutersystem,whichisconcernedwiththe
therelationshipbetweenliterarytranslationcriticismanditsrelateddisciplines,in
dissertationChapterFour,respectively.Intheilmersystemandtheoutersystem,this
discussesthebasicterminologiesandmakesspecialdistinctionsbetweenconfusing
criticismintheconcepts.Throughtheanalyticalexamination01.1iterarytranslation
imlersystemandthecomparativeexaminationofliterarytranslationcriticismandthe
isrelateddisciplinesintheoutersystem,thestudyofliterarytranslationcriticism
deepened.
一AI。

heorezj型FrameworkofLiteraryTranslationCriticism
ChapterThreeThehmerSystemofLiteraryTranslationCriticism3.1NatureofLiteraryTt+anslationCriticism
Thedisagreementsinthefieldofliterarytranslationcriticism
aremainlybecauseofthelackofaclearandstrictdefinitionthatiswidelyaccepted.Criticsconducttheirownliterarytranslationcriticismaccordingtotheirownunderstandingofliterarytranslationcriticismorovenaccordingtotheirownneeds.Tiffshasposedgreatobstaclestothedevelopmentofandtotheresearchonsoundliterarytranslationcriticism,andevenhasmisledliterarytranslationcriticisminawrongdirection.Ithasbeenobviousthatthepresentresearch011literarytranslationcriticismmustbedeepenedandexpanded.Mosttranslationtheoriststalkabouttranslationcriticism,butnotliterajytl‘anslationcriticismata11.But,becausetranslationcriticismismoregeneralacategorythanliterarytranslationcriticismis,andmoreimportm_ltly,manytranslationtheoriststendtorefertolitei‘arytranslationcriticismbymeansoftranslationcriticism,theirresearcbontranslationcriticismnodoubtisofhelptoourpresentresearchonliterarytranslationcriticism.
LiuShusen(1997:184)arguesthat‘…translationcdticisnlhasbeenseenasanessentialpartinacompletetranslationprocessandasanessentiallinkbetweentranslationtheoryandtranslationpractice.Inthebroadsense,translationcriticismreferstothecompleteassessmentoftranslatedworksbysomecriteria,whichvaryfirmodesocialandhistoricalbackgroundtoanother,SOastomakethetranslatedworkfaithfultotheOl’iginalinthegreatestdegreeandpositiveinsocialvalue。

’WangEnmian(1999:7—10)writesthat‘Translationcriticism,asapartoftranslationstudies,istheanalysisandevaluationoftranslationthoughts,translationactivitiesandtranslations,accordingtosomctheoriesandviewpoints,inorder’toimprovethetranslator’Squalificationsandthequalityoftranslationasawhole,’
ZhengHailing(2000:19—22)holdsthat‘translationcriticismreferstoascientificevaluationofparticulartranslationalphenomena,thatis,translatedworksor
translationtheories,accordingtoaesthetic
principlesofliterarytranslationandtocertaincriteriaofcriticism.’WenJun(2000:65—68)maintainsthat‘TransIation
cl_iticismreferstotheanalysisandevaluationoftranslators,translation
process,thequality,lhevalueandtileinfluenceoftranslatedworks,accordinglocerlaintheories.’LiuShusenemphasizesthenecessityoftranslationcriticism,thatis,no
translationcriticism,110completetranslation
process,byhisassertionthat‘Translationcriticismhasbeenseenasanessentialpartinacompletetranslationprocess,’whichundoubtedlycanattractmoreattentiontothisfield.Hepointsouttheobjcclsofcriticism,thatis,‘translationprocessandthequalityandvaluesoftranslatedwork’,bysuggestingthattranslationcriticismis‘tilecompleteassessment
oftranslationprocessandoftimqualityandvaluesoftranslatedwork’.Itis
easytounderstandwhytranslationcriticismisconcemedwiththeassessmentoftranslatedworks,forthetypicalpracticeoftranslationcriticismistheassessmentoftranslatedworks,Liualsomentionstheassessmentoftranslationprocess,butdoesnotspecifywhichelementsareincludedinthetranslationprocess.Liuisrightinarguingthatthecriteriaofassesslnent‘varyfromonesocialandlfistoricalbackgroundtoanother’.Thecriterionofassessnrelltiscloselyrelatedtova[uesofindividualsandeventhoseofthesocietyasawhole‘Theassessmentofvaluesmustbeaccordingtothetotalprinciple,thatis,towhatextenttheobjectcallsarisfythesubject.Thisisthecriterionofvalues.’(二Ii心超、~1-保崾,1993:47)Becausedifferentsubjectsholddifferentvaluesandthusdifferentcriteriaofassessmentaccordingly,theirassessmentsofthesalnetranslatedworkortranslationprocessnodoubtvary
WangEnmian’SdefinitionisbroadinsomesenseHemaintainsthatthebaseoftranslationcriticismis‘sonletheoriesandviewpoints’,whichincludesomeotherviewpointsaSwellastranslationtheories,andthattileobjectoftheanalysisandtheassessmentis‘translationthoughts,translationactivitiesandtranslations’,notonly‘translation’thatisfrequentlyreferredtobythelayman
ZhengHailing’Sdefinitioninterpretstranslationcriticismmerelyasliterarytranslationcriticismandthusnarrowsdownthescopeoftranslationcriticism.
Obviously,hisdefinitionispartialandneedsfresherexpansion.However,hepointsOUtthatthebaseofcriticismis‘aestheticprincipleofliterarytranslation’,andthattheobjectsofcriticismare‘concretetranslationalphenomena,thatis,translatedworksortranslationtheories’.Atthesanletime,hestressesthescientificnatureoftranslationcriticismThus,hisdefinitionisstillofhelpinpromotingourinsightsonliterarytranslationcriticism.
WellJun’Sdefinitionischaracterizedbypoimingout
clearlytbattheobjectsoftranslationcriticismincludenotonlytranslationprocess,thequality,thevalueandtheinfluenceoftranslatedworks,butalsotranslators,whicharenotspecifiedinotherscholars’definitions.1tiSweakinthatitdoesnotdiscusstheaimoftranslationcriticism.
Byexaminingthesefourdefinitionsabove,weCalldeepenourresearchonthistopicrIhemostimportanttlfiuginstudyingtranslationcriticismistostudyitssubjectsandobjectsthoroughly.Thesefourdefinitionsmentionedpreviouslyonlydiscusstheobjects,butnotthesubjectsclearly.Next,wewillmakeattemptsatthesubjectsandtheobjectsrespectively.
3.1.1TlieSubjectofLiteraryTranslatioqCriticism
Tilesubjectsoftranslationcriticism,thatis,critics,areanessentialelementintranslationcriticism.Thus,whocanactascriticsisofgreatimportance.‘Therearesubjectsofassessmentatvariouslevels.Individual,collective,group,stratum,class,societyandmankindcanallactassubjectsofassessment.’(李连科,1999:119)Literarytranslationcriticism,asanassessmentofliterarytranslationprocess,translatedliteraryworks,etc.,isanindividualassessment.LuXun(《翻译通讯》编辑部,1984:73—78)maintainsthattranslationcriticshouldnotonlybeabletoreadtheoriginaltextandunderstanditscontent,butalsobeabletotranslateandthatheshouldnotonlybeabletoexposetheerrorsinthetranslatedworks,butalsobeabletoprovidesolutionstotheproblemsorproducebettertranslations.YangXiaorong
(1993:19-23)holdsthat‘Translationcriticismworkersshouldbewellculturedlinguisticallyandideologically.ThisnleansthattheyshouldpossessagoodcommaM
ofboththeirnativelanguageandtheforeign
language,theabililytounderstandindepthandinwidth,tilepowerofunderstandinglanguageandliterature,thesensitivitytonewlyemergingthings,extensiveknowledge,andacorrect,seriousanddiligentattitudetowardsscholarship.’Shealsoaddsthat…Whenthewateristoocleantherearenofish.”Extensivedemands【ontiletranslationcritics】nodoubtwillruintranslationcriticism.Thecriticsdonotneedtounderestimatetheirowncapabilities.’Berman(ft:钧、袁莜等,2001:276)pointsoutthat‘capitalcriticism’demandsthattilecriticsmastbe‘translators,readersandanalystsofthetranslatedworks,andtranslationhistorians’simultaneously.
Thesethreescholarsallmakeexcessivedemandsonthesubjectsoftranslationcriticism.But,justasYangXiaorongadmits,‘Whenthewateristoocleantherearenofish.’Theexcessivedelnandswillpreventtranslationcriticismfromdevelopingonalargescale,fortheynmkemanytranslationcriticsslwinkbackatthesightofthesedemandsandexcludethemfromthisfield.Infact,theseexcessivedemandsmayberegardedasthehighestonesontranslationcritics,butnotthenecessaryqualificationsofeachcritic.Thetranslationcriticsshouldaimtomeetthesequalifications,andshouldstillcarryouttranslationcriticismbeforetheymeetthem.Thereshouldbetranslationcriticsatvariouslevels.Theycancarryoutdifferentkindsoftranslationcriticismsfromdifferentperspectivesbymakinguseoftheirprofessionalknowledgerespectively.OnlySOwilltilepotentialsoftranslationcriticismbefullyexploited,thusupgradingthetraditionaltranslationcriticism.
Thosewhocanactastilesubjectsoftranslationcriticismincludethereaderswithanaveragecommandofforeignlanguages,thereaderswithoutcommandofforeignlanguages,thatis,averagereaders,literarytheorists,translationtheorists,editorsoftranslations,translators,translationleachersandstylists.Thereaderswithanaveragecommandoflbreignlanguagesnmyfocustheirattentionontileeffectsoftransferfromtheforeignlanguageint6theirnati_、7elanguageorfromtheirnativelanguageinto
theforeignlanguage,by,say,nlakingacomparisonbetweenthetranslatedworkand
theoriginaloneorpointingouttilemeritsanddemeritsinthetranslatedworkandofferingsuggestionsforimprovements.Thereaderswithoutcommandofforeign
language,thatis,averagereaders,may,bytheliterarytraditionoftheirownnative
languageandtheirownaestheticstandards,concentrateupontheextenttowhichthetranslatedworkiSconsistentwiththeiraestheticstandards,orwhetherthetranslated
workcancountasaworkofartintheliteratureofthereceptivelanguageortilerelationshipbetweenthetranslationsandthereaders’standardnativelanguage.
Literarytheoristsmayputtheireffortsmainlyinassessingtheliteraryvalueofliterarytranslationsbyapplyingtheirprofessionaltheory,thusleadingtilereadersto
understandandappreciatethetranslationsinacorrectway.Translationtheorists,as
tilemainforceengagedinmacro—translationcriticismandmeta-translationcriticism,maycriticizetiletranslators’strategies,theireffectsandtranslationcriticismassuch.EditorsoftranslationsmayfocustheireyesOiltiletranslators’selectionoforiginal
translationsyeartexts,competenceandattitudetowardstranslation.Sincetheyhandle
byyearandhaverichexperience,theyarcmorecapableofcriticizingthetranslators’selectionoforiginaltexts,competenceandattitudetowardstranslationthanothercritics,andhaveanimportantimpactuponthecauseoftranslationcriticism,Translatorsmayconcernthemselveswithaspectsoftiletranslationprocess,suchasthetransferofstyle.Translationteachersmayconcentrateupontiletranslators’
thestylisticqualifications,successesorfailures.Stylistsmayfocustheireyesupon
appropriatenessofthetranslatedwork,
Itisobviousthattiletranslationcriticsmayconcentrateupondifferentaspectsof
translation,althoughwhattheyconcentrateuponmayoverlapoueanothertosome
translationcritics,thatis,literarytheorists,degree.Generallyspeaking,learned
translationtheorists,editorsoftranslations,stylists,etc,,mayalsobeabletocarryout
thosetranslationcriticismsasthereaderswithanaveragecommandofforeign
offoreignlanguagesdotForinstance,languagesorthereaderswithoutcommand
translationtheoristsmay,asihereaderswithoutcommandofforeignlanguagesdo,
criticizetheviolationofreceptivelinguisticnorlnsorextremeinstancesofforeigmlizationinthetranslatedworks,bythestandardsoftilereceptivelanguage.Variousliterarytranslationcriticismsdifferintherolestheyplay,somebeingsignificant,whilstothersbeingtrivial.Forinstance,translationtheoristsandtranslatorsareabletocriticizeobjectivelyandprofoundlyandtheircriticismsareofgreathelptoenrichingtileresearchOilliterarytranslationcriticismandimprovingliterarytranslations,duetothefactthattheyknowcertaintranslationtheoriesandhaveexperienceoftranslating.Onthecontrary,averagereaderscanonlycarryoutimpressionisttranslationcriticism,whichisnotobjectiveCUOUghandisoflittlehelptoenrichingtileresearchofliterarytranslationcriticismandimprovingthequalityofliterarytranslation,duetotheirlimitedknowledgeofforeignlanguageoroftranslationtheory.This,however,doesnotnleanthatthelatterisnotnecessary.Infact,therolesofvariousliterarytranslationcriticismsarecomplementaryandallnecessary.Literarytranslationel’iticsneedn’tandcannotbecapableofallaspectsofliterarytranslationcriticism,butshouldbeabletocriticizecertainaspectthoroughly.hithediscussionsabove,weexaminedonlytheliterarytranslationcriticismthatiscoucerncdwithaspectsoflitellarytranslationfromforeignlanguageintotilecritic’Snativelanguage.Ofcourse,tiffstypeofliterarytranslationcriticismisthemainpartofliterarytranslationcriticism.Forthereadersofliterarytranslationsfromforeignlanguagesintothccritic’Snativelanguagehavethesamenativelanguageastilecriticdoes,andthistypeofliterarytranslationinfluencesmainlythecritic’Snativelanguageandculture.Infact,literarytranslationcriticismshouldalsobeconcernedwiththetranslationfromtilecritic’Snativelanguageintotheforeigaalanguage.Inordertocriticizeeffectively,thecriticnmstknowtheforeignlanguage.Averagereadersinthe
notbesourcelanguagecultureⅥillllittleornocommandoftheforeignlanguagecall
readttleengagedinthistypeofliterarytranslationcriticism,fortheycannot
translations.whilsttl'an±lators,translationtheorists,editorsoftranslationsandtrm『1slationteachers,becauseoftheirknowledgeoftheforeignlanguage,cancarryoutthistypeoftranslationcriticism.Tboseinthereceptivelanguageculture,including。

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