2009年上海理工大学外语学院翻译试题
009年上海外国语大学高翻翻译实践(英译汉和完型)考研试题
2009年上海外国语大学高翻翻译实践（英译汉和完型）考研试题高翻翻译实践（英译汉和完型）The Short March短行军TIME MAGAZINE, Thursday, Feb. 14, 2008时代周刊,2008年2月14日,星期四By BILL POWELL/SHANGHAI文.比尔鲍威尔/上海TIME Senior Writer Bill Powell, who moved to a town outside Shanghai in 2006, talks about joining the millions of Chinese who are building the country's booming suburbs时代杂志职业作家，他将在文中与我们分享他2006年搬到上海郊区，成为推动郊区急速发展的数百万中国人之一的感想。
On a cold, gray afternoon a year ago, I stood on the deck of our newly purchased, half-constructed house about an hour outside Shanghai, wondering what, exactly, I had gotten myself into(into what?). My wife, a Shanghai native, and I had moved back to China from New York City in the spring of 2004, and 21?2 years later we had decided to take the plunge. We bought a three-story, five-bedroom townhouse way out in the suburbs, in a town called New Songjiang, a place that was then — and remains now — very much a work in progress.一年前的一个寒冷阴暗的下午，我站在我们距离上海市区一小时车程的尚在建设中的新房的地板上，陷入了沉思。
上海理工09年基础英语
上海理工09年基础英语2009年上海理工大学硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：_ __基础英语______准考证号：______________得分：________(所有答题必须写在答题纸上)I. Grammar (10 points)1) Instructions: Beneath each of the following five sentences, there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1. If you’d listened to me, you ________ in such trouble now.A. won’t beB. wouldn’t beC. mustn’t beD. couldn’t be2. ________ I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.A. Though muchB. As muchC. Much asD. Much though3. Stuart’s going to be nominated to receive the AcademyA ward for best director, ________？A. won’t heB. doesn’t heC. didn’t heD. isn’t he4. The military budget of last year is thirty times _________that in 1960.A. larger thanB. larger asC. as large asD. more than5. Nine is to three ______ three is to oneA. whatB. thatC. whereD. which2) Instructions: Each of the following five sentences has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the incorrect item and correct it.6. The neutron bomb provides the capable of a limited nuclear war in whichA B Cbuildings would be preserved, but people would be destroyed.D7. In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment, it is Anecessary that he work as fastly as possible.B C D8. Whoever turned in the last test did not put their name on the paper.A B C D9. There have been little change in the patient’s condition since he was movedA B C Dto the intensive care unit.10. Students in United States often support themselves by babysitting, workingA B Cin restaurants, or they drive taxicabs.DII. V ocabulary (20 points)Instructions: The following words or expressions indicated with the alphabetic letters from A to T are the synonyms or explanations of the underlined words in the sentences that follow. Choose the one you think is an explanation of the underlined one.A. defectsB. curtailedC. threatenD. dirtyE. emptyF. frugalG. extensiveH. captivityI. repeatedJ. tamperingK. unimportantL. foreseeM. requestN. impoliteO. disguiseP. hatedQ. requiredR. yearlyS. plentifulT. littered1. Historical records reveal that Jefferson reiterated his ideas about a meritocracy..2. Mail service will be suspended during the postal workers’strike.3. Thomas Edison’s office was always disorganized with books and papers.4. Sometimes items are put on sale because they have imperfections on them.5. Athletes learn to conceal their disappointment when they lose.6. Although monkeys occasionally menace their enemies, they are usually not dangerous..7. Unless the population growth stabilizes, environmentalists predict a worldwide starvation by the year 2000 A. D.8. Interfering with some one’s mail is a serious crime in the U. S.9. Canada and the United States are cooperating to clean up the contaminated lakes along their borders.10. Carbohydrates are abundant in nature where they serve as an immediate source of energy.11. The annual growth of the gross nation al product is often used as an indicator of a nation’s economy.12. The gorilla, the largest of the apes, is now able to be bred in confinement.13. A vacant apartment in New Y ork is very difficult to find.14. In several states, the people may recommend a law to the legislature by signing a petition.15. Primary education in the U.S. is compulsory.16. Martin Luther King detested injustice.17. The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting far-reaching research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs..18. It is very discourteous to intrude during someone’sconversation.19. A thrifty buyer purchases fruits and vegetable in season.20. Psychologists encourage their parents not to get upset about trivial matters.III. Reading Comprehension (15%)Instructions: Read each passage carefully and tick the best answer from the four given choices marked A, B, C, and D.(1)For Roy Johnson, a senior magazine editor, the latest indignity came after a recent dinner at a fancy restaurant in the wealthy New Y ork City suburb where he and his family live. First the parking valet handed him the keys to his Jaguar instead of fetching the car. Then an elderly white couple came out and handed him the keys to their black Mercedes-B enz. “It took them a while to realize that I was not a valet,” says Johnson. “It didn’t matter that I was dressed for dinner and hadpaid a handsome price for the meal, just as he had. What mattered was that I didn’t fit his idea of someone who could be eq ual to him.”Such incidents, which are depressingly familiar to African-Americans of all ages, incomes and social classes, help explain why black and white attitudes often differ so completely. A recent survey found that 68 percent of blacks believe racism is still a major problem in America. Only 38 percent of whites agreed.Many Americans find the gulf between blacks and whites bewildering. After all, official segregation is a bad memory and 40 years of laws, policies and court decisions have helped African-Americans make significant progress toward equal opportunity. Indeed, a black man born in Harlem could be the nation’s next president.But racism persists, unmistakable to every black but largely invisible to many whites. It is evident in the everyday encounters African-Americans have with racial prejudice and discrimination, like the valet parking incident. Such encounters often strike whites as trivial misunderstandings. But they remind blacks that they are often dismissed as less intelligent, less industrious, less honest and less likely to succeed. Some insults are patently racist; others may be evidence of insensitivity or bad manners rather than racial prejudice. But the accumulation of insults feeds anger.“What is amazing to me is the number of whites who express surprise that any of this happens,” observes Mary Frances Berry, chairperson of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, who says she has been watched at shopping malls.1．The word “valet”in the first paragraph most probably means ______.A．a restaurant ownerB．a driver of expensive carsC．a wealthy-looking gentlemanD．a restaurant employee taking care of the cars of the diners2．Roy Johnson was unfairly treated because ______.A．his car was inferior in qualityB．he forgot to wear proper clothesC．he failed to express himself clearlyD．he is black3．From the passage we can learn that ______.A．both blacks and whites are bewildered by racismB．examples of racism are common in the USC．some government officials have very bad memoriesD．a black man born in Harlem will be the next US president4．It is implied in the passage that many white people deny the presence of racism in the US because ______.A．they tend to regard instances of racism as trivial misunderstandingsB．they have never seen any instance of racism in their countryC．they believe that black people are inherently less intelligent and less industriousD．they have always treated black people as their equals5．Judging from the context, the most possible explanation for Mary Frances Berry’s being watched at shopping malls is that ______.A．she was a national celebrityB．she didn’t fit people’s idea of an Afro-American womanC．many people nowadays are insensitive and rudeD．she is black(2)If the old maxim that the customer is always right still has meaning, then the airlines that fly the world’s busiest air route between London and Paris have a flight on their hands.The Eurostar train service linking the UK and French capitals via the Channel Tunnel is winning customers in increasing numbers. In late May, it carried its one millionth passenger, having run only a limited service between London, Paris and Brussels since November 1994, starting with two trains a day in each direction to Paris and Brussels. By 1997, the company believes that it will be carrying ten million passengers a year, and continue to grow from there.From July, Eurostar steps its service to nine trains each waybetween London and Paris, and five between London and Brussels. Each train carries almost 800 passengers, 210 of them in first class. The airlines estimate that they will initially lose around 15%-20% of their London-Paris traffic to the railways once Eurostar starts a full service later this year (1995), with 15 trains a day each way.A similar service will start to Brussels. The damage will be limited, however, the airlines believe, with passenger numbers returning to previous levels within two to three years.In the short term, the damage caused by the 1 million people-levels traveling between London and Paris and Brussels on Eurostar trains means that some air services are already suffering. Some of the major carriers say that their passenger numbers are down by less than 5%. On the Brussels route, the railway company had less success, and the airlines report anything from around a 5% drop to no visible decline in traffic.The airlines’ optimism on returning traffic levels is based on historical precedent. British Midland, for example, points to its experience on Heathrow-Leeds-Bradford service which saw passenger numbers fold by 15% when British Rail electrified and modernized the railway line between London and Y orkshire. Two years later, travel had risen between the two destinations to the point where the airline was carrying record numbers of passengers.6．British airlines confide in the fact that ______.A．they are more powerful than other European airlinesB．their total loss won’t go beyond a drop of 5% passengersC．their traffic levels will return in 2-3 yearsD．traveling by rail can never catch up with traveling by air7．The author’s attitude towards the drop of passengers may be described as ______. A．worriedB．delightedC．puzzledD．unrivaled8．In the passage, British Rail (Para. 6) is mentioned to ______.A．provide a comparison with EurostarB．support the airlines’optimismC．prove the inevitable drop of air passengersD．call for electrification and modernization of the railway 9．The railway’s Brussels route is brought forth to show that ______.A．the Eurostar train service is not doing good businessB．the airlines can well compete with the railwayC．the Eurostar train service only caused little damageD．all airlines are suffering great loss10．The passage is taken from the first part of an essay, from which we may well predict that in the following part the author is going to ______.A．praise the airlines’clear-mindednessB．warn the airlines of high-speed rail servicesC．propose a reduction of London-Paris flightsD．advise the airlines to follow British Midland as their model(3)Three years ago, Joseph J. Ellis, one of the most widely read American historians, ran into a career crisis of his own strange devising. Just months after his book, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation won the Pulitzer Prize and planted itself for a long run on the best-seller list, it emerged that Ellis,who spent the V ietnam War years doing graduate work at Y ale and teaching history at West Point, had been offering his students at Mount Holyoke College wholly invented accounts of his days as a platoon leader in V ietnam. After his tall tales were exposed in the Boston Globe, Ellis was suspended without pay for a year and compelled to relinquish his endowed chair.But even after the story broke, his book continued to sell briskly. And why not? No one ever accused him of falsifying his scholarship, and his probing biographies remain some of the most psychologically penetrating portraits of the Founding Fathers that we have. His supple new book, His Excellency: George Washington (Knopf; 320 pages), is another in that line, full of subtle inroads into the man Ellis calls the most notorious model of self-control in all of American history, the original marble man.The Washington Ellis gives us is not the customary figure operating serenely above the fray but a man constantly seeking to govern his own passions. Ironically, telling Washington’s story truthfully requires Ellis to occasionally cast doubt on the great man’s honesty. Washington could lie when he needed to –for instance, by misrepresenting for posterity his role in the disastrous engagement at Fort Necessity during the French and Indian War. And throughout his career, he feigned a lack of ambition as cover for a relentless impulse to move upward in the world. Washington had no more than a grade-school education, but he had an early grasp of issues that would be crucial to America’s future, such as westward expansion and the vexing matter of slavery. He eventually concluded that slavery must be abolished, though his own slaves were freed only after his death. He also understood precisely what his role in the new nationshould be. Washington emerged from the War of Independence as a kind of god. Like Caesar before him and Napoleon after, he might easily have parlayed military glory into imperial power. But he performed his greatest service to his country by refusing to yield to that temptation. At the end of his second Administration, he turned down a third term, thereby establishing an enduring example of limited presidential tenure.Washington was willing to refuse a c rown, but he was exasperated by Thomas Jefferson’s and James Madison’s aversion to federal power. His experience during the war with Britain, when arudderless Continental Congress left his army chronically short of supplies, convinced him of the need for a government strong enough to pursue national purposes. But as Ellis sees it, Washington’s views were also “projections onto the national screen of the need for the same kind of controlling authority he had orchestrated within his screen of the need for the same kind of controlling authority he had orchestrated within his own personality”. The Father of His Country had first to prevail as master of himself.11．Which of the following is NOT the consequence of Ellis’story about himself? A．He was suspended.B．He relinquished his chair.C．No one likes his book any more.D．He did not stop writing as his career.12．According to Ellis, Washington succeeded in his career due to his ______.A．educationB．honestyC．self-controlD．lack of ambition13．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．The Washington in Ellis’book is different from the one the Americans know about. B．Washington was a very ambitious man.C．Washington lied for the later generations.D．Washington abolished slavery in America.14．Which of the following is the main idea of the last paragraph?A．Thomas Jefferson and James Madison did not like to be President.B．Washington’s views of a government reflected his controlling authority of his own personality. C．A government is necessary to pursue national purposes.D．Washington realized his ambition to be the leader of America.15．The main purpose of Ellis’new book about Washington is to ______.A．disclose Washington’s shortcomingsB．present a candid story of WashingtonC．prove that Washington was not as great as people believedD．help his good reputation backIV. Cloze (15%)Instructions: Fill in each blank with one of the given words. Each word is to be used only once.amount repeatedly misunderstanding conserve compromise except exhausted much absolutely upward effective relaxation against worked downward ordinary solution littleThere is a lot of ____1____ about studying. Most students have not been taught the principles lying behind really ____2____ working. Imagine a graph showing the amount a person learns ____3____ the number of hours he works in a day. If he doesn’t do any work, he learns nothing (point 0). If he does an hour’s work he learns a certain ____4____ (point 1). If he does two hours’work he learns about twice as much (point 2). If he does more work he’ll learn still more (point 3). Now, if he tried to do 23.5 hours’work in 24, he’ll be so ____5____ that he’ll hardly remember anything: what he learns will be very ____6____ (point 4). If he did less work he’d learn mor e (point 5).Now whatever the exact shape of the graph’s curve, made by joining these points, it must have a crest. Point X is the very maximum anyone can learn in the day. It is the best possible ____7____ between adequate time at the books and fatigue.F atigue is an ____8____ real thing; one can’t escape it or try to ignore it. If you press yourself to work past the optimum, you can only get on this ____9____ slope and achieve less than the best –and then get exhausted and lose your power of concentration.The skill in being a student consists in getting one’s daily study as near the optimum point as possible. When you find yourself ____10____ reading over the same paragraph and not taking it in, that’s a pretty good sign you’ve reached the crest for the day and should stop.Most ____11____ students find their optimum at about five hours a day. If you get in five hours’ good work a day, you will be doing well.Now, what are you doing with yourself when you aren’t working? Before examinations some students do nothing at all ____12____ sit in a chair and worry. Here is anothermisunderstanding. People too easily think of the mind as if it ____13____ like the body; it does not. If one wanted to ____14____ physical energy to cut the maximum amount of firewood, one would lie flat on a bed and rest when one wasn’t chopping. But the mind cannot rest. Even in sleep you dream, even if you forget your dreams. The mind is always turning. It gets its ____15____ only by variety.V. Writing (90 points)Task OneThe following groups of sentences are defective in terms of coherence, conciseness, emphasis, balance, variety, vividness, clarity, unity, or even grammar. Try to improve them. (15 points)1. English students should practise writing. Whenever they have writing sessions every week, it is necessary to practise writing. (3 points)2. We are senior college students now, and we are all faced with a choice whether we prefer to work or to pursue a master degree after graduation. In my opinion, these two choices are both good for fresh gradudates. ( 3 points)3. The 40-year-old man was lying on the sidewalk. He had no shoes on, and he was bearded and half-naked. He looked like a beggar or lunatic. (3 points)4. Hainan Island used to be an agricultural province. It has recently attracted more industry. ( 2 point)5. My bedroom is well-decorated. It is very spacious. Here there is a tall wooden bookshelf. This shelf is not expensive. On this shelf there are a lot of English books I have bought.A huge wardrobe stands against the back wall, and in this wardrobe there are beautiful dresses. (4 points)Task TwoJust a short time ago, Chen Y unlin, President of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits, paid a five-day visit to Taiwan, where he signed deals on direct flights, postal services, food safety and other important issues. He was the highest-level mainland official to set foot on Taiwan in the past 60 years. Write an essay of no less than 450 words on the significance of Chen Y unlin’s historic visit. (75 points)。
上外2009年汉英翻译试题
上外2009年汉英翻译试题：杨绛《窗帘》窗帘作者：杨绛人不怕挤。
尽管摩肩接踵，大家也挤不到一处。
像壳里的仁，各自各。
像太阳光里飞舞的轻尘，各自各。
凭你多热闹的地方，窗对着窗。
各自人家，彼此不相干。
只要挂上一个窗帘，只要拉过那薄薄一层，便把别人家隔离在千万里以外了。
隔离，不是断绝。
窗帘并不堵没窗户，只在彼此间增加些距离——欺哄人招引人的距离。
窗帘并不盖没窗户，只隐约遮掩——多么引诱挑逗的遮掩！所以，赤裸裸的窗口不引人注意，而一角掀动的窗帘，惹人窥探猜测，生出无限兴趣。
赤裸裸，可以表示天真朴素。
不过，如把天真朴素做了窗帘的质料，做了窗帘的颜色，一个洁白素净的帘子，堆叠着透明的软纱，在风里飘曳，这种朴素，只怕比五颜六色更富有魅力，认真要赤裸裸不加遮饰，除非有希腊神像那样完美的身体，有天使般纯洁的灵魂。
倍根（Bacon）说过：“赤裸裸是不体面的；不论是赤露的身体，或赤露的心。
”人从乐园里驱逐出来的时候，已经体味到这句话了。
所以赤裸裸的真实总需要些掩饰。
白昼的阳光，无情地照彻了人间万物，不能留下些幽暗让人迷惑，让人梦想，让人希望。
如果没有轻云薄雾把日光筛漏出五色霞彩来，天空该多么单调枯燥！隐约模糊中，才容许你做梦和想象。
距离增添了神秘。
看不见边际，变为没边没际的遥远与辽阔。
云雾中的山水，暗夜的星辰，希望中的未来，高超的理想，仰慕的名人，心许的“相知”，——隔着窗帘，惝怳迷离，可以产生无限美妙的想象。
如果你嫌恶窗帘的间隔，冒冒失失闯进门、闯到窗帘后面去看个究竟，赤裸裸的真实只怕并不经看。
像丁尼生（Tennyson）诗里的“夏洛特女郎”（TheLady of Shalott），看厌了镜中反映的世界，三步跑到窗前，望一望真实世界。
她的镜子立即破裂成两半，她毁灭了以前快乐而无知的自己。
人家挂着窗帘呢，别去窥望。
宁可自己也挂上一个，华丽的也好，朴素的也好。
如果你不屑挂，或懒得挂，不妨就敞着个赤裸裸的窗口。
不过，你总得尊重别人家的窗帘。
2009年9月英语高级口译真题答案
答案：1.managerial and professional2.excellence of American universitiescation for the mass4.women and minorities5.one public college6.decentralization and diversitypetition for students and resources8.the National Academy of Sciencemissioned by10.provide adequate funds11.scientific research became decentralized12.gave graduate students research opportunities13.to the benefit of industry14.investing in the future15.for returning veterans16.were inconceivable in Europe17.never dreamed of going to college18.loan and subsidy programs19.helped to democratize access20.more than 180 billion dollarsSecion 2CADBA DABCB CACBD BDCCB09年9月上海高级口译英译中原文及答案Amid the hubbub over a few less-bad-than-expected statistics, America’s economic debate has turned to the nature of the recovery. Optimists expect a vigorous rebound as confidence returns, pent-up demand is unleashed and massive government stimulus takes effect. Most observers are bracing for a long slog, as debt-laden consumers rebuilt their savings, output growth remains weak and unemployment continues to rise. There is, however, something that eventually will have a much bigger impact on Americans’ prosperity than the slope of the recovery. That is the effect of the crisis on America’s potential rate of growth itself.An economy’s long-term speed limit （its “trend ”or “potential” rate of growth ）is the pace at which GDP can expand without affecting unemployment and, hence, inflation. It is determined by growth in the supply of labor along with the speed with which productivity improves. The pace of potential growth helps determine the sustainability of everything from public debt to the prices of shares. Unfortunately, the outlook for America’s potential growth rate was darkening long before the financial crisis hit. The IT-induced productivity revolution, which sent potential output soaring at the end of the 1990s, has waned. More important, America’s labor supply is growing more slowly as the population ages, the share of women working has leveled off and that of students who work has fallen.由于一小部分经济数据显示当前经济状况并没有预期的那样坏，一些人就骚动起来，开始讨论起美国经济的复苏之路。
上海历年翻译真题答案（2000-2019）
上海历年翻译真题答案（2000-2019）第一组：（2000上海春考）1. 进入大学以后, 他对计算机很感兴趣。
(become interested in)He became very interested in computers after he entered college.2. 集邮几乎占据了他所有业余时间。
(occupy)Collecting stamps occupies almost all his spare time.3. 只要专心学习, 你一定能顺利通过考试。
(concentrate)As long as you concentrate on your study, you are sure to pass the exam.4. 越来越多的人意识到遵守交通规则的重要性。
(be aware)More and more people are aware of the importance of observing traffic regulations.5. 尽管有很多困难, 我们仍将努力执行我们的计划。
(in spite of)In spite of many difficulties/hardships, we will still carry out our plan.6. 诺贝尔奖金授予那些在某一个领域作出巨大贡献的科学家。
(be awarded)The Nobel Prizes are awarded to those scientists who have made great contributions in a certain field.第二组：（2000上海秋考）1. 这张照片使我想起了我们在夏令营度过的日子。
(remind)This picture reminds me of the days that we spent in the summer camp.2. 假如你想从事这项工作，你必须先接受三个月的训练。
上外翻译
2009年英语语言文学英语综合改错A fairly standard consensual definition is "a relatively permanent change in behavior (sic.; it\'s American of course) that results from practise." This is of course arguable, particularly the "practice" criterion. Others would accept changes in "capability" or even simple "knowledge" or "understanding", even if it is not manifest in behaviour. It is however an important criterion that "learned" behaviour is not pre-programmed or wholly instinctive (not a word used much nowadays), even if an instinctual drive underpins it. Behaviour can also change as a result of maturation-simple growing-up-without being totally learned. Think of the changing attitude of children and adolescents to opposite-sex peers. Whatever the case, there has to be interaction with the environment.Even if psychologists ever agree about what learning is, in practice educationalists won\'t, because education introduces prescriptive notions about specifying what ought to be learnt, and there is considerable dispute about whether this ought only to be what the teacher wants the learner to learn (implicit in behavioural models), or what the learner wants to learn (as in humanistic models).2009英语语言文学完形填空全文Obtaining Linguistic DataMany procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one\'s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data - an informant. Informants are(ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language(e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity （含糊模棱两可）, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm（规范基准） in the generative（生产的生殖的） approach to linguistics. But a linguist\'s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.Many factors must be considered when selecting informants - whether one is working with single speakers(a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting(e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants(e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous（细心的小心谨慎的） attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use.Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist\'s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate(\'difficult\' pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the\'observer\'s paradox\'(how to observe the way people behave when they are not bening observed). Some recordings are made without the speaker being aware of the fact - a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical（道德的伦理的） objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style(e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality)地点位置所在.An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist\'s problems, however. Speech isoften unclear and ambiguous模糊的. Where possible , therefore, the recording has to be supplemented补充 by the observer\'s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations(the camera connot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.Linguists also make great use of structured sessions,会议 in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviour. With a bilingual 双语的informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques(\'How do you say table in your language?\'). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited引起 by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame(e.g I__see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction(\'Is it possible to say I no can see?\').A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus文集本金语料库. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts 摘取from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the porpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived导出的 from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection反思 or experimentation.2009英语语言文学英语综合阅读理解Passage 1BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named \'Bakelite\', was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term \'plastic\' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning \'to mould\'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are \'thermoplastic\', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are \'thermosetting\': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever., Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today\'s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of \'luxury\' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory. Baekeland\'s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland\'s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and. moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure;thereby \'setting\' its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, \'streamlined\' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland\'s invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion -\'the material of a thousand uses\'. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating: properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the prepfastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors\' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.2009英语语言文学英语综合阅读理解 Passage 2Nature or Nurture?A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a \'leader\' in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer \'teacher-subject\' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils\' ability to learn.Milgram\'s experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from \'15 vols of electricity (slight shock)\' to \'450 volts (danger - severe shock)\' in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed \'pupil\' was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the experiment. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil\'s cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was, \'You have no other choice. You must go on.\' What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. They psychiatrists felt that \'most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts\' and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.What were the actuatl results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possible account for this vast discrepancey between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative\'teachers\' actually do in the laboratory of real life?One\'s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experimental, and the Milgram\'s teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shosck. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects\' actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself pointed out, \'Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society - the pursuit of scientific truth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation apears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting\'.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgot their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology - to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.Which paragraph contains the following information?1 a biological explanation of the teacher-subjects\' behaviour2 the explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment3 the identity of the pupils4 the expected statistical outcome5 the general aim of sociobiologial study6 the way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continueChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.7 The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whether(A) a 450-volt shock was dangerous(B) punishment helps learning(C) the pupils were honest(D) they were stuited to teaching8 The teacher-subjects were instructed to(A) stop when a pupil asked them to(B) denounce pupils who made mistakes(C) reduce the shock level after a correct answer(D) give punishment according to a rule9 Before the experiment took place the psychiatrists(A) believed that a shock of 150 volts was too dangerous(B) failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to instructions(C) underestimated the teacher-subjects\' willingness to comply with experimental procedure(D) thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450 volts2009英语语言文学英语综合阅读理解 Passage 3The Truth about the EnvironmentFor many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet\'s air and water are becoming ever more polluted.But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book \'The Limits to Growth\' was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world\'s population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exggerated, or are transient - associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality. One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funcing goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: \'Two thirds of the world\'s forests lost forever\'. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as tehy do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more cuirous about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America\'s encounterEl Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an artical in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billing but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came fromhigher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America\'s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st centurey will still take up only on 12,000th of the area of the entire United States.So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3°C in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000 billion.Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation ot the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the wolrd\'s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic - but more costly still to be too pessimistic.33 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?(A) the need to produce results(B) the lack of financial support(C) the selection of areas to research(D) the desire to solve every research problem34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how(A) influential the mass media can be(B) effective environmental groups can be(C) the mass media can help groups raise funds(D) environmental groups can exaggerate their claims35 What is the writer\'s main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?(A) some are more active than others(B) some are better organised than others(C) some receive more criticism than others(D) some support more important issues than others36 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to(A) educate readers(B) meet their readers\' expectations(C) encourage feedback from readers(D) mislead readers37 What does the writer say about America\'s waste problem?(A) it will increase in line with population growth(B) it is not as important as we have been led to believe(C) it has been reduced through public awareness of the issues(D) it is only significant in certain areas of the country。
2009年11月1日上海高级口译口试真题（五篇）
2009年11月1日上海高级口译口试真题（五篇）第一篇：2009年11月1日上海高级口译口试真题2009年11月1日上海高级口译口试真题.txt老公如果你只能在活一天，我愿用我的生命来延续你的生命，你要快乐的生活在提出分手的时候请不要说还爱我。
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2009 年11 月上海高级口译口试真题2009 年 11 月 1 日（周日）上海高级口译口试原题及参考答案英译汉：Passage 1: We have made significant strides in implementing the policies needed to take advantage of the new opportunities of development.We become more and more aware that these opportunities are indeed embedded in this serious economic crises.We are very confident that our skilled work force provides a strong foundation for future growth.And we are convinced that this work force allowed this country to become a major center for advanced technology products in the world.In recent years, we further opened up our economy and China is now our number one trading partner.And our prudent financial policies and low level of public debt have positioned us well to address the challenges of the current crisis.All in all, we can look to the future with self-confidence that an economic U-turn is not only achievable, but also immediate.Of course, we will require perseverance in implementing our industrial restructuring and financial reform agenda.参考答案：我们大力落实各项政策以把握新的发展机遇。
2014年上海理工大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年上海理工大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．CBD正确答案：中央商务区2．ISBN正确答案：国际标准图书编号3．PIN正确答案：个人身份识别4．FIT World Congress正确答案：世界翻译大会5．physiological chemistry正确答案：生理化学6．re-entry module正确答案：返回舱7．molecular biology of the gene正确答案：基因分子生物学8．castings正确答案：铸件9．Classical Books of Confucius正确答案：儒家经典著作10．infra-red astronomy正确答案：红外线天文学11．packaging and textile industries正确答案：包装和纺织工业12．ampere正确答案：安培13．megafossil正确答案：大化石14．Evolution and Ethics正确答案：天演论15．microprocessor正确答案：微处理器汉译英16．科技翻译正确答案：scientific translation17．机器翻译正确答案：machine translation18．微博正确答案：microblog19．信达雅正确答案：faithfulness，expressiveness and elegance 20．回译正确答案：back translation21．语言服务产业正确答案：language service industry22．交替传译正确答案：consecutive translation23．翻译记忆库正确答案：translation memory24．归化法正确答案：domestication25．智能手机正确答案：smart phone26．会议口译正确答案：conference interpreting27．跨文化交流正确答案：cross-cultural communication 28．本地化正确答案：localization29．中国(上海)自由贸易试验区正确答案：China(Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone 30．译审正确答案：first-grade translator英汉互译英译汉31．Stories about the dangers of chemicals leaching from plastic into microwaved food have circulated on the Internet for years. As a result, the Food and Drug Administration continues to receive inquires from concerned consumers.Consumers can be confident as they heat holiday meals or leftovers in the microwave because the FDA carefully reviews the substances used to make plastics designed for food use.”It’s true that substances used to make plastics can leach into food, “ says Edward Machuga, Ph. D. , a consumer safety officer in the FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. “But as part of the approval process, the FDA considers the amount of a substance expected to migrate into food and the toxicological concerns about the particular chemical.”The agency has assessed migration levels of substances added to regulated plastics and has found the levels to be well within the margin of safety based on information available to the agency. The FDA will revisit its safety evaluation if new scientific information raises concerns.One chemical called diethylhexyl adipate(DEHA)has received a lot of media attention. DEHA is a plasticizer, a substance added to some plastics to make them flexible. DEHA exposure may occur when eating certain foods wrapped in plastics, especially fatty foods such as meat and cheese. But the levels are very low. The levels of the plasticizer that might be consumed as a result of plastic film use are well below the levels showing no toxic effect in animal studies. [Keywords]Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 食品安全和应用营养中心toxicological adj. 毒物学的plasticizer n. 增塑剂正确答案：危险的化学物质从塑料渗入微波食物的说法已经在网络上流传了多年。
英译汉部分真题解析及应试技巧 2009年6月PRETCO(A级)
2009年6月PRETCO（A级）英译汉部分真题解析及应试技巧［句子翻译部分的应试技巧］英译汉句子翻译部分测试考生将英语句子译成较为通顺的汉语的能力，句子为一般性或应用性文字。
句子部分的题型为多项选择，共有四句，句子翻译部分的评分标准是“分级评分”，每句提供四个译好的答案，其中一个译句为最好2分、一个1.5分、一个1分、还有一个0分。
解这类题时一定要仔细认真地看好四个选项的译文，然后再根据理解去选择一个最佳答案，切忌凭主观臆想随便选出答案。
考生在做本节试题时，可运用以下应试技巧：1. 略读全句，从整体上把握整句大意。
2. 分析所要求翻译的句子，弄清句子结构，先找出句子的主干，明确代词所指代的意思，再分析是否存在省略，主从关系如何等等。
3. 进一步细化，分析关键词汇及惯用语，明确句子的整体意思。
4. 把握好谓语动词的特点，确定时态、语态、语气等。
5. 翻译全句、对照选项、细心选择并确定最佳答案。
［真题再现］Part IV Translation—English into Chinese (25 minutes) Directions: This part, numbered 61 through 65, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. After each of the sentences numbered 61 to 64, you will read four choices of suggested translation.You should choose the best translation and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. And for the paragraph numbered 65, write your translation in the corresponding space on the Translation /Composition Sheet.61. For your safety, the electrical appliance can only operate when it has been correctly mounted on a dry and cool base.A) 你只有在干燥通风的地方操作这一台电子仪器才安稳。
上海理工大学大学英语三级B级-翻译专项试题
上海理工大学大学英语三级B级-翻译专项试题一、大学英语三级翻译英译汉1． It is better to take your time at this job than to hurry and make mistakes．A．最好的工作要慢慢找，不要太着急。
B．工作中不要太急，免得出错。
C．干这活最好要慢点不要匆忙，免得出错。
D．最好要多花点时间在工作上，免得忙中出错。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”和“take yore time”。
“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”这个句型表示是两件事情的比较，“最好采取……，而不是……”选项A理解出错，选项B没有把这种比较的意思表达出来，选项D 没有翻译出“this job”。
知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。
B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。
C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。
D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。
该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。
选项D对句型理解有误。
选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。
知识模块：英译汉3． us of the overcharge on your account and we have contacted the store on your behalf and are awaiting their reply.A) 承蒙告知您受到恶意透支的指控，我们已经派代表与商店联系并正在等待回音。
上海外国语大学2009英语翻译试题精析_附丁雪明完型讲义
第一章考研翻译基础知识一翻译的定义二翻译的标准和翻译的方法三翻译的基本过程四考研翻译的核心解题策略第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法一词义选择和词义引申二词性转换三增词法四省略法第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法一名词性从句的翻译二定语从句的翻译三状语从句的翻译四被动结构的翻译第一讲翻译的定义翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。
考研翻译简介（一）考研翻译考查内容和形式根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。
要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
考生在答题卡2上作答。
”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。
如：（二）考研翻译的评分标准根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5个小题，每题2分，共10分。
·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。
·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。
·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。
（三）考研翻译今年考题特点和内容根据对大纲和最近十几年来考研翻译已经考过的真题的分析，我们发现考研翻译具有如下明显的特点。
首先，考研翻译的短文内容大多是涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。
其体裁基本上是议论文。
如：1990年：人的性格和行为分析1991年：能源与农业1992年：智力评估的科学性1993年：科学研究的方法1994年：科学家、技术与科学发展的关系1995年：标准化测试与评估1996年：科学发展的差别和动力1997年：动物的权利1998年：天体物理学中的大爆炸理论1999年：历史研究的方法论2000年：政府调控与工业化发展2001年：计算机与未来生活2002年：行为科学的发展2003年：人类学的发展2004年：语言学2005年：传媒领域中的电视媒介2006年：美国知识分子的作用2007年：法学在新闻报道中的作用。
2009年5月翻译资格考试二级英语笔译实务真题及答案
2009年5月翻译资格考试二级英语笔译实务真题及答案第一部分英译汉必译题There was, last week, a glimmer of hope in the world food crisis. Expecting a bumper harvest, Ukraine relaxed restrictions on exports. Overnight, global wheat prices fell by 10 percent.By contrast, traders in Bangkok quote rice prices around $1,000 a ton, up from $460 two months ago.Such is the volatility of today‟s markets. We do not know how high food prices might go, nor how far they could fall. But one thing is certain: We have gone from an era of plenty to one of scarcity. Experts agree that food prices are not likely to return to the levels the world had grown accustomed to any time soon.Imagine the situation of those living on less than $1 a day - the “bottom billion,”the poorest of the world‟s poor. Most live in Africa, and many might typically spe ndtwo-thirds of their income on food.In Liberia last week, I heard how people have stopped purchasing imported rice by the bag. Instead, they increasingly buy it by the cup, because that‟s all they can afford.Traveling though West Africa, I found good reason for optimism. In Burkina Faso, I saw a government working to import drought resistant seeds and better manage scarce water supplies, helped by nations like Brazil. In Ivory Coast, we saw a women‟s cooperative running a chicken farm set up with UN funds. The project generated income - and food - for villagers in ways that can easily be replicated.Elsewhere, I saw yet another women‟s group slowly expanding their local agricultural production, with UN help. Soon they will replace World Food Program rice with their own home-grown produce, sufficient to cover the needs of their school feeding program.These are home-grown, grass-roots solutions for grass-roots problems - precisely the kind of solutions that Africa needs.参考译文：上周，世界粮食危机出现了一线转机。
09年春季上海外语口译考试高级口译笔译真题
09年春季上海外语口译考试高级口译笔译真题Directions：In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blank with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCEWhen Americans think about hunger, we usually think in terms of mass starvation in far-away countries. But hunger too often lurks____________(1).In 2006, 35.1 million people, including_____________(2) children, in the United States did not have access to enough food for an active healthy life. Some of these individuals relied on emergency food sources and_________________(3).Although most people think of hungry people and homeless people as the same, the problem of hunger reaches. __________________(4). While the number of people being hungry or _______________(5) may be surprising, it is the faces of those hungry individuals that would probably ___________________(6).The face of hunger is__________________ (7) who has worked hard for their entire lives only to find their savings_________________ (8); or a single mother who has to choose whether the salaryfrom______________ (9) will go to buy food or pay rent; or a child who struggles to ________________(10) because his family couldn't afford dinner the night before. A December 2006 survey estimatedthat______________(11) those requesting emergency food assistance were either children or their parents. Children_____________ (l2) to live in households where someone experiences hunger and food insecurity than adults. _________________(13) compared to one in five children live in households where someone suffers from hunger__________________ (14).Child poverty is more widespread in the United States than in_____________(l5); at the same time, the U. S. government spends less than any industrialized country to____________________ (l6).We have long known that the ______________(l7) of small children need adequate food ___________(l8). But science is just beginning to understand the full extent of this relationship. As late as the l980s, conventional wisdom held that only the_______________ (l9) actually alter brain development. The latestempirical evidence, however, shows that even relatively mild under-nutrition______________(20) in children which can last a lifetime.Part B: Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in thecorresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLETQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.l. (A) Her purse was stolen on the metro.(B) Her home was broken into when she was vacationing.(C) She was robbed on her way home.(D) She was attacked by two kids on the street.2. (A) Last week. (B) On a summer day (C) Towards evening. (D) Late at night.3. (A) Four dollars. (B)Thirty dollars. (C) Forty dollars. (D) Three hundred dollars.4. (A) She hailed a taxi. (B) She just went home. (C) She reported the crime. (D) She phoned her best friend.5. (A) They need prosecuting.(B) They have to be punished.(C) They should get supervision.(D) They must be held responsible.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following hews.6. (A) A NATO naval force has successfully reduced pirate attacks in that region.(B) A UN resolution has been passed to stem the upsurge in pirate attacks on shipping(C) Several African countries have joined hand to patrol the coast.(D) An EU team of warships and aircraft will start its anti-piracy operations.7. (A) To resume a talk on improving its relations with India.(B) To cooperate fully with India in looking into the terrorist attacks.(C) To act swiftly to arrest the 10 militants who rampaged through Mumbai.(D) To quicken the 5-year-old peace process between the two nuclear rivals.8. (A) To seek the temporary suspension of Parliament.(B) To sign a deal with the opposition parties.(C) To form a coalition government with the Liberals.(D) To tackle the fallout from the financial crisis.9. (A) President Arroyo has escaped an attempt by troops to seize power.(B) Philippine lawmakers have voted to unseat the current president.(C) An impeachment complaint against President Arroyo was thrown out.(D) A majority of lawmakers are going to abstain in voting over the impeachment.10. (A) $8 billion. (B) $22 bil1ion. (C) $36.9 billion. (D) $39 bi1lion.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following interview11. (A)Professions and ways we actually wear(B) Trends and fashions in clothing.(C) Fashion designing.(D) Psychology clothing.12. (A )An awareness of impressing others.(B) An urge to look smart and trendy.(C) A conscious act of indicating individual taste.(D) A general feeling of insecurity.13. (A) Peop1e who are absorbed by other things.(B) People who are sociable and outgoing.(C) People with an aggressive personality(D) People with a preference for light colors.l4. (A) The colors of one's clothing.(B) The length of trousers one wears.(C) Sticking to grey or dark suits.(D) Wearing outrageous clothing,15.(A) Young hairdrssers. (B) Pop music fans. (C) Minority groups. (D) Ageing pop stars. Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.l6. (A) Participating in Intenet chats.(B) Writing and receiving email messages.(C) Purchasing things online.(D) Doing research by clicking a mouse.l7. (A) Because the Intenet binds fewer people together than we actually need.(B) Because the hyperlinks often send us to commercial Web sites.(C) Because the Web can't always show clearly how to get where we want.(D) Because the Web is often a database organized for commercial purposes.18. (A) The inconvenience of placing orders.(B) The dropping out rate of online shoppers.(C) Time wasted in filling out information.(D) Issues related to privacy.l9. (A)They are becoming socially isolated.(B) 60 percent of them spend less time with family and friends.(C) How long they stay on the Web is the most frequent cause for divorce.(D) They no longer have close friends as they used to do.20. (A) Computers offer a perfect system for work and communications.(B) The effects of the Internet on our lives are still debatable.(C) The Intenet has revolutionized the way we do things.(D) We can get information, products and friends quickly with the Intenet.SECTION 2: READING TEST(30 minutes)Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLETQuestions 1--5"They treat us like mules," the guy installing my washer te1ls me, his eyes narrowing as he wipes his hands. I had just complimented him and his partner on the speed and assurance of their work. He explains that it's rare that customers speak to him this way. I know what he's talking about. My mother was a waitress all her life, in coffee shops and fast-paced chain restaurants. It was hard work, but she liked it, liked "being among the public," as she would say. But that work had its sting, too— the customer who would treat her like a servant or, her biggest complaint, like she was not that bright.There's a lesson here for this political season: the subtle and not-so-subtle insults that blue-collar and service workers endure as part of their working lives. And those insults often have to do with intelligence.We like to think of the United States as a classless society. The belief in economic mobility is central to the American Dream, and we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism. But we also have a troubling streak of aristocratic bias in our national temperament, and one way it manifests itself is in the assumptions we mark about people who work with their hands. Working people sense this bias and react to it when they vote. The common political wisdom is that hot-button social issues have driven blue-collar voters rightward. But there are other cultural dynamics at play as well. And Democrats can be as oblivious to these dynamics as Repub1icans——though the Grand Old Party did appea1 to them in St. Paul.Let's go back to those two men installing my washer and dryer. They do a lot of heavy lifting quickly——mine was the first of l5 deliveries——and efficiently to avoid injury. Between them there is ongoing communication, verbal and nonverbal, to coordinate the lift, negotiate the tight fit, move in rhythm with each other. And al1 the while, they are weighing options, making decisions and so1ving problems——as when my new dryer didn't match up with the gas outlet.Think about what a good waitress has to do in the busy restaurant: remember orders and monitor them, attend to a dynamic, quickly changing environment, prioritize tasks and manage the flow of work, make decisions on the fly. There's the carpenter using a number of mathematica1 concepts—symmetry proportion, congruence, the properties of angles——and visualizing these concepts while building a cabinet, a flight of stairs, or a pitched roofThe hairstylist's practice is a mix of technique, knowledge about the biology of hair, aesthetic judgment, and communication skill. The mechanic, electrician, and plumber are troubleshooters and problem solvers. Even the routinized factory floor cal1s for working smarts. When has any of this made its way into our political speeches? From either party. Even on Labor Day.Last week. the GOP masterfully invoked some old cultural suspicions: country folk versus city and east-coast versus heartland education. But these are symbolic populist gestures, not the stuff of true engagement. Judgments about intelligence carry great weigh in our society, and we have a tendency to make sweeping assessments of people's intelligence based on the kind of work they do.Political tributes to labor over the next two months will render the muscled arm, sleeve rolled tight against biceps. But few will also celebrate the thought bright behind the eye, or offer an image that links hand and brain. It would be fitting in a country with an egalitarian vision of itself to have a truer, richer sense of all that is involved in the wide range of work that surrounds and sustains us.Those politicians who can communicate that sense will tap a deep reserve of neglected feeling. And those who can honor and use work in explaining and personalizing their policies will find a welcome reception.l. To illustrate the intelligence of the working class, the author cites the examples of all of the following EXCEPT______.(A) hairstylist and waitress, (B) carpenter and mechanic(C) electrician and plumber (D) street-cleaner and shop-assistant2. In the sentence "we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism"(para. 3), the word "egalitarianism" can be replaced by_______.(A) individualism (B) enlightenment (C) equality (D) liberalism3. We can conclude from the passage that ________.(A) in America, judgments about people's intelligence are often based on the kind of work they do(B) the subtle and not-so-subtle insults towards blue-collars are a daily phenomenon in America(C) the United States is a classless society(D) the old cultural suspicions of country folk versus city and east-coast versus heartland education show the Republican's true engagement4. One of the major groups of targeted readers of the author should be_______.(A) blue-collar American workers (B) middle-class American businessmen(C) American politicians (D) American company leaders5. Which of the following summarizes the main idea of the passage?(A) The Democratic Party and the Republican Party should stop symbolic populist gestures.(B) Political tributes should mind the subtle bias against the intelligence of the working class.(C) The ruling party should acknowledge the working smarts of blue-collars.(D) The whole American society should change the attitude towards the blue-collar workers.Questions 6--10From cyborg housemaids and water-powered cars to dog translators, and rocket boots, Japanese boffins have racked up plenty of near-misses in the quest to turn science fiction into reality. Now the finest scientific minds of Japan are devoting themse1ves to cracking the greatest sci-fi vision of all: the space elevator. Man has so far conquered space by painfully and inefficiently blasting himself out of the atmosphere but the 2lst century should bring a more leisurely ride to the final frontier.For chemists, physicists, material scientists, astronauts and dreamers across the globe, the space elevator represents the most tantalizing of concepts: cables stronger and lighter than any fibre yet woven, tethered to the ground and disappearing beyond the atmosphere to a satellite docking station in geosynchronous orbit above Earth.UP and down the 22,000 mile-long (36,000km) cables——or flat ribbons——wil1 run the elevator carriages. themselves requiring huge breakthroughs in engineering to which the biggest Japanese companies and universities have turned their collective attention.In the carriages, the scientists behind the idea told The Times, could be any number of cargoes. A space elevator could carry people, huge solar-powered generators or even casks of radioactive waste. The point is that breaking free of Earth’s gravity will no longer require so much energy—perhaps 100 times less than launching the space shuttle. "Just like traveling abroad, anyone will be able to ride the elevator into space," Shuichi Ono, chairman of the Japan Space Elevator Association, sad.The vision has inspired scientists around the world and government organizations, including Nasa. Several competing space elevator projects are gathering pace as various groups vie to build practical carriages, tethers and the hundreds of other parts required to carry out the plan. There are prizes offered by spaceelevator-related scientific organizations for breakthroughs and competitions for the bes and fastest design of carriage.First envisioned by the celebrated master of science fiction, Arthur C. Clarke, in his l979 work The Fountains of Paradise, the concept has all the best qualities of great science fiction: it is bold, it is a leap of imagination and it would change life as we know it. Unlike the warp drives in Star Trek, or H. G Wells's The Time Machine, the idea of the space elevator does not mess with the laws of science; it just presents a series of very, very complex engineering problems.Japan is increasingly confident that its sprawling academic and industrial base can so1ve those issues, and has even put the astonishingly low price tag of a trillion yen (5 billion) on building the elevator Japan is renowned as a global leader in the precision engineering and high-quality material production without which the idea could never be possible.The biggest obstacle lies in the cables. To extend the elevator to a stationary satellite from the Earth's surface world require twice that length of cable to reach a counterweight, ensuring that the cable maintains its tension. The cable must be exceptionally light, staggeringly strong and able to withstand all projectiles thrown at it inside and outside the atmosphere. The answer, according to the groups working on designs, will lie in carbon nanotubes ——microscopic particles that can be formed into fibres and whose mass production is now a focus of Japan's big texti1e companies.According to Yoshio Aoki, a professor of precision machinery engineering at Nihon University and a director of the Japan Space Elevator Association, the cable would need to be about four times stronger than what is currently the strongest carbon nanotube fibre, or about l80 times stronger than steel. Pioneering work on carbon nanotubes in Cambridge has produced strength improvement of about l00 times over the past five years.Equally, there is the issue of powering the carriages as they climb into space. "We are thinking of using the technology employed in our bullet trains," Professor Aoki said. “Carbon nanotubes are good conductors of electricity , so we are thinking of having a second cable to provide power all along the route." Japan is hosting an international conference in November to draw up a timetable for the machine.6. Cyborg housemaids, water-powered cars, dog translators and rocket boots are_______.(A) some of the illusory imaginations of Japanese scientists and technologists(B) the inventions Japanese scientists are still making on the basis of science fiction(C) some of the examples of inventions created in science fiction(D) a few examples which will lead to the invention of the space elevator7. All of the following would be the features of the cables of the future space elevator EXCEPT that they would be.________(A) 22,000 miles long (B) exceptionally light(C) 180 times stronger than steel (D) made of fibres currently available8. According to the passage, the idea of the space elevator__________.(A) was first suggested by H.G Wells in his The Time Machine(B) was based on the warp drives from Star Trek by Arthur C. Clarke(C) was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarks in his The Fountains of Paradise(D) was the imagination of scientists from the Japan Space Elevator Association9. According to the passage, how is the idea of the space elevator different from some other imaginations in science fiction?__________(A) It is in agreement with the laws of science.(B) It is less functiona1 but more expensive.(C) It is easier to launch than other space vehicles.(D) It is more essential for the space elevator to break free of Earth's gravity.l0. If can be inferred from the passage that__________(A) science fiction stimulates the development of space science(B) science fiction usually does not follow the laws of science(C) science fiction has greatly changed life as we know it(D) science fiction will never equal the research of space explorationQuestions 11--15When the British artist Paul Day unveiled his nine metre-high bronze statue of two lovers 1ocked in an embrace at London's brand new St Pancreas Intenational station last year it was lambasted as "kitsch", "overb1own” and "truly horrific". Now, a brief glimpse of a new frieze to wrap around a plinth for The Meeting Place statue has been revealed, depicting "dream-like" scenes inspired by the railways. Passengers arriving from the continent will be greeted with a series of images including a Tube train driven by a ske1eton as a bearded drunk sways precariously c1ose to the passing train. Another shows the attempted suicide of a jilted lover under a train reflected in the sunglasses of a fellow passenger. Another section reveals a woman in short skirt with her legs wrapped round her lover while they wait for the next train. Other less controversial parts of the terracotta draft frieze depicts soldiers leaving on troop trains for the First World War and the evacuation of London's underground network after the terror attacks of 7 Ju1y 2005. Until the unveiling of The Meeting Place last year, Day, who lives in France, was best known for the Battle of Britain memorial on Embankment. His new frieze looks set to be a return to the sort of crammed bronze montages that has made him so well known. Day said he wanted the new plinth to act as the ying to the larger statue’s yang."For me this sculpture has always been about how our dreams collide with the real world," he said. "The couple kissing represent an ideal, a perfect dream reality that ultimately we cannot obtain. The same is true ofthe railways. They were a dream come true, an incredible feat of engineering but they also brought with them mechanized warfare, Blitzkieg and death."Day is stil1 working on the final bronze frieze which will be wrapped around the bottom of the plinth in June next year but he say he wants the 50 million passengers that pass through St Pancras every year to be able to get up close and personal with the final product. "The statue is like a signpost to be seen and understood from far away" he said. "Its size is measured in terms of the station itself .The frieze, on the other hand, is intended to capture the gaze of passers-by and lead them on a short journey of reflections about travel and change that echoes their presence in St Pancras, adding a very different experience to The Meeting Place sculpture". Brushing aside some of the criticism leveled at his work that has compared it to cartoons or comic strips, Day said he believed his work would stand the test of time. "All the crap that was hur1ed at the sculpture was just that, crap," he said. "The reaction from the critics was so strangely hosti1e but I be1ieve time wil1 tell whether people, not the art press, will va1ue the piece."When people criticise my reliefs for looking like comic strips they have got the wrong end of the stick. Throughout the ages, man has been telling stories through a series of pictures, whether it's stained glass windows, sculptures or photojournalism. My friezes are part of that tradition."Stephen Jordan, from London and Continental Rai1ways, which commissioned the piece, said: "The Meeting Place seeks to challenge and has been well received by visitors who love to photograph it. In addition, it performs an important role within the station, being visib1e from pretty much anywhere on the upper leve1 of St Pancras Intenational and doing exactly what was planned, making the perfect meeting place for friends."11. Which of the following is NOT true about The Meeting Place sculpture?(A) It has been completed with the rebuilding of the St Pancras International station.(B) It is located at London's new St Pancras International station.(C) It has been designed by the British artist Paul Day(D) It is a nine metre-high bronze statue of two lovers locked in an embrace.l2. The word “lambasted" from the sentence "it was lambasted as 'kitsch', 'overblown',and 'truly horrific"' (para.1) can be paraphrased as_______.(A applauded (B) evaluated (C) criticized (D) slanderedl3.When Paul Day says ''but they (the railways) a1so brought with then mechanized warfare, Blizkrieg and death" (para. 5), he means that _______.(A) without railways, there would be no mechanized warfare, Blitzkrieg and death(B) railways led to mechanized warfare, Blitzkreg and death(C) the building of railways came in the wake of warfare, Blitzkrieg and death(D) the building of railways shows that technology also has horrible destructive power14. When Paul Day says that "they (the critics) have got the wrong end of the stick" (Para. 8), he was telling us that_______.(A) they should not be so hostile to his creation(B) they are wrong to compare his creation to cartoons or comic strips(C) they do not get the essence of his friezes(D) they should know more about the tradition of human story telling15. According to Paul Day, The Meeting Place sculpture is intended________.(A) to display the controversial world of the past century(B) to demonstrate how the ying and the yang accommodatie each other(C) to picture the life of London people during those war years(D) to show how human dreams come into conflict with the real worldQuestions 16--20Britain, somewhat proudly, has been crowned the most watched society in the world. The country boasts 4.2 million security cameras (one for every l4 people), a number expected to double in the next decade. A typical Londoner makes an estimated 300 closed-circuit television (CCTV) appearances a day, according to the British nonprofit surveillance Studies Network, an average easily met in the short walk between Trafalgar Square and the Houses of Parliament. Public opinion on this state of affairs is generally positive, according to recent polls. And how useful is CCTV in busting bad guys? Not much, according to Scotland Yard. In terms of cost benefit, the enormous expenditure has done very little in actually preventing and solving crime. Right under Big Brother's nose, a new class of guerrilla artists and hackers are commandeering the boring, grainy images of vacant parking lots and empty corridors for their own purposes. For about $80 at any electronics supply store and some technical know-how, it is possible to tap into London's CCTV hotspots with a simple wireless receiver (sold with any home-security camera) and a battery to power it. Dubbed "video sniffing," the pastime evolved out of the days before broadband became widely availab1e, when “war-cha lkers”scouted the city for unsecured Wi-Fi networks and marked them with chalk using special symbols. Sniffing is catching on in other parts of Europe, spread by a small but globally connected community of practitioners." It's actual1y a really relaxing thing to do on a Sunday" says Joao Wilbert, a master's student in interactive media, who s1owly paces the streets in London like a treasure hunter, carefully watching a tiny handheld monitor for something to flicker onto the screen.The excursions pick up obscure, random shots from the upper comers of restaurants and hotel lobbies, or of a young couple shopping in a housewares department nearby. Eerily, baby cribs are the most common images. Wireless child monitors work on the same frequency as other surveillance systems, and are almost never encrypted or secured.Given that sniffing is illegal, some artists have found another way to obtain security footage: they ask for it, in a letter along with a check for 10. In making her film "Faceless," Australian-born artist Manu Lukschmade use of a little-known law, included within Britain's Date Protection Act, requiring CCTV operators to release a copy of their footage upon the request of anyone captured on their cameras. "Within the maximum period of 40 days I received some recordings in my mail," says Luksch. "And I though, Wow, that works well. Why not make a feature length, science-fiction love story?" After four years of performing, staging large dance ensembles in public atriums and submitting the proper paperwork, Luksch produced a haunting, beautifully choreographed film and social commentary in which the operators have blocked out each and every performer's face, in compliance with Britain's privacy laws."The Duelists," one of the more well known CCTV movies, was shot by filmmaker David Valentine entirely with the security cameras in a mall in Manchester. He was able to cajole his way into the control booth for the project, but he is also credited with having advanced video sniffing to an art form and social tool. He's collaborated with MediaShed, an organization based in Southend-on-Sea just outside London that works with homeless youth, using sniffing as a way to gain their interest and re-engage them with society.In some cases video sniffing has morphed into a form of hacking, in which the sniffer does more than just watch. Using a transmitter strong enough to override the frequency that most cameras use, sniffers can hijack wireless networks and broadcast different images back to the security desk. Most sniffers, hijackers and artists using CCTV are critical of the present level of surveillance, but they're also interested in establishing a dialogue about what is typically a secretive arrangement. The ability to tap into wireless surveillance systems and take them over points out a flaw in the elaborate security apparatus that has evolved around us.As anthropologists tell us, the act of observation changes what's being observed. Cameras 'reorder the environment," says Graham Harwood, artistic director of the group Mongrel, which specializes in digital media. That's especially true of saturated London. Like "flash mobs" and "wifipicning," both large, spontaneous gatherings of people centered around communications technology, sniffing and hijacking could become the next high-tech social phenomenon. Of course, it will likely disappear quickly once thesurvei1lance industry catches on to the shenanigans and beefs up its security. But the cameras will remain. 16. Which of the following can best be used as a title for the passage?_________.。
2012年上海理工大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年上海理工大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．Wi-Fi正确答案：无线保真技术2．ISO正确答案：国际标准化组织3．DNA正确答案：脱氧核糖核酸4．IMF正确答案：国际货币基金组织5．nitrogen oxide正确答案：氧化氮6．autoalarm正确答案：自动报警器7．biological agent正确答案：生物制剂8．Charles Darwin正确答案：查尔斯·达尔文9．multistage rocket正确答案：多级火箭10．radio navigational instruments 正确答案：无线电导航仪器11．probability theory正确答案：概率论12．geoastrophysics正确答案：天文地球物理学13．neon正确答案：霓虹灯14．semiconductor正确答案：半导体15．communicative translation正确答案：交际翻译汉译英16．矿物燃料正确答案：fossil fuel17．载人飞船正确答案：manned spacecraft 18．人工智能正确答案：artificial intelligence 19．信息类文本正确答案：informative text 20．电化学正确答案：electrochemistry21．千瓦正确答案：kilowatt22．功能对等正确答案：functional equivalence 23．工程制图正确答案：engineering drawing 24．改写本正确答案：adaptation25．克隆正确答案：clone26．机辅翻译正确答案：computer aided translation 27．博客搜索正确答案：blog search28．字面翻译正确答案：literal translation29．天宫1号太空舱正确答案：Tiangong 1 space capsule 30．同声传译正确答案：simultaneous interpretation 英汉互译英译汉31．One measure of a robust transportation system is the diversity of travel modes. US cities are dominated by a single mode: the private car. On average, each person in the US cities sampled in 1990 logged 10,870 kilometers(6,750 miles)of city driving more than a round trip across North America. Growth in car use in the US cities between 1980 and 1990 was 2,000 kilometers per person, nearly double the increase in the Canadian cities, which have the next highest driving level. In industrial countries, urban car use has tended to rise as population density has declined. US cities have led the trend toward dispersed, low-density development. Between 1983 and 1990, the average roundtrip commute to work in the United States grew 25%, to 17 kilometers(11 miles). As cities sprawl, cars become essential while transit, bicycling, and walking become less practical. Compact Asian and European cities thus have the highest levels of non-motorized transport.As car use rises, car-related problems mount. Fatal crashes, for example, increase. The exception is cities in developing countries, where low car use is offset by poor signals and safety regulations. Nonetheless, highly car-reliant US cities exceed even developing Asian cities in per capital traffic fatalities. Worldwide, traffic accidents kill some 885,000 people each year—equivalent to 10 fatal jumbo jet crashes per day—and injure many times more. [Key Words]log v. 把......记入航海(或飞行)transit n.运输，经过jumbo jet 大型喷气式客机正确答案：衡量一个交通体系发达的尺度就是多样化的出行方式。
2009年05月翻译专业资格考试(英语三级笔译实务)真题及答案
2009年05月翻译专业资格考试（英语三级笔译实务）真题及答案试题下载2009年05月翻译专业资格考试(英语三级笔译实务)真题及答案Section 1 English-Chinese Translation(英译汉)(50 points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.Business of Green: An appeal to slow down on biofuelLast Friday an advisory panel to the European Environment Agency issued an extraordinary scientific opinion: The European Union should suspend its goal of having 10 percent of transportation fuel made from biofuel by 2020.The European Union's biofuel targets were increased and extendedfrom 5.75 percent by 2010 to 10 percent by 2020 just last year. Still, Europe's well-meaning rush to biofuels, the scientists concluded, had produced a slew of harmful ripple effects-from deforestation in Southeast Asia to higher prices for grains.In a recommendation released last weekend, the 20-member panel, made up of some of Europe's most distinguished climate scientists, called the 10 percent target "overambitious" and an "experiment" whose "unintended effects are difficult to predict and difficult to control.""The idea was that we felt we needed to slow down, to analyze the issue carefully and then come back at the problem," Laszlo Somlyody, thepanel's chairman and a professor at the Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, said in a telephone interview.He said that part of the problem was that when it set the targets,the European Union was trying desperately to solve the problem of rising transportation emissions "in isolation," without adequately studying the effects of other sectors like land use and food supply."The starting point was correct: I'm happy that the European Uniontook the lead in cutting greenhouse gasses and we need to controltraffic emissions," Somlyody said. "But the basic problem is it thoughtof transport alone, without considering all these other effects. And we don't understand those very well yet."The panel's advice is not binding and it is not clear whether the European Commission will follow the recommendation.It has become increasingly clear that the global pursuit ofbiofuels-encouraged by a rash of targets and subsides in both Europe and the United States-has not produced the desired effect.Investigations have shown, for example, rain forests and peat swampare being cleared to make way for biofuel plantations, a process that produces more emissions than the biofuels can save. Equally concerning, land needed to produce food for people to eat is planted with more profitable biofuel crops, and water is diverted from the drinking supply.In Europe and the United States, food prices for items like pizzaand bread have increased significantly as grain stores shrink and wheat prices rise.The price of wheat and rice are double those of a year ago, and corn is a third higher, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said this week."Food price inflation hits the poor hardest, as the share of food in their total expenditures is much higher than that of wealthier populations," said Henri Josserand of the Food and Agriculture Organization.Biofuels are not, of course, the only reason for high food prices. Fuel to transport1试题下载 $100 a barrel. There have been unexpecteddroughts this year as well.Should we conclude that all biofuels are bad?No. But motivated by the obvious problems now emerging, scientists have begun to takea harder look at their benefitsFor example, the European Environment Agency advisory panel suggests that the bestuse of plant biomass is not for transport fuel but to heat homes and generate electricity.To be useful for vehicles, plant matter must be distilled to a fuel and oftentransported long distances. To heat a home, it can often be used raw or with minimalprocessing, and moved just a short distance away.答案:上周五，欧洲环境署下属的一个顾问小组提出了一个非同寻常的科学建议:欧盟应中止其2020年生物燃油站交通运输所需燃料百分之10的目标。
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2009年上海理工大学外语学院翻译试题
2009年上海理工大学攻读硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：翻译（英汉互译）准考证号：___________ 得分：______
I. Put the following into Chinese (75 points):
The Superannuated* Man (Excerpt)
Charles Lamb
For the first day or two I felt stunned, overwhelmed. I could only apprehend my felicity; I was too confused to taste it sincerely. I wandered about, thinking I was happy, and knowing that I was not. I was in the condition of a prisoner in the Old Bastile, suddenly let loose after a forty years’ confinement. I could scarce trust myself with myself. It was like passing out of Time into Eternity – for it is a sort of Eternity for a man to have his Time all to himself. It seemed to me that I had more time on my hands than I could ever manage. From a poor man, poor in Time, I was suddenly lifted up into a vast revenue; I could see no end of my possessions; I wanted some steward, or judicious bailiff, to manage my estates in Time for me. And here let me caution persons grown old in active business, not lightly, nor without weighing their own resources, to forego their customary employment all at once, for there may be danger in it. I feel it by myself, but I know that my resources are sufficient; and now that those first giddy raptures have subsided, I have a quiet home-feeling of the blessedness of my condition. I am in no hurry. Having all holidays, I am as though I had none. If Time hung heavy upon me, I could walk it away; but I do not walk all day long, as I used to do in those old transient holidays, thirty miles a day, to make the most of them. If Time were troublesome, I could read it away, but I do not read in that violent measure, with which, having no Time my own but candlelight Time, I used to weary out my head and eye-sight in by-gone winters. I walk, read, or scribble (as now) just when the fit seizes me.
I no longer hunt after pleasure; I let it come to me.
Note:
* superannuate: send (an employee) into retirement with a pension.
II. Put the following into English (75 points):
林黛玉回头见是宝玉，待要不理他，听他说“只说一句话，从此撂开手”，这话里有文章，少不得站住说道：“有一句话，请说来。
”宝玉笑道：“两句话，说了你听不听？”黛玉听
说，回头就走。
宝玉在后面叹道：“既有今日，何必当初！”林黛玉听见这话，由不得站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？”宝玉叹道：“当初姑娘来了，那不是我陪着玩笑？凭我心爱的，姑娘要，就拿去；我爱吃的，听见姑娘也爱吃，连忙干干净净收着，等姑娘吃。
一桌子吃饭，一床上睡觉。
丫头们想不到的，我怕姑娘生气，我替丫头们想到了。
我心里想着：姊妹们从小儿长大，亲也罢，热也罢，和气到了儿，才见得比人好。
如今谁承望姑娘人大心大，不把我放在眼睛里，倒把外四路的什么宝姐姐、凤姐姐的放在心坎儿上，倒把我三日不理，四日不见的。
我又没个亲兄弟亲姊妹。
虽然有两个，你难道不知道是和我隔母的？我也和你似的独出，只怕同我的心一样。
谁知我白操了这个心，弄的有冤无处诉！”说着，
不觉滴下眼泪来。
（摘自《红楼梦》第28章）
译文欣赏：
第一天,我感到震惊,或压得喘不过气来。
我仅能理解我的幸福,我太混淆品热诚。
我游荡,以为我是快乐的,我知道我不会。
我是一名囚犯在条件下,突然放生的老Bastile之后的40年监禁。
我能信任自己和自己稀缺。
它就像失去的时间进入永恒,因为它是一种永恒的人都有自己的时间。
在我看来,我有更多的时间比我能办到。
从一个穷人,贫穷的时候,我突然被高举到一个巨大的收益;我却看不出我的财产。
我想要一些管家,或者明智的围攻,来管理我的时间给我。
在这里,让我小心人老了,而不是在活跃的业务也没有重量轻,放弃自己的资源,其惯常的就业突然,因为可能有危险。
我觉得我自己,但我知道我有足够的资源;现在,那些已经平息了,我头晕就有一个安静的home-feeling幸福的条件。
我并不着急。
在所有的节日,我好像我什么也没有。
如果时间挂,我可以重走掉,但我不走,我整天都在使用中所做的那些旧的瞬态假日,三十英里,充分利用它们。
如果时间是麻烦,我能读懂它,但我不读,暴力,有哪,因为没有时间,我自己,但烛光时间,我感到厌烦了我的头,视力by-gone寒冬。
我走,阅读或杂感类(现在)只是当合适。
我抓住我不再亨特后,我把它的乐趣;到我这里来。
我喜欢这个男人。