托福阅读词汇题和指代题解题思路及步骤学生版

托福阅读的基本特征
（一）托福考试阅读部分的结构：
1. 篇章数：3+1；
2. 700字左右 / 篇;
3. 时间：60分钟+20分钟
（二）托福阅读文章分类：1. 解释说明型文章 2. 立论型文章 3. 历史题材型文章
（三）题目特点：
1. 题目数量：12-14 / 篇，总结题和填表为最后一题（两题只占一）
2. 十种题型：
① 词汇题② 事实信息题
③ 否定事实信息题④ 推断题
⑤ 句子简化题⑥ 修辞目的题
⑦ 指代题⑧ 插入题
⑨ 总结题⑩ 填表题
（四）托福算分方法：根据Raw Score排Rank（percentile）
（五）考试时间划分：纯考试时间：200’～250’
阅读60’ (80’)+听力60’(90’)+休息10’+口语20’+写作50’
（六）加试：不直接算分，衡量考生水平，平衡考试难度和分数分布
经典加试居多
（七）托福阅读的文章出处以及选材范围
阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材。

文章的选材范围有自然科学：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等；人文科学：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等；社会科学：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。

（八）托福阅读的文章类型及篇章段落结构
文章类型：三类：说明文、议论文、史实文。

三者合一统称为：学术性文章，具备说理性，即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。

托福文章篇章结构有规律可寻，段落组成有原则可守。

1. 学术性文章的篇章结构：
在学术性文章中，三个组成部分：Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度
Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"。

托福文章大都遵循这种结构。

2. 学术性文章的段落结构
学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的"TS+D段落结构"。

了解了这种TAA篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后，对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数，更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。

托福词汇类问题(Vocabulary Questions)
一、词汇类题目的问题的提问形式
新托福词汇类题目的出题形式通常为：
The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to
用来考察考生某单词在文章上下文中意思的问题类型最为常见。

二、答题步骤
第一步：在文章中定位到阴影标识的单词或短语。

认识单词直接选。

第二步：如为生词读原文，仔细阅读该词或短语所在句子。

第三步：根据上下文含义推测含义。

第四步：少量单词可由词根验证答案。

选择答案时，不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项，题目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了哪一个词义。

三、解题线索
1. 论点对论据TS+D
Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle.
The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. indefensibly
B. substantially
C. unintentionally
D. partially
2. 前后搭配
Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration, in an attempt to supplement meager family income.
The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. very necessary
B. very low
C. traditional
D. primary
3. 并列信息
…Absenteeism and lateness hurt produc tivity and since work was specialized, disrupted the regular f act ory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. prolonged
B. established
C. followed
D. upset
4. 因果逻辑
In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
The word meticulously in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. carefully
B. quickly
C. frequently
D. obviously
5. 反向逻辑
The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres consisting of varying amounts of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best.
The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. rich
B. thin
C. unique
D. complex
6. 词根词缀
The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domestica te, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl’s “American Indians in the Pacific” theories.
The word undisputed in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. mysterious
B. unexpected
C. acknowledged
D. significant
托福阅读指代题
一、问题形式
被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。

指代题的形式如下：
The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to
二、解题步骤
1．根据解题技巧确定答案
2．代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺
三、基本原则
1．就近指代
所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。

有时也出现在更前面的一句中。

例如，
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas,
and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy
2．数格一致
被指代对象通常与指代词在数（如单数或复数）和格（主格或宾格）两方面相同。

如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。

四、主要思路
1．主从复合句中的指代
在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。

例如，
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
The word they in the passage refers to
1）qualities
2）fins
3）grooves
4）depressions
如果主从复合句中一个句子（可以是主句，也可以是从句）使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。

例如，
Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
The word none in the passage refers to
food
plant or animal
energy
big body
2．并列动词中的指代
如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。

例如，
Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
The word “that” in line 27 refers to
(A) contemporary art
(B) opportunity
(C) audience
(D) distinction
3．平行结构中的指代
平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。

在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。

例如，
In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
The word others in the passage refers to
chambers
paintings
beasts
parades
4．所有格的指代
所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。

例如，
Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner. The word “their” in line 1 refers to
(A) folk
(B) nations
(C) countries
(D) objects
5．指代的接力棒现象
这一现象是指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词，而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词。

例如，
While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.
The word “they” in line 8 refers to
(A) North Americans
(B) news shows
(C) interviews
(D) opinions
除了上述情况之外，其他指代，如定语从句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的关系代词指代先行词，from there结构中的there指代前面最接近的地点名词等。

例题1：
Passage：“…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs，geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides， they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns，so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”
The word they in the passage refers to
A. applied-art objects
B. the laws of physics
C. containers
D. the sides of pots
例题2：
Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719，the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia， 2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution， if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770，serving all 13 colonies…”
The word which in the passage refers to
A. distribution
B. sale
C. newspaper
D. postal service。