流行病学 绪论

40s-50s of 20 century
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
Earlier stage: ----- 18th century
From there is the human history of civilization to the 18th century. During this time ,This discipline( branch) not yet forms, but had its embryonic form.
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
医学 Medicine

Basic medicine

基础医学


Clinical medicine
Preventive medicine


-Edward Jenner (1796) He used cowpox immunization in preventing smallpox.
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
The Black Death in Europe ca.1300s
欧洲黑死病
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
提出设立比较组的思想
将统计学引入流行病学领域
《Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality》
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
-John Graunt (1620-1674)
Use death data to study distribution of disease
Make first life table calculate
expectation of life Summarizes death process with
-Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
A First Epidemiologist
《Epidemic Ⅰ》 《Epidemic Ⅲ》
《On Airs, Waters and Places》
-中国：“疫”、“时疫”、“疫疠”
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
2. Form stage
Lind .James 1716—1795
- A surgeon of English navy
- By means of experiment scurvy Epidemiologic
Discovered
Orange
prevent
Start the experimental Epidemiology
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
John Graunt (1620-1674)
利用死亡数据进行死亡分布及规律性研究 创制了第一张寿命表，计算期望寿命
用生存概率和死亡概率来概括死亡经历
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ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Features
Prospect
Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
Brief History of Epidemiology 流行病学简史

学科形成前期
-18世纪

Before the form of Epidemiology
probability of survival and death
Producce control group idea
His contribution is the first time to introduce
Statistics to Epidemiology
《Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality》
1347-1351年 鼠疫导致2400万人死亡
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
Italy-- Venice ---- the earliest quarantine
15th Century : The people in order to avoid the infectious disease spreading, the request external ships must Away (outside) from the port 40 days .That is (quadraginta (latin =40)) →. 1423: set up first infectious diseases hospital
一、学科形成前期-18世纪
自从有人类文明到18世纪. 这期间,该
学科（ 分支） 尚未形成，但已形成雏形.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
第一个流行病学家
主要的流行病学著作： 《Epidemic Ⅰ》 《Epidemic Ⅲ》 《On Airs, Waters and Places》
中国：“疫”“时疫”“疫疠”
中国：隋朝开设“疠人坊”
(leprosy hospital) 隔离麻风病人
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
意大利威尼斯－最早的检疫
14世纪 外来船只必须在港外停留检疫40天
quadraginta (拉丁语，意思为40) → quarantine
1423年成立了首家传染病隔离医院
中国：隋朝开设 “疠人坊”以隔 离麻风病人
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
CONTENTS 目录
History
Definition Methods Principle Application 历史 定义
方法
原理 应用 特点 展望

出生时男性多于女性， 但男性死亡高 婴儿死亡率高 发病呈季节变动 比较急性与慢性疾病 城市与农村死亡比较



农村象城市流动
首次尝试寿命表
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
--1700s

学科形成期
18世纪末-20 世纪初

Forming of Epidemiology
End of 1700s— beginning of 20 century

学科发展期（现代 流行病学时期）
20世纪40、50 年代-

Development of Epidemiology （Modern Epidemiology）
In 1979 WHO declared that smallpox has been eliminated in the whole world. Smallpox eradication should be attributed to his research .
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
Sir Percivall Pott: 1775

English surgeon in London We all best known for ―Pott’s fracture‖
He is one of earliest accounts of cause and effect linkage for an occupational carcinogen.
Graunt’s Observations

Excess of males over females among births but higher mortality in males High infant mortality rate Seasonal variation in morbidity Acute versus chronic diseases Urban versus rural mortality Rural migration to the city First attempts at a life table
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
(1796)
接种牛痘
预防天花
开创了主动免疫的先河
施民安. 琴纳发现牛痘预防天花的经过. 见:钱宇平, 主编. 流行病学 18 研究实例 (第1卷). 北京: 人民卫生出版社，1984. p38-42.
Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
医学之母 The mother of medicine
Because, the epidemiology is from macro point of view to observe the any question. e.g. from macro point of view to study the disease and health. 因为流行病学是从宏观观察问题， 亦即从宏观研究疾病和健康
Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
流行病学绪论
Introduction of Epidemiology
哈尔滨医科大学流行病学教研室
Department of epidemiology ，Harbin Medical University
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
二、学科形成期
James Lind (1716-1794) VitC缺乏 – 坏血病 (1747)
开创了流行病学临床试验的先河
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University
He found that the scrotal cancer was particularly in the workers of Chimney (stovepipe) cleaning
临床医学
预防医学
Epidemiology has always been a necessary part of medicine practice. 流行病学一直医学实践必不可少的部分
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Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University