中国地质大学(北京)2017年考博英语翻译

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2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:70

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:70

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题I went to see a movie last night. The film was a British comedy that had been(1) to me bya number of my friends. It turned (2)to bejust as funny as they’d said it would be. I(3) so hard that there weretears in my eyes, especially at the climax toward the end. The film is without (4)the funniest that I’ve ever seen. When you get a(5) , youshould see it (6).句意:昨晚我去看了一部电影。

这是一部英国喜剧电影,由很多我的朋友向我推荐。

它证明是如他们所说的那样有趣。

我笑得那么厉害,以致我的眼泪都出来了,尤其是在接近尾声的高潮时。

这部电影无疑是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。

如果你有机会的话,你也应当去看看。

【答案】1.recommended2.outughed4.doubt5.chance6.too【解析】1.语义题。

句意:由很多我的朋友推荐。

2.固定搭配。

turn out证明是,原来是。

3.逻辑衔接。

由后面的关键词“ ....the funniest that I’v e ever seen是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。

”可推知这里指“笑得厉害到眼泪都出来了”。

4.固定搭配。

without doubt 毫无疑问。

5.逻辑衔接。

句意为:若有机会,你也应当去看看。

6.语义题。

句意: 若有机会,你也应当去看看。

2.填空题Do you know how we can get ()to hold an outdoor concert on campus?【答案】permission【解析】固定搭配。

中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识点汇总

中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识点汇总

中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识点汇总1.状语从句省略(分词作状语):从句的主语和状语从句的主语一致,状从省略采用分词作状语。

例句:(Because)being short of money,we can’t afford a TV set.=Because we are short of money,we can’t afford a TV set.Xu yao quan guo ge da yuan xiao kao bo ying yu zhen ti shi juan qing jia qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi,huo er ba jiu ling ling liu si san wu yi.ye ke yi bo da quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba xiang shou kao bo fu dao ti yan.2.并列句:由and,or,but连接的两个句子成为并列句。

3省略句/倒装:so/系动词/助动词/情态动词+sb表示“前者情况适用于后者”。

例句:You are a student,so am I.4.定语从句who引导的限定性定从。

例句:Do you remember the girl who taught us English?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?练习题:41.Science has brought________many changes in our lives.[A]for[B]to[C]in[D]with42.________born in Chicago,the author is most famous for his stories about New York City.[A]Although[B]Since[C]As[D]When43.Allen and I are in the same history class,but his assignment is different________mine.[A]with[B]from[C]against[D]to44.They have all got up,and________.[A]Jack has too[B]so has Jack[C]Jack hasn't[D]also has Jack45.I am sure that________you said is wrong.[A]which[B]all[C]this[D]what46.________four years since John left school.[A]They have been[B]It is[C]It was[D]Those are47.I have been to the doctor's about my headache.He says there is________.[A]something serious[B]anything serious[C]not serious[D] nothing serious48.This bicycle is his,not________.[A]their[B]hers[C]her[D]your49.A good writer is________who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A]that[B]he[C]one[D]this50.Those are very pleasant rooms.How much do you________them?[A]want[B]demand[C]ask for[D]ask51.His honesty is________:nobody can doubt it.[A]in question[B]out of the question[C]beside the question[D]without question52.It was the largest experiment we have ever had;it________ six hours.[A]ended[B]finished[C]was[D]lasted53.The gloves were really too small,and it was only by________ them that I managed to get them on.[A]spreading[B]squeezing[C]extending[D]stretching54.Although the false banknotes fooled many people,they did not ________close examination.[A]put up[B]keep up[C]stand up to[D]look up to55.Today,housework has been made much easier by electrical ________.[A]facilities[B]appliances[C]instruments[D]equipment56.Charles has not the least________of giving up his research.[A]intention[B]idea[C]play[D]desire57.That shop doesn't have brown sugar in________at the moment, but they expect to have some tomorrow.[A]storage[B]stock[C]sale[D]demand58.The country has a system of________,most of which date back to the nineteenth century.[A]watercourses[B]rivers[C]canals[D]channels59.The farmers had to wear heavy boots in the winter because the fields were so wet and________.[A]dusty[B]earthy[C]soiled[D]muddy60.My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very________ about the food he eats.[A]special[B]peculiar[C]particular[D]unusual。

1997-2010年中国地质大学(北京)博士英语答案

1997-2010年中国地质大学(北京)博士英语答案

(下载后Ctrl+A全选,然后选择字体黑色即可显示)1997-2010年中国地质大学(北京)博士入学考试答案1997年:填空答案preparingan, sincewas, grewlikekindcome/ be; tells; beenheated; temperature; turns/changes enough; Let’sat; hadnext; indespitefeweruntildid; damagehappen; ownsenjoyingabout; billion; atpass; tookwhosesuccessful; succeeded; published; over; information;appeared; an; agreed; stage/phasedoubt; just/ really; reason; act/ work applied; neitherThought; able1998with; anaffectingbetweengrew; ws; has; since; likehwose; whenpassed; took; faileduntil; comes; idearate; situation/problemmission/ aim/purposeroseexperiment rely/depend; Withoutpublished; result; dealtakenreasons; tryingcausing/ bringon; insurprised;would; werewhich; millionwhether;should;held; in; just;attendused/abledoubttaking; managed; began1999whichequal; largerfree/ sparehowever;delay/ postponewhose; in/lyingpuzzled/depressed; tonobody; easy; bothcausing; idea;bringing/ causingwish; decision; find out; taking/ hiring. doubt; these; bad; ask/invite; pressure; before; comes; like; case; were already; other; soongrew;born; moved/assigned; it; from; finished; admitted; became; entered; located; busy; careergot/ receivedregrettailureThough/Although; praise/ congratulate 2000nervus/ worried/ anxious/ uneasy/fidgety/tense; travelled/ flown;worrywrotemay/might; rombetter; missnoisemeasuringtake; passed; done; studyingseeing/ meeting; the /her/ourlikeunlikethan; elementsjam; took; place/office/ factory equipment; imported; learning/ studying; excpt/ save/savingaffected/ decidedwhilecompany/ corporation; world enough; harderused; however/ acutallyexplain; obvious/clearstolen;prevented/stoppedrather; nothinglaughingluckily/fourtunately; balming; things/materials/goodswouldn’t; less; consider/ think2001funrathersurprised/astonishedin; bycausedin; byalthough/though; keptplease/ satisfied/happy; lackfind/consider/think; however; on scientists; working; health/ condition out; return; callcaught; stuck ; way;was;hadtend; moreover/ also/ besides; much/far; problem/ question/difficulty; such; repairing/ maintainingan; killedused. Quitted/ stopped; cancer;seeing/watching; advertisement complicated/puzzling/ boring/ inintelligible/dull; fall;sleepy/ frowsy/ boredattend; reserve;book; trouble/difficulties/ problems/ troublespesrsuading; offered/provided/ given; refused ; nobody; job2002at; tookavoid/ prevent; hitmustbored/ tired; needs/ wantsseen; used; rid; too costly/ expensive in; by ; gettingother/ more; lots; these8. occured/ happened; killed; did; recover as; wasn’t ;foundwhose;tell/ see/distinguish/find; year shouting/crying/ yelling; difficulty/ trouble/ problemneither; government; merge; jobs composed; latteridentify/ analyzeGames; on ; announcement / decision average/ incredibleregret; missedreputation/ name; angry/ surprised/ desappointedcomplain;themselves; against warned; choice/ alternatiive/ option 2003was; grewclearly/ neatly/carefully/ distinctly some; decided/ intendedinvented; centurybymeanschef/ cook; talent/ skillringing; perhapswhoseenough; wonder/ doubtmentioned/described/reported; held unless; exceptions/ optionspopularhwole/hottestangry/ furious/ indignant; of ; stolen smoking; health/lungplaying; minesurprisedbroke; ought; managedsettle; smaller/bigger/largercarried; results/ findingsreally/ comletely/such; would ; on watching; hardly/ couldn’tboth; much/ far/ becominggot/received/read; postponed/ delayed driving; countriesnone; now/ available/stocked/ left2004an; unlikemuch/farcarry/ liftexplained; difficultydamaged; forshallturned/ handedtired/ exhausteditsome; pregnantcharges; check;stayedaboutwore; elseownsinterestedfun; happy; almost/ enarly; untilwritten/ published/ printed; none; trying/eager; happenhad; wonderexpectedoftenanswering;; annoyedgive; the ; expert; lot since/ asloaf; unfortunately/unluckily; cheap reachapply; expired; Embassy; lasts/takes 2005weather; drove closes/ opens; checksmoothly; lessexcept; elsemaytaught;job; facotry/ plantangry; would; tookwith; enjoyed/ funduring; moises/noisejokes; everlooking; wait; findapprove; thing/ habit; chance/possibility/ dangerof; used; prison/ jaildifficulty; complainwent/left; start/ go/ leaveby; workprevent/stop/avoidneither;work/orderplanned; unable; howeversucheachheavier/fattermust;strange/oddfew;reluctant/unwillingwithout; unless2006returning/ back; foran; doubt; howeveroftendifference; look. Are.seem microscope;nakedbefore; excited; staying; blocks ; forward at; regards ;soonidea; anyone/ anybodyavailable; mind ;insteadgettingthose; what/ anything; other; along/in/ on/ downunder; coolertook could; exactly ; contrast; tends left; wanted; wouldn’ttime; had; fortunately; another; charge unusual/strange; wondermaking/giving/delivering; helpbitten/chasedhad/ madehis2007wroteallowed/permitted/ asked/ told reading; agosurprsing/odd/funnytimes; often/frequentlyin; saysdelayed/ postponed; informed/ clear differencespent; wonderno; dealan; enjoy; know;whiletaughtidea/suggestion; goingbigger/smaller/largerattended; sponsored/held; a lasted; followed; some/ all/oneused; injured; still; if/though; since rose; for; dropping/fallingwhose;doing; until; need/havebetter; mightsoonsold; according; story/storey; as2008attendOlympic; heldwhoseaccidentweighimportedsome; about; inlet; carclean; before/unlessbigger; couple; take; onsince; went; taughthit/striken/damaged; collapsed/ damaged; killed/deadan; provide/offer/find; matter补充说明:关于provideProvide 常用的结构是provide sb withsth,和provide sth for sb 如:The hotel provides a shoe-cleaning service for guests.宾馆为顾客提供一项擦鞋的服务。

北京地大考博专业英复习材料

北京地大考博专业英复习材料

1 Description of Igneous RocksThe classification of igneous rocks is based first on the size of grains and second on the mineralogical composition. A coarsegrained rock is one in which the grain size is large enough for us to recognize individual minerals either with the naked eye or with the aid of a low-power magnifying lens. A fine-grained rock is one in which the grains are too small to be distinguished from each other and in which the "groundmass" appears homogeneous. Rock characteristics such as the sizes and shapes of grains and their arrangement are generally referred to in the broad category of texture.Once we have subdivided the igneous rocks into coarse and fine grained, the next major breakdown is made on the basis of mineralogical composition. To describe coarse-grained rocks①, we shall use the name granite for all rocks containing quartz; diorite for rocks without quartz but having a preponderance of feldspar (generally plagioclase); and gabbro for rocks in which dark minerals such as hornblende and augite predominate over other minerals. Actually the percentages of quartz, orthoclase or microcline, plagioclase, hornblende, augite, and olivine vary gradually from one rock to another, and the boundaries we have placed to delineate the various rock types are arbitrary. Thus, most rocks containing large amounts of quartz are also rich in potassium feldspar and comparatively impoverished in dark minerals such as hornblende and augite. Olivine occurs only in rocks comparatively rich in hornblende and augite, or in the special and rather rare rock peridotite. Olivine and quartz cannot occur together, because the two would react to form a pyroxene.The fine-grained rocks have a range of chemical composition nearly identical to that of the coarse-grained rocks②. The classification, however,is not based on chemical composition but on the presence of visible and readily identifiable minerals. Consequently, the rocks which are completely fine grained are virtually unclassifiable except under very high-power magni-fication. Most fine-grained rocks, however, contain a small percentage of grains which are sufficiently coarse to be identified with the aid of a hand lens. These grains which are larger than their surrounding minerals are called phenocrysts, and a rock containing phenocrysts is said to have a porphyritic texture. The classification of fine-grained rocks, then, is based on the proportion of minerals which form phenocrysts and these phenocrysts reflect the general composition of the remainder of the rook. The fine-grained portion of a porphyritic rock is generally referred to as the groundm ass of the phenocrysts. The terms "porphyritic" and "phenocrysts" are not restricted tofine-grained rocks but may also apply to coarse-grained rocks which contain a few crystals distinctly larger than the remainder.The term obsidian refers to a glassy rock of rhyolitic composition. In general, fine-grained rocks consisting of small crystals cannot readily be distinguished from③glassy rocks in which no crystalline material is present at all. The obsidians, however, are generally easily recognized by their black and highly glossy appearance. Pumice is a white porous glass of the same com-position as obsidian. Apparently the difference between the modes of formation of obsidian and pumice is that in pumice the entrapped water vapors have been able to escape by a frothing process which leaves a network of interconnected pore spaces, thus giving the rock a highly porous and open appearance.④Pegmatite is a rock which is texturally the exact opposite of obsidian.⑤Pegmatites are generally formed as dikes associated with major bodies of granite. They are characterized by extremely large individual crystals; in some pegmatites crystals up to several tens of feet in length have been identified, but the average size is measured in inches. Most mineralogical museums contain a large number of spectacular crystals from pegmatites.Peridotite is a rock consisting primarily of olivine, though some varieties contain pyroxene in addition. It occurs only as coarse-grained intrusives, and no extrusive rocks of equivalent chemical composition have ever been found.Tuff is a rock which is igneous in one sense and sedimentary in another⑥.A tuff is a rock formed from pyroclastic material which has been blown out of a volcano and accumulated on the ground as individual fragments called ash.Two terms are useful to refer solely to the composition of igneous rocks regardless of their textures. The term silicic signifies an abundance of silica-rich and light-colored minerals, such as quartz, potassium feldspar, and sodic plagioclase. The term basic signifies an abundance of dark colored minerals relatively low in silica and high in calcium, iron, and magnesium. Such minerals would include hornblende, augite, and calcic plagioclase. Some geologists refer to olivine-rich rocks as ultrabasic.New wordsaccumulate [☜kju:mjuleit] v. 堆积appearance [☜pi☜r☜ns] n. 外表arbitrary [ a:bitr☜ri] a. 人为的ash [✌☞] n. 火山灰augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石basic [ beisik] a. 基性的breakdown [ breikdaun] n. v. 分解calcic [ k✌lsik] a. 钙的calcium [ k✌lsi☜m] n. 钙category [ k✌ti♈☜ri] n. 类型,范畴classification [kl✌sifi kei☞☜n] n. 分类crystal [ kristl] n. 晶体crystalline [ krist☜lain] a. 晶质的dike [daik] n. 岩墙diorite [ dai☜rait] n. 闪长岩distinctly [dis ti☠ktli] ad. 明显地entrap [in tr✌p] v. 圈闭,feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石fragment [ fr✌♈m☜nt] n. 碎片frothing fr i☠] n. 沸腾,发泡gabbro [ ♈✌br☜u] n. 辉长岩glassy [ ♈la:si] a. 玻璃质的glossy [ ♈l si] a. 有光泽的granite [ ♈r✌nit] n. 花岗岩groundmass [ ♈raundm✌s] n. 基质homogeneous [ֽh m☜d✞i:ni☜s] 均匀的hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石igneous [ i♈ni☜s] a. 火成的impoverish [im p v☜ri☞] vt. 使无力,使枯竭intrusive [in tru:siv] n. 侵入体interconnect [ int☜k☜nekt] vt. 使相互连接(连通)iron [ ai☜n] n. 铁magnesium [m✌♈ni:zj☜m] n. 镁magnification [m✌♈nifi kei☞☜n] n. 放大镜microcline [ maikr☜uklain] n. 微斜长石network [ netw☯:k] n. 网状物,网络obsidian [☜b sidi☜n] n. 黑耀岩olivine [ livi:n] n. 橄榄石orthoclase [ : ☜ukleis] n. 正长石pegmatite [ pe♈m☜tait] n. 伟晶岩peridotite [ p☜ri d☜utait] n. 橄榄岩phenocryst [ fi:n☜krist] n. 斑晶plagioclase [ pleid✞i☜ukleis] n. 斜长石porous [ p :r☜s] a. 多孔的porphyritic [ֽp :fi ritik] a. 斑状的potassium [p☜t✌si☜m] n. 钾pumice [ p✈mis] n. 浮岩pyroclastic [ֽpair☜u kl✌stik] a. 火成碎屑的pyroxene [pai r ksi:n] n. 辉石quartz [kw :ts] n. 石英remainder [ri meind☜] n. 剩余,残余silica [ silik☜] n. 二氧化硅silicic [si lisik] a. 硅质的sodic [ s☜udik] a. 钠的surrounding [s☜raundi☠] a. 周围的texture [ tekst☞☜] n. 结构tuff [t✈f] n. 凝灰岩ultrabasic [ֽ✈ltr☜beisik] a. 超基性的unclassifiable [ֽ✈n kl✌sifai☜bl] a. 不可分类的volcano [v l kein☜u] n. 火山2 Description of Sedimentary RocksIn the case of sedimentary rocks we can start with a broad two-fold classification. The first group consists of those rocks in which the component materials have been derived from preexisting rocks, and have been moved-perhaps great distances-to the ultimate site of deposition①. Rocks of this type are commonly referred to as clastic or detrital. A second broad group of sedimentary rocks consists of those rocks whose component materials have been formed either in or very close to the ultimate site of deposition. Such rocks include chemical precipitates and certain types of sediments which consist largely of the broken shells of organisms that lived in or near the depositional environment. This second group of rocks includes the limestones and dolomites and is commonly referred to as chemical.Clastic rocks are generally subdivided largely on the basis of the grain size of the component material. The commonly used terms are: CONGLOMERATES AND BRECCIAS. These are rocks which consist of pebble-and cobble-sized material. In a conglomerate the grains are reasonably smooth and rounded. In a breccia the grains areirregular and angular. Conglomerates and breccias generally develop in areas quite close to their source rocks.SANDSTONES. Sediments consisting primarily of sand-sized materials constitute approximately one-fourth of the sedimentary rocks exposed on the continents. The predominant minerals of sandstones are quartz and feldspars, and in many sandstones quartz constitutes virtually the entire sediment. Minerals such as biotite, hornblende, and augite, which are common in igneous source rocks, are comparatively unstable in contact with the air and water of the earth's surface. Hence the proportion of quartz and feldspar is increased in sedimentary rocks over its percentage in igneous rocks. Geologists commonly subdivide sandstones into three different groups: orthoquartzites, arkoses and graywackes.SILTSTONES. These are rocks that are composed of hardened silt.SHALE. Shale is best defined as consisting of extremely fine--grained minerals in the size range designated as clay. In addition to this size definition for shale particles, many of the minerals that are found in the shale are commonly referred to as clay minerals. In fact, fine-grained muscovite is one of the major clay minerals and is probably the most common component of the ordinary shale. Nearly two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks are shale.The chemical rocks are primarily limestones, consisting of the mineral calcite and dolomite. Carbonate rocks comprise approximately five percent of all of the known sediments. Limestones are classified as chemical largely by a terminological convention, and because it②is felt that the material constituting limestones has generally been deposited by some type of chemical precipitation from water.Apparently almost all limestones were originally deposited in the ocean. One of the best pieces of evidence for a marine origin for the average limestone is the fact that the bulk of the calcite in most limestones consists of small pieces of shells of marine invertebrates③. Many limestones, in fact, consist almost exclusively of pieces ofbrachiopods, mollusks, corals, or other organisms. In addition to shell fragments, limestones contain a large variety of other types of material. Oolites, for example, are small spherical aggregates of calcium carbonate.Dolomites are less common than limestones, although they are extremely abundant in deposits of certain periods. There appear to be two major types of dolomites. The first occurs as broad extensive beds of relatively finegrained homogeneous material. It looks almost identical to fine-grained limestone and can be distinguished only by simple chemical tests. The other type of dolomite consists generally of more coarsely crystalline material. This type of dolomite generally does not form extensive beds but may occur as irregular patches within a sequence of limestones. In many cases these patches cut across the bedding or other original features of the limestones, and the dolomite quite clearly has formed after deposition of limestone.Halite, gypsum, and related materials constitute a very small portion of the geologic record and occur in only a few places on the earth's surface. These minerals are generally grouped together under the term evaporites.Two other sediments of extremely restricted occurrence should also be mentioned. One of these is a rock which consists exclusively of fine-grained SiO2 and is called chert. In most cases, this SiO2 is not in the crystalline form of quartz, and in some rocks the material is completely amorphous. Another minor but highly important, type of sediment is referred to as iron formation. Iron formation generally consists of iron oxides, such as magnetite and hematite, interbedded with chert. The importance of these rocks is that a small amount of chemical alteration converts them into highly concentrated hematite rocks, generally by a partial removal of the chert, and the resulting hematite rock forms the major iron ore deposits of the world.New Wordsaggregate [ ✌grigeit] n. 集合体amorphous [☜m :f☜s] a. 非晶质的arkose [ a:k☜us] n. 长石砂岩augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石biotite [ bai☜tait] n. 黑云母breccia [ bret☞☜] n. 角砾岩broad [br :d] a. 概括的chert [t☞☜:t] n. 燧石coarsely [ k :sli] ad. 粗, 粗糙地cobble [k bl] n. 中砾石convention [k☜n ven☞☜n] n. 惯例definitely [ definitli] ad. 确定地description [dis krip☞☜n] n. 描述detrital [di trait☜l] a. 碎屑的evaporite [i v✌p☜rait] n. 蒸发岩extensive [iks tensiv] a. 广阔的group [♈ru:p] n. 群,类,分类hardened [ ha:d☜nd] a. 变硬的,固结的hematite [ hem☜tait] n.赤铁矿hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石mollusk [ m l☜sk] n. 软体动物muscovite [ m✈sk☜vait] n. 白云母oolite [ ☜u☜lait] n. 鲕石partial [ pa:☞☜l] a. 部分的patch [p✌t☞] n. 碎片,团块pebble [pebl] n. 卵石predominant [pri d min☜nt] a. 主要的,占优势的sand-sized 砂粒级的terminological [ֽt☜:min☜l d✞ik☜l] a. 术语学的two-fold 二倍的,二重的3 Origin of Metamorphic RocksThe composition, texture, and structure of metamorphic rocks are affected by a number of factors. One of the primary factors is, of course, the composition of the parent or original material before metamorphism. Thus a limestone cannot be converted into a quartzite, and a quartzite cannot be converted into an eclogite. Rocks of identical chemical composition, however, may be quite different after metamorphism depending upon the conditions of the metamorphic process itself. Metamorphictemperatures range over several hundreds of degrees; pressures range over several thousands of atmospheres, and directed stress may or may not be present. A fourth factor which may have considerable effect on the nature of the minerals formed is the presence or absence of large amounts of water vapor in pores between the minerals during metamorphism. This vapor, being highly mobile, may be present during metamorphism and then lost subsequently, possibly upon exposure of the rock to the earth's surface.Most geologists feel that the major factor affecting the composition and mineralogy of a metamorphic rock is temperature. As a sediment such as shale is exposed to gradually increasing temperature, a whole series of reactions take place. Clay minerals tend to form such minerals as muscovite and biotite; and upon increasing temperature the muscovite and biotite may react further with other materials to yield minerals such as feldspar, garnet, and perhaps amphibole or pyroxene. Rocks of similar chemical composition but different mineralogy are said to be metamorphose d to a different degree or to have a different metamorphic rank. Another effect of the increase of temperature is the formation of larger mineral grains. In metamorphic reactions the sizes of minerals may also be controlled in part by the direction of major stress.The typical metamorphic sequence starts with an ordinary sediment and finishes with a rock of vastly different mineralogy, density, and texture. With increase in temperature and pressure, the ordinary shaly sediment is converted into a slate, further into a schist, and finally into a gneiss.Let us, for example, assume that in some metamorphic area we find a trend from slates on the east to gneisses and other more highly metamorphosed rocks on the west; we would then say that metamorphic rank has increased from east to west. As indicated above, many geologists would correlate this increase in rank with an increase in temperature, though other factors may complicate the decision. The metamorphic process we have just described has led to the development of a series of foliated rocks in which the foliation surfaces are generally considered to be perpendicular to the major compressional stress. Metamorphism under these conditions is ordinarily termed regional, for such sequences of metamorphic rock are deve1oped over very wide areas, in many cases measured in terms of thousands of square miles.Another type of metamorphism may be called contact metamorphism. This represents a series of changes that take place in wall rocks surrounding intrusions. Where a magma is injected into much colder wall rocks, the rocks tend to change mineralogically in adjustment to the higher temperatures and develop a suite minerals rather similar in most aspects to those developed during regional metamorphism. The major difference between contact and regionally metamorphosed rocks is the virtual absence of foliation or other directional features in contact rocks. The absence of directional features implies an absence of major directional stress, and at first sight, the absence of such stress seems to contradict the concept of a melt being thrust into a sequence of preexisting rocks. Apparently, however, most intrusions are formed in areas where the wall rocks may be shoved aside by the magma with sufficient ease so that directional stresses are soon lost, and the metamorphism attendant upon increased temperature in the slowly heated wall rock takes place in a situation of almost uniform pressure.New Wordsthrust [ r✈st] n. v. 逆掩amphibole [ ✌mfib☜ul] n. 角闪石aside [☜said] ad. 旁边,开atmosphere [ ✌tm☜sfi☜] n. 大气圈attendant [☜tend☜nt] a. 伴随的complicate [ k mplikeit] vt. 使复杂化compressional [k☜m pre☞☜nl] a. 压性的compressional stress 压应力contact metamorphism 接触变质作用contradict [k ntr☜dikt] n. 矛盾directed [di rektid] a. 定向的directed stress 定向应力eclogite [ ekl☜d✞ait] n. 榴辉岩feature [ fi:t☞☜] n. 特征,要素,构造feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石foliated [ f☜ulieitid] a. 叶片状的garnet [ ♈a:nit] n. 石榴石gneiss [nais] n. 片麻岩in terms of 以……方式inject [in d✞ekt] v. 贯入intrusion [in tru:✞☜n] n. 侵入,侵入体melt [melt] 熔体metamorphic [met☜m :fik] a. 变质的pyroxene [ pai☜r ksi:n] n. 辉石metemorphic rank 变质级别regionally [ ri:d✞☜n☜li] ad. 区域上schist [☞ist] n. 片岩shove [☞✈v] v. 推,挤浆,强使slate sleit] n. 板岩soda [ s☜ud☜] n. 氧化钠suite [swi:t] n. 一套, 一组4 FaultsA fault is a planar discontinuity between blocks of rock that have been displaced past one another, in a direction parallel to the discontinuity. A fault zone is a tabular region containing many parallel or anastomosing faults (Fig. 7.9.b). A shear zone, in the sense preferred here, is a zone across which blocks of rock have been displaced in a faultlike manner, but without prominent development of visible faults. Shear zones are thus regions of localized ductile deformation, in contrast to fault zones that are regions of localized brittle deformation. Another distinction is the normal component of displacement, which is negligible for faults and fault zones, may be appreciable for shear zones. The displacement across a shear zone can be inclined at any angle, other than 90°, to the boundaries of the zone. In another common usage [Dennis (1967, p. 133)] the term shear zone refers to a tabular region of pervasively faulted rock, that is, a fault zone containing a very large number of closely spaced and anastomosing fault surfaces.The rock immediately above and below any nonvertical fault is referred to, respectively, as the hanging wall and the footwall of the fault. The displacement vector connecting originally contiguous points in the hanging wall and footwall is called the net slip. The components of the net slip parallel to the strike and dip of the fault are the strike slip and the dip slip.The offset shown by a planar feature in a vertical cross section perpendicular to the fault is called the dip separation. The vertical and horizontal components of the dip separation are the throw and the heave. Notice, by comparing Figure 7.11 with Figure 7.10,that the dip separation is not equivalent to the dip slip, the former depending on the orientation of the offset surface as well as on the nature of the fault displacement.A fault with dominant strike slip displacement is called a strike slip fault. A fault with dominant dip slip displacement is a dip slip fault. Strike slip faults usually have very steep or vertical dips and are then referred to as transcurrent faults or wrench faults. A large transcurrent fault that terminates in another large structure, such as an oceanic ridge or trench or triplejunction, is called a transform fault.Transform faults are discussed in detail in Section 10.2.3.The sense of the strike slip part of displacement on a fault is described by the terms sinistral and dextral, or alternatively, left lateral and right lateral. A fault is sinistral or left lateral if, to an observer standing on one block and facing the other, the opposite block appears to have been displaced to his left. The strike slip component of the displacement in Figure 7.10 is sinistral.Faults dipping more or less than 45°are called, respectively, high angle faults and low angle faults.A normal fault is a high angle, dip slip fault on which the hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall. A fault of similar type but with a dip less than 45°is sometimes called a lag [Rickard (1972)].A reverse fault is a dip slip fault, either high or low angle [Gill (1971)], on which the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall. The terms normal fault and reverse fault, while strictly defined for faults with zero strike slip displacement, can also be used for faults with small strike slip displacements accompanying much larger dip slip displacements [Rickard (1972)). Where the strike slip and dip slip displacements are similar in magnitude, as in Figure 7.10, the fault can be called an oblique slip fault.A (relatively) downfaulted topographic trough between high angle faults is a graben. An upfaulted block between high angle faults is a horst. The faults bordering horsts and grabens are usually normal faults.A thrust fault is a low-angle reverse fault, according to one common usage [see Dennis (1967)]. The term is also used by many geologists for low angle faults that are presumed to have involved reverse dip slip displacement but where this has not been demonstrated. A window (or fenster) is an exposure of the rock below a thrust fault that is completely surrounded by rock above the thrust. A klippe is an exposure of the rock above a thrust completely surrounded by rock below it.Fault planes are commonly filled with fragmental material known as fault breccia, or microbreccia if the fragments are microscopic. Some microbreccias are soft and are designated by terms such as pug or gouge. Others, particularly in metamorphic rocks, are hard and characterized by a platy or streaky "flow" structure in thin section. Such microbreccias, which occur as fault fillings and in wider zones of intense deformation (Section 9. 14), are called mylonites [Lapworth (1885); Waters and Campbell (1935); Christie, (1960)]. Some rocks that look like mylonites in the field are seen in thin section to be highly recrystallized, so that it is not clear whether or not they were ever microbreccias. The original meaning of the term mylonite can be broadened to include any fine-grained metamorphic rock with well-developed "flow" structure [Theodore and Christie, (1969)] or the special term blastomylonite can be used for such rocks. Blastomylonites have not necessarily suffered any of the brittle fragmentation or "milling" envisioned for ordinary microbreccias. Their fine-grain size and distinctive microstructure may be due entirely to ductile deformation accompanied by recrystallization [Bell and Etheridge (1973)]. This subject is discussed more fully in Section 9.14. Yet another kind of fault filling, present in thin films on some large faults, is a glassy material called pseudotachylyte, formed by melting as a consequence of frictional heating [Francis (1972); McKenzie and Brune (1972)].New Wordsaccompanying [☜k mp☜ni☠] a. n. 伴随的anastomose [☜n✌st☜m☜uz] n. 汇合, v. 使吻合blastomylonite[ֽbl✌st☜u mail☜nait] n. 变晶糜棱岩brittle [britl] a. 脆性的contiguous [k☯n tikju☯s] a. 接触的,相邻的deformation [di:f : mei☞☜n] n. 变形dextral[ dekstr☜l] a. 右旋的dip separation 倾向分离,倾向断距dip slip 倾向滑动discontinuity [ disk nti nju:iti] n. 不连续displace [dis pleis] v. 位移down fault ed 断落的upfaulted 断隆的envision [in vi✞☯n] v. n. 想象ductile [ d✈ktail] a. 韧性的fault breccia [ f :lt bret☞☜] 断层角砾岩fault like [ f :ltlaik] a. 断层状的fenster [ fenst☜] n. 构造窗,蚀窗filling [ fili☠] n. 充填(物)footwall[ futw :l] n. 下盘fragmental [ fr✌♈ment☜l] a. 破碎的frictional [ frik☞☜n☯l] a. 摩擦的, 由摩擦产生的gouge [♈aud✞] n. 断层泥graben [ ♈ra:b☜n] n. 地堑hanging wall [ h✌☠i☠ w :l] 上盘heave [hi:v] n. v. 平错(错距的水平分量)horst [h :st] n. 地垒incline [in klain] v. 使倾斜,倾向于klippe [ klip☜] n. 飞来峰lag [l✌♈] n. v. 滞后(断层)lateral [ l✌t☜r☜l] a. 侧向的melting[ melti☠] n. 熔融microbreccia [ maikr☜u bret☞☜] n. 显微角砾岩milling [ mili☠] n. 磨碎mylonite [ mail☜nait] n. 糜棱岩negligible [ ne♈lid✞☯bl] a. 可忽略的,不重要的normal fault正断层oblique slip fault 斜滑断层offset [ fset] v. n. 位移orientation [ :ri☜n tei☞☜n] n. 定向pervasively [ p☯:v☯sivli] ad, 扩大,蔓延,盛行platy [ pleiti] a. 板状的pseudo tachylyte [ sju:d☜u t✌kilait] n. 假玄武玻璃pug [p✈♈] n. 断层泥re crystallize [ ri: krist☜laiz] v. 重结晶reverse fault逆断层shear zone 剪切带sinistral [si nistr☜l] a. 左旋的slip [slip] v. 滑动streaky [ stri:ki] a. 有条纹的,条状的strike [straik] n. 走向strike slip 走向滑动tabular [ t✌bjul☜] a. 板状的throw [ r☜u] n. 垂直断距thrust fault逆掩断层transcurrent fault [tr✌ns k✈r☜nt f :lt]] n. 横推断层transform fault [tr✌ns f :m] n. 转换断层vector [ vekt☜] n. 向量,失量,导航,引导wrench fault [rent☞ f :lt] 平挫断层,扭断层5 Crustal Structure and Crustal MovementThe problem of crustal movement is that of the struggle between the different aspects of both internal and external contradictions of the earth. The earth's crust constitutes but a thin veneer of the whole earth's structure. Its formation is resulted from the following factors: first, those from outside the earth’s crust, e.g., the atmosphere that envelops the solid cru st, the sun and the moon, as well as various radiations from the stars may all have exerted some effect on it. Besides, the interstellar dust and meteoritic materials, and the kind falling upon the earth may also have some slight effect. Secondly, the change and movement of materials within the earth’s interior underneath the crust, e.g., the physical and chemical changes of earth materials at high temperatures and high pressures; the movement of materials under the actions of gravity and the solar and lunar tides, predominantly body tide (sometimes called solid tide, but what state of matter now exsists in the deep interior is still unknown) and the influence of the earth's rotation, all these will inevitably be found reflected in the earth's crust.From the point of view of geomechanics, elastic and inelastic deformations can be distinguished, although both are produced by the action of forces. Generally speaking, rocks are elastic when subjected to stress of short duration not exceeding their strength, but behave plastically under long-continued stress, even if their elastic limit is not exceeded; the longer the time of action of stress, the larger the plasticity they exhibit. The elastic response of rocks to stress will largely recover with the release of stress, leaving little or no records in the rocks. Inelastic deformation on the other hand will be inevitably permanently preserved. Different magnitude of stress and different manner of its action will give correspondingly permanent deformations of different nature and dimensions. There are many kinds of permanent rock deformation, including warpings, flexures, folds and fractures of different nature and extent, namely compressive, tensile, shearing, compresso-shearing and tensoshearing fractures, and cleavages, schistosities, etc.From these structural features, we can trace the action of stresses and from how forces are applied we can trace the manner of the movement of the crust. In the study of crustal movement, it seems a correct road for its solution.Summarizing the characteristics of the crustal structure in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia, we have recognized the following prominent structural types:(1)Gigantic latitudinal structural system. In this type are included a number of gigantic, complex E-W structural zones, each forming a structural system of itself. Their main part is composed of composite strongly compressed zones of E-W trend comprising fold belts and compressive fractures of the same trend, together with oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures. These are the important structural features of this kind of structural system.(2)Meridional structural system. Their main part consists of N-S compressed zones, i.e., simple or composite intense folds, with shear and tensile fractures running oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. Phenomena of strong compression are manifested especially concentratedly in some parti-cular regions such as the mountainous land of Sikang and Tibet.(3)NNE-SSW trending parallel structural zones, collectively known as the Neocathaysian structural system. The main part of this system is composed of NNE extending upwarps or fold belts and subsidence zones containing uplifts therein, with shear and tensile fractures oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. It is a kind of special structural phenomena in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia.(4)An assemblage of parallel fold belts trending NE-SW, generally called the Cathaysian or Cathaysoid structural system. It consists mainly of NE-SW folds, compressive and compressoshear fractures or cleavages and schistosities, etc. There also frequently occur oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures where folding is well developed. These structural systems are mostly present in older formations and are generally older than the Neocathaysian system. But in formations in which the latter develops, the former is also occasionally found. This comparatively new quasi-Cathaysian structure is called cathaysoid structure.(5) Shear structural system. The patterns of this kind of structural system are varied. Nevertheless, they have one characteristic in common: they all reflect that the areas in which they occur have been。

中国地质大学(北京)博士英语辅导班课件4

中国地质大学(北京)博士英语辅导班课件4

such
I didn't enjoy the film at all. It was really /completely /such a stupid story, and the acting was very poor. I would have left early if my friend hadn‘t insisted on staying till the end.(03,22)
consider
consider与that 从句连用以陈述否定意见 或看法时,要否定consider本身而不是that 从句。 I don‘t consider that you kept your promise. 类似的动词还有: believe, suppose, think. He didn‘t believe she could do it.
虚拟语气 if
1.Please go away. I want to be left alone. If I wanted to talk to somebody, I wouldn‘t be sitting in a library.(06.14) 2. It‘s too bad Wang Ping‘s English is so poor. If she learned it better, she would be an excellent candidate for the job in New Zealand.(08,27)
We waited until it got dark.
Up until
up until有效期直到... This ticket is valid up until the 12th of March. Until 只表时间。如果表示直到什么地 方和位置要用 as for as,或 up to, Then you‘ll be riding with us as far as the village. We walked up to where the bicycle was.

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语真题词汇

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语真题词汇

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语真题词汇in season 旺季in secret 秘密地; in private 私下senior to 比…年长; junior to 比…轻; superior to 比…更好; inferior to 比…差in a sense 在某种意义上sensitive to 对…敏感; sensible (of)觉察到的; sensational耸人听闻的in sequence 按顺序, 按先后次序share in (=have a share in) 分摊, 分担share sth. with 与…分享,分担,分摊,共用be shocked at / by 对…感到震惊fall short of 达不到go short of (=be without enough of) 缺乏for short (in a short form) 为简便,简称in short (=in a few words, in brief)简称in short supply 供应不足be short of (=lacking enough)缺乏,不够be shy of 难为情, 不好意思at the side of 与…相比take the side of 站在…一边catch the sight of (=see for a moment)瞥见at the sight of 一看见…(be)in sight (=in view, visible) 看得见; out of sight 看不见 know sb. by sight 与…只面熟on the sly (=secretly) 偷偷地smell of 有…的气味(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) be sorry about/for 懊悔的,后悔的,难过的speak ill of 说…的坏话;speak well of 说…的好话specialize in 专门研究, 专攻in spite of (=despite) 尽管on the pot(=at the place of the action)在现场, 在出事地点; 或(=at once) 立即take a stand against 采取某种立场反对; take a stand for 采取某种立场支持…stare at 目不转睛地看, 凝视, 盯着in step 步伐一致; out of step 步伐不齐stick sth. on 把…贴在…上stick to 粘着, 坚持stick at (=continue to work hard at)继续勤奋地致力于…;stick one’s work坚持工作; stick at one’s books 勤奋读书stick to (=refuse to leave or change)坚持; stick to one’s promise 比喻食言 stick to one's friend 忠于朋友in stock 有….货be strict with 对…严格要求be/go on strike 罢工subject…to(=cause…to experience)使受..到 subject (adj.) to 易受到…的submit…to 提交substitute…for 以…代替…suffer from 患…病; 受…苦痛be suitable for (=fit) 合适…的in sum 大体上, 总之supply sb. with sth 向某人提供某物superior to 优于…, 比…好in support of 以便支持be sure of (=have no doubt; certain)确信的for sure / certain (certainly, definitely) 肯定地.有把握地说 make sure about 弄清, 弄确实be surprised at对..惊奇;take…by surprise使…惊奇; to one’s surprise使某人惊奇suspect sb. of 疑心某犯有…be suspicious of (=not trusting)对…有疑心by sympathetic to/towards对…同情,赞同sympathize with sb. or sth. 对…表示同情be in sympathy with 赞同,同情taste of 有…味道in good taste大方,得体;(反意)in bad tasteto(one’s) taste 合…的口味, 中意tell…from (=recognize) 辨别.认出in terms of (=with regard to; respectively) 按照, 根据, 在…方面 be on good/bad terms with 关系好(不好)thank sb. for sth. 因…感谢某人think of(=have the idea of)想到;(=consider)考虑; (=remember)想起 on second thoughts 经再三考虑之后本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2017考博英语阅读

2017考博英语阅读

2017考博英语阅读The 2017 Graduate Entrance Examination English Reading ComprehensionThe graduate entrance examination is a crucial step in the academic journey of many aspiring scholars. The English reading comprehension section is a particularly significant component, as it assesses the candidate's ability to understand and analyze complex texts. In the 2017 examination, the reading passages covered a wide range of topics, from the latest advancements in scientific research to the intricacies of global economic trends.One of the most challenging passages focused on the emerging field of nanotechnology. Candidates were required to demonstrate a deep understanding of the fundamental principles of this cutting-edge technology, as well as its potential applications and societal implications. The passage delved into the unique properties of nanomaterials, exploring how their microscopic size and enhanced surface area can lead to remarkable improvements in various industries, from energy storage to medical diagnostics.Candidates were tasked with identifying the key factors driving therapid development of nanotechnology, such as the increased funding and collaborative efforts between research institutions and private companies. They were also expected to critically analyze the ethical concerns and regulatory challenges surrounding the widespread use of nanomaterials, particularly in areas where human health and environmental safety are at stake.Another challenging passage focused on the global economic landscape, examining the shifting dynamics of international trade and investment. Candidates were required to comprehend the complex interplay between geopolitical factors, trade policies, and the evolving patterns of global supply chains. They were asked to evaluate the potential impacts of emerging economic powers, such as China and India, on the traditional dominance of Western economies.The passage also touched upon the role of multinational corporations in shaping the global economic order, exploring how these entities navigate the challenges posed by trade barriers, currency fluctuations, and cultural differences. Candidates were expected to demonstrate their understanding of the intricate relationships between economic actors, from governments and international organizations to individual consumers and producers.The reading comprehension section also included passages on thelatest advancements in renewable energy technologies. Candidates were required to analyze the technical and economic factors driving the transition towards more sustainable energy solutions, as well as the sociopolitical obstacles that hinder their widespread adoption.The passage delved into the technological breakthroughs in areas such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, and energy storage systems. Candidates were tasked with evaluating the relative merits and limitations of these technologies, as well as their potential to address the pressing global challenges of climate change and energy security.Additionally, the reading comprehension section featured passages on the evolving landscape of higher education. Candidates were asked to critically examine the various factors shaping the future of universities, from the increasing role of online learning and the internationalization of campuses to the growing emphasis on interdisciplinary research and entrepreneurship.The passages explored the challenges faced by higher education institutions in adapting to the rapidly changing needs of students, employers, and society as a whole. Candidates were expected to demonstrate their understanding of the complex interplay between academic, economic, and social forces that are redefining the purpose and structure of higher education.Throughout the 2017 graduate entrance examination, the reading comprehension section challenged candidates to go beyond mere factual recall and engage in critical analysis and synthesis. Successful candidates were those who could not only comprehend the content of the passages but also contextualize the information, draw insightful connections, and formulate thoughtful perspectives on the various issues presented.The ability to effectively analyze and interpret complex written materials is a crucial skill for aspiring graduate students, as it underpins their capacity to engage in rigorous academic research, participate in scholarly discourse, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields. The 2017 examination served as a testament to the intellectual rigor and analytical prowess required to excel in the highly competitive world of graduate-level education.。

中国地质大学考博英语试卷答案05年

中国地质大学考博英语试卷答案05年

1.The Chinese characters for “coal” and “bad luck” have the same sound (mei), so some superstitious people areconvincedthat digging for coal means bringing bad lucks to oneself.2.Wang Weiping went to the US as a visiting scholar for a year and a half. When he returned back to Beijing, heestablishedA B Ca joint research project with the geologists on the campus where he had done his research.D3.Half of samples we brought back from our expedition to northwestern Tibet are being analysed in this lab. The otherhalf4.In recent years India has witnessed many terrible fires in factories and dormitories. The reasons of these fires areusuallyA Bclear, but this has not led to much effective action to cut the number of deaths from such disasters.C D5.After graduating from Fudan University and working for SINOPEC for five years, Li Weidong went to Australia tostudyA Bfor a MBA. He expects to get his business degree in early 2006.C D6.That construction firm has a poor safety record. When a worker gets hurt or killed, the managers usually givecertain amount of compensation to the family of the victim, but they don t take the safety problem very seriously.C D7.Thank you very much indeed for editing my latest paper and speaking to Professor Johnson about my precariousfinancialA Bsituation. I greatly appreciate all your helps.C D8.Fatalities in China’s coal mines are much too common. No matter whether the mines are large or small, the death rateA Bfrom accidents is unacceptably high. Miners need better safety, not better safety regulations.C D9.Yesterday a police stopped me on the street and asked me to show my identification papers. I had no idea why hewasA B Cstopping me and he wouldn’t explain his action. ED10.The only trip that I have ever taken abroad was to South Korea, but I have ever traveled to 18 provinces of China,includingA BCTibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai. I hope to travel to India on business next year.D11.In part because of increased demand from China and India, both which have rapidly growing economies, the prices ofoil,A Biron and other key resources have almost doubled since the early 1990s.C D12.I stepped up to the inspection window, then I showed the customs official my ticket, passport and entry card. HestudiedABmy visa for what seemed a long time before he finally handed everything back to me.C D13.Three Chinese leading geologists came to the conference and took part in a very stimulating panel discussion. It was14.Yesterday Li Weidong and I took a small truck to Tianjin to pick up some new equipments for our laboratory. On thewayA B Cback we had to change a tire.D15.It wasn’t until Anne received John’s letter from Brazil that she learned of learn of v,+prep. 得知,获悉,听说(与learn about同义)his decision to break off their engagement. HeA B Chadn’t had the courage to tell her directly, so he informed her by letter instead. ED16.Over the years I have found that Chinese students who usually have good math training tend to make bettertechnicians thanA B C17.always make it possible for him to get a good job and earn plenty of money.C D18.In order to do research in this border area we must first apply for permission from the China government. I am notsureA B Chow easy it will be for us to get such permission for work this summer. It’s already May now, after all.D19.Some geographers predict that Beijing and Tianjin will eventually grow together, becoming one gigantic urbancomplexwith 40 million inhabitants. Tianjin, which is in the southeast of Beijing, today has about half the population of the capital.C D20.Both Henan and Anhui have good rail links with the rest of China, but Anhui benefits from being closer tothe Shanghai area. Otherwise the economic problems that Henan faces are more or less the same with those of Anhui.[1] Women live longer than men. This is unfair, but true. In developed countries the average difference in lifespans is five or six years. In the poor world the gap is smaller, owing to the risks of childbirth, but nowhere is it absent. The question is why?[2] That question can be answered at two levels. An evolutionary biologist would tell you that it is because women get evolutionary bonus points from living long enough to help bring up the grandchildren. Men, by contrast, wear themselves out competing for the right to procreate in the first place. That is probably true, but not much help to the medical profession. However, a group of researchers at John Moores University, in Liverpool, England, has just come up with a medically useful answer. It is that while 70-year-old men have the hearts of 70-year-olds, those of their female peers resemble the hearts of 20-year-olds.[3] Professor David Goldspink and his fellow researchers looked at 250 volunteers aged between 18 and 80 over the course of two years. All the volunteers were healthy but physically inactive. The team's principal finding was that the power of the male heart falls by 20-25% between the ages of 18 and 70, while that of the female heart remains undiminished.[4] Each volunteer's heart function was measured before exercise and at peak exertion on a treadmill. In particular, the researchers measured blood flow and blood pressure. Their subjects were also given an ultrasonic scan to measure the size of the chambers of their hearts, the thickness of the heart's muscular wall, and its filling and emptying actions.[5] The researchers found that between the ages of 20 and 70, men lose one-third of the contractile muscle cells in the walls of their hearts. Over the same period, women lose hardly any contractile cells. There is a strong link between the number of these cells and the function of the heart. What remains a mystery is why men lose these cells and women do not.[6] A previous theory of why women outlive men suggested that the female sex hormone, oestrogen, could have a protective effect on the heart. But Dr Goldspink dismisses this idea, saying that there is no discernible drop-off in female heart function after menopause, when oestrogen levels decrease dramatically. However, oestrogen does have a beneficial effect on blood vessels. The study found that blood flow to the muscles and skin of the limbs decreases with age in both sexes. The changes in the structure of the blood vessels occur earlier in men, but women catch up soon after menopause.[7] It's not all bad news for men, though. In a related study, the team found that the hearts of veteran male athletes were as powerful as those of inactive 20-year-old male undergraduates. But can men really recover lost heart function after a lifetime of inactivity and poor diet? Is it ever too late to start exercising? “I think the answer is no,” says Dr Goldspink.“The health benefits to be gained from sensible exercise are to be recommended,regardless of age.” So if you are male and middle-aged, get on with it.1 Professor Goldspink and his colleagues discovered thatA women have stronger hearts than men doB men’s hearts are damaged by the effort to procreateC childbirth weakens women’s heartsD men’s hearts lose power as they age2 Dr Goldspink’s group used ultra-sound toA assess the characteristics and operating capacity of each volunteer’s heartB check the size of the area surrounding each volunteer’s heartC create pictures of each volunteer’s heart as it filled and emptiedD measure the efficiency of each volunteer’s heart before and after exercise on the treadmill3 According to the facts presented in the article, the female hormone oestrogenA shields the female heart from the effects of agingB promotes the flow of blood to a woman’s arms and legsC causes a decline in female heart function after menopauseD greatly improves the quality of blood in women4 At menopause, the amount of oestrogen in a woman’s bodyA rises slightlyB fluctuatesC plungesD soars5 Most males reading this article would probably conclude that they shouldA eat a richer dietB be more careful about the kind of exercise they getC give up smokingD get more exercise[1] When I was a student in the 1960s, anyone who believed that there might be life on other planets was considered a crackpot. Now all that has changed. The claim that life is widespread in the universe is not only respectable, it also underpins NASA's ambitious astrobiology program. Find another Earth-like planet, astrobiologists say, and life should have happened there too. NASA is spending billions of dollars to search for life on Mars, the most Earth-like of our sister planets. But we may not need to go all the way to Mars to find another sample of life. It could be present under our very noses. No planet is more Earth-like than Earth itself, so if life started here once, it could actually have started many times over.[2] Geologists believe life established itself on Earth about four billion years ago. Australian rocks dated at 3.5 billion years contain fossilized traces suggesting that microbes were already well established by then. But the ancient Earth wasnot a pleasant place. Huge asteroids and comets mercilessly pounded the planet; the biggest impacts would have covered our globe in burning rock vapor, boiling the oceans dry and sterilizing the surface worldwide.[3] How did life emerge amid this violence? Quite probably it was a stop-and-go affair, with life first forming during a lull in the bombardment, only to be annihilated by the next big impact. Then the process was repeated, over and over. As the bombardment began to abate and the impacts diminished in severity, isolated colonies of primitive microbes sheltering deep underground managed to survive. One of these colonies was destined to become life as we know it.[4] What about the preceding life forms? Were they all completely destroyed? It's possible that pockets of microbes could have survived in obscure hiding places until the next genesis, opening up the tantalizing prospect of two or more different forms of life co-existing on the same planet. Although they would compete for resources, one type of life was not necessarily bound to eliminate the rest. After all, "life as we know it" includes many very different species of microbes that exist side by side.[5] Thus, microbes from another genesis – life of a very alien, still unfamiliar type - could conceivably have survived on Earth until today. The chances are that we wouldn't have noticed. Under a microscope, many microbes appear similar even if they are as genetically distinct as humans are from starfish. So you probably couldn't tell just by looking whether a micro-organism is "our" life or alien life. Genetic sequencing is used to position unknown microbes on the tree of life, but this technique employs known biochemistry. It wouldn't work for organisms on a different tree using different biochemical machinery. If such organisms exist, they would be eliminated from the analysis and ignored. Our planet could be teeming with alien microbes without anyone suspecting it.[6] How could we go about identifying "life as we DON’T know it"? One idea is to look in unusual environments. Our awareness of the range of conditions in which life can thrive has been extended greatly in recent years, with the discovery of microbes dwelling near scalding volcanic vents, in radioactive pools and in total darkness far underground. Yet there will be limits beyond which our form of life cannot survive; for example, temperatures above about 130 degrees Celsius. If anything is found living in even harsher environments, we could examine it to see whether what enables it to survive is so novel that it cannot have evolved from known life.[7] Identifying alien organisms in less extreme settings would be a much harder challenge, especially if they use the same basic molecules as familiar life - nucleic acids and proteins. But there is one sure indicator. The building blocks of proteins, called amino acids, are all unbalanced in the same distinctive way. Viewed in a mirror, these "left-handed" amino acids would appear right-handed. Such mirror-image molecules exist, but the life forms we are familiar with don't use them. Most biochemists think it is just an accident that "life as we know it" selected the left-handed version. If this supposition is correct, then there is a 50-50 chance that alien life would have favored the right-handed version. Such "anti-life" would eat "anti-food": right-handed amino acids and other mirror molecules. This offers a simple way to filter out known life from alien life. Prepare a culture medium of anti-food and see if anything flourishes. Of course it's a long shot, but it is easy to try, and scientists at the Marshall Space Flight Center are now testing the response of microbes from various extreme environments to a bowl of anti-soup.[8] Even if alien life has not survived to the present day, it may still have left traces. Geochemists have identified organic detritus from ancient microbes in rocks as old as 2.7 billion years. Alien organisms might have left remnants containingodd suites of molecules or produced distinctive geochemical alterations like unusual mineral deposits. These remnants would still give us a genuine “second sample”, a form of biology that is unrelated to familiar life. By comparing the way evolution works in both cases, we could identify which features of life follow from general principles and which are just accidents of history.[9] But there is a more profound dimension to this research. Nobody knows how life began. Somehow a mixture of lifeless chemicals assembled itself into a primitive organism, presumably through a long and complex sequence of chemical reactions. Our ignorance of this process is so great that scientists can't even agree on whether it was a gigantic, one-time chance event, or the expected and frequent outcome of intrinsically life-friendly natural laws, as the astrobiologists hope. The discovery of a second sample of life on Earth would confirm that bio-genesis was not a unique event and strengthen the belief that life is written into the laws of the cosmos. It is hard to imagine a more significant scientific discovery. Our view of the universe and our place within it would be forever transformed, and we would at last have the answer to the biggest of the big questions of existence: Are we alone?6 The word “crackpot” in paragraph 1 meansA a ceramic object with a serious flawB a person with the ability to see far into the futureC someone whose views and insights show that he is far ahead of his timeD someone with strange opinions not respected by most educated people7 When he wrote this article, one objective of the author was probably toA influence the public in favor of spending more money on inter-planetary space travelB answer critics of government spending on basic scientific researchC win public support for research on fossil microbes and microbes living in extreme environmentsD criticize NASA for regarding Mars as the best place to seek confirmation that life exists or has existednot only on Earth but elsewhere in the universe8 The author hypothesizes that early life on EarthA arose many times both despite and because of the violence of the environmentB was helped to diversify by the violent environmentC had to be microbial in order to survive amid the violence of the environmentD would necessarily have survived till our times, given the nature of Earth’s environment9 If it actually exists, the “anti-life” referred to in paragraph 7A traveled to Earth from another planetB is based on “right-handed” amino acids or other right-oriented moleculesC would cancel out “life” if brought into contact with itD can readily be detected with conventional genetic sequencing techniques10 Scientists todayA think that life is a bizarre chemical accident almost certainly limited to EarthB are still unable to achieve a meaningful consensus on how life probably arose on EarthC generally share the view that life on Earth is the product of a single huge eventD agree that conditions in the universe favor the emergence of life on countless planets1. Last Saturday the ___weather____ was beautiful, so John got into his car and ____drove___ to the beach.2.Do you know when the bank ___opens___? I need to cash a ________check_______.3.The traffic in Stockholm moves ___fast_____ even at the rush hour. Usually I can get home from work in __less___than half an hour.4. Everyone ___except__ John and Silvia has seen the film. Is there anything _____else_______ to do this evening?5.Why did you send him the article by regular post? You _______should_______ simply have e-mailed it to him.6.My father has ___taught___ mathematics at a secondary school in Shanghai since 1980. My mother has a__job/career_ as chief accountant in a small manufacturing _______factory_______.7.Alan got very ___excited___ when he heard the news. He turned red in the face and started to shout. I was afraid he________would_______ have a heart attack. It _____took_______ him a long time to calm down.8.We brought some toys for the children to play _____with_________. All three girls seemed to have_____fun_______. We heard them laughing and giggling all afternoon.9.You’ll have to keep very still ______during_/in_______ the performance. The musicians are particularly eager thatthe people in the audience not make ____noise____ while they are playing the two new pieces by the Russiancomposer.10.I’m not very good at telling ______jokes________. Even when the ones I tell are extremely funny, no one__nearly____ laughs. Stories, on the other hand, are no problem for me to tell.11.On Monday I start my new job. I’m really __looking___ forward to it. I can’t _____wait _________ to meet my newcolleagues and ___find____ out what my duties are.12.I don’t _____approve_________ of smoking. It’s such a disgusting ___thing/action___! It’s especially disturbingwhen young people smoke. Don’t they read? Aren’t they aware of the _______danger________ of getting cancer from cigarettes?13.The court has decided that John Adams is guilty _____of_______ stealing from the company that he _____used____to work for. He is being sent to ______prison______ for five years.14.Did you have any __trouble__ finding my office? A lot of visitors _____complain____ about how hard it is to locate.15.It’’t __go/hurry__ now, they’ll be late and the instructor will beannoyed.16.A: How can we get rid of this foul smell?B: ______Keep________ opening all the doors and windows. Maybe that will ______help/work____.17.The authorities ought to put a traffic light here. A light would help to ______avoid_________ accidents.18.One of my roommates is from Jilin and the other is from Baotou. It isn’t surprising that _______none_______ ofthem knows how to cook Sichuan food.19.Our TV set is out of _______order________. The repairman is coming to look at it tomorrow.20.The project was _____planned_____ to be completed last month, but we were __unable__ to finish the work onschedule. _____Fortunately_______________, the authorities were willing to give us an extension.21.Jane is ________such/really______ a liar that you can never trust anything she says.22.We often lend _______each______ other DVDs of foreign films.23.The more you eat, the ______fatter_________ you get.24.Look at all the puddles on the street! It ___must____ have rained pretty hard last night. It’s ___surprising___ that Ididn’t hear any rain falling while I was in bed. Did you?25._Few__ governments can afford to support research in particle physics nowadays. It is hugely expensive. Even theAmerican government is ______ difficult _________ to provide money for new particle physics projects.26.How can I call John ___without___ his telephone number? You can’t call someone _unless__ you have his phonenumber, and John’s is unlisted, so there’s no way to get it that I know of.。

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备词汇

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备词汇

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备词汇icy a.冰冷的;冷冰冰的idealism n.唯心主义;理想主义ideally ad.理想地;理论上identical a.相等的,一致的identification n.认明,确认idiot n.愚蠢的人,白痴idleness n.懒惰;赋闲无事ignite v.点燃,使灼热,使兴奋ignorance n.无知illiterate adj.文盲的illuminate vt.阐明,解释;照明illusion n.幻觉imitation n.模仿,效法,冒充,赝品immerse v.浸入,沉浸于immigrate vt.(使)移居入境immortal adj.不朽的,流芳百世的impart v.传授,告知impartial adj.公平的,无私的implement n.工具,器具 v. 实现,使生效,执行implore v.哀求,恳求impose v.征税,强加impress vt.给…深刻印象 vt.盖印,在…打记号improper a.不适当的;不合理的impulse n.冲动,刺激impurity n.不纯;杂质(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) inaccessible a.达不到的;不可接近的inaccurate a.不精密的,不准确的inadequate a.不充足的,不适当的inasmuch ad.因为,由于inaugurate v.举行就职典礼,开创incapable a.无能力的;无资格的incense v.用香焚,使发怒incidence n.落下的方式, 影响范围, [物理] 入射incidentally ad.附带地;顺便提及inclination n.斜坡,爱好incline n 斜坡 v.倾斜,爱好inclusive adj.包含的, 包括的incompatible adj.不能和谐共存的incomplete a.不完全的,未完成的incorporate v.合并,并入incredible a.难以置信的,惊人的indefinite adj. 模糊的,不确定的indicative adj.(~ of) 指示的, 预示的, 可表示的indignation n.愤慨indispensable adj.不可缺乏的individual a.个别的;独特的 a.特殊的indoor a.室内的;室内进行的induce v.诱导,引起induction n.就职,入伍仪式,归纳indulge vt.使自己沉迷, 放纵;迁就;[商]允许某人延期付款industrious a.勤劳的inertia n.惰性,懒惰inevitably ad.不可避免地infect vt.传染;感染 vt.使受影响infectious a.传染的;感染性的infer vt.推论出,推断inference n.推论;推断的结果inferior a.下等的;劣等的 n.下级;晚辈,次品infinite adj.无穷的infinitely ad.无限地,无边地infinity n.无限的时间或空间inflation n.膨胀,夸大influence n.有影响的人物本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读解析

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读解析

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读解析Passage Nine(Holmes' Knowledge)His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system."You appear to be astonished, " Holmes said, smiling at my expression. "Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose: A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones.""But the Solar System! " I protested.(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) "What the deuce is it to me?" he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was "The Book of Life, " and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man's inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusionswere as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer."From a drop of water, "said the writer, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. "This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1. What is the author's attitude toward Holmes?[A]Praising.[B]Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2. What way did the author take to stick out Holmes' uniqueness?[A]By deduction.[B]By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3. What was the Holmes' idea about knowledge-learning?[A]Learning what every body learned.[B]Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4. What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about?[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.[B]One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识

中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识

中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识1.Inability to build high-voltage generators and motors gives to the transformer immediate recognition as a highly flexible link between the generation and distribution of electrical energy.制造高压发电机和高压电动机是不可能的,这就立即使人们认识到变压器是发电与配电之间灵活性很高的中间环节。

(本句是简单句。

主语是inability,谓语是gives,宾语是recognition。

不定式短语to build。

..motors作定语,修饰inability。

give recognition to...as..·,“承认……是……”。

介词短语between—.energy作定语,修饰link。

).2.The mildness of its climate,with slight temperature variations and infrequent rainfall,combined with a high average level of sunshine and brilliant shies,a11make it idea for tourism whether by winter or by summer.宜人的气候、变化不大的温度、稀少的雨量、灿烂的阳光以及明媚的天空,所有这一切使突尼斯成为冬夏理想的旅游胜地。

(with...和combined with把三个主语连接起来。

all是总括词,总括上述的三个主语。

idea是it宾语补足语。

it代替上文中Tunisia突尼斯。

bywinter...这里by作“当……时候”解。

例:They don't work by day but by night.他们日间不工作,夜间工作。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期(含答案)试卷号:4

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期(含答案)试卷号:4

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期(含答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题These documents are all in Chinese. We need to(1) them translated(2) English in time (3)the meeting with the foreign businessmen(4) Friday.句意: 这些文件都是汉语,我们需要在周五和外商开会前及时将他们翻译成英语。

【答案】1.get2.into3.before4.on【解析】1.语法题。

使役动词get在这里表示“使翻译成…”。

2.固定搭配。

Translate…into… 将…翻译成…3.语义题。

句意:在会议开始之前。

4.语法题。

考查介词。

在具体的某天前用介词on。

2.填空题A: Did you have a nice holiday?B: No, It was(1) ! It rained almost every day and we(2 ) hardly eat thefood at the hotel.A: I’m(3) to hear that. Better luck next time!【答案】1.awful 2.could3.sorry【解析】1.语义题。

Awful 糟糕的, 可怕的。

2.语法题。

此句已有谓语动词eat, 因此此处填情态动词could比较合适。

3.常用语。

I’m sorry to hear that很遗憾听到这个消息。

3.单选题This European geologist turned out to be good company and knew a lot about the country we were in, so we benefited talking with him. He gave us several very useful tips.问题1选项A.ThisB.turned outC.good companyD.benefited talking with himE.没有错误【答案】D【解析】语法题。

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备词汇 (2)

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备词汇 (2)

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备词汇pace 步,步速,步伐 He took three ~s forwardpack 包,包裹 The climber carried some food in a ~ on his back pad 垫,衬垫 a seat ~pant 气喘,气喘吁吁地说话 He ~ed along beside the bicycleparallel 平行的 The road is ~ to the riverparalyze 使瘫痪,使麻痹 A stroke ~d half his facepartial 偏向一方的,偏袒的,偏爱的 A parent should not be ~ to any one of his childrenparticipate 参与,参加,In a modern democracy people want to ~ more fullyparticular 特殊的,特别的 a matter of ~ importancepat (用掌或扁平物)轻拍,轻打She patted a place next to her for me to sit downpatch 补钉,补片 patches at elbows of a jacketpatent 专利,专利权,专利品 take out a ~ for an inventionpattern 模范,榜样 set the ~ forpave 铺路,铺砌,铺筑 ~ a road with concretepeculiar 奇怪的,古怪的 He has always been a little ~peel 削皮,剥皮 peel potatoespenetrate 穿透,渗入 The nail ~d the wood at least two inches perceive 感知,感觉,觉察 He was only able to ~ light and color ;he could not see properlyperfect 完美的,理想的 a ~ coupleperform 做,执行,完成~ an experiment(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) perfume 香水,香料,香气She loves French ~(s)periodical 期刊,杂志 a ~ roomperish 卒,丧生~ from diseaseperpetual 永久的,永恒的,长期的 a ~ arms raceperplex 使困惑,使茫然 The question ~ed himpersecute 虐待,残害,迫害 ~ animalsperspective 透视画法,透视图 a lesson in drawing class on ~ pessimistic 悲观的 I am ~ about my chances of getting the job petition 请愿,请愿书 get up a ~pierce 刺入,刺穿,穿透 The thorn ~d his heelpile 一堆,一叠 a ~ of sandpilot 飞行员,驾驶员pin 大头针,别针pinch 捏,拧,夹 I ~ed myself to make sure I wasn’t dreaming plausible 论点等貌似有理的 a ~ excuseplead 恳求,请求 His parents ~ed that he should be given one more chancepledge 保证,誓言,誓约 fulfill one’s ~plot 小块土地 a vegetable ~plug 塞子,栓 He wears rubber ~s in his ears when he swims plunge 猛地投入或插入 He ran to the edge of the swimming pool and ~d inpocket 衣袋,口袋,袋子 a change ~polish 擦光,擦亮 Polish your shoes with a brushpoll 民意测验 A recent ~ shows a change in public opinionpool 水池,游泳池 a swimming ~portable 便于携带的,手提式的,轻便的This little TV is extremely ~ pose 姿势,样子 The model was asked to adopt various ~s for the photographerpostpone 延迟,延缓,延期 We are postponing our trip until the weather grows warmerpotential 潜在的,可能的 That hole in the road is a ~ danger pour 倒,注,灌,倾泻,涌流 He began to ~ with sweatpreach 讲道,布道 ~ to a packed churchpreside 主持,主管(at, over) The vice chairman of the board will ~ at today’s meeting本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中国地质大学北京考博翻译辅导材料2017

中国地质大学北京考博翻译辅导材料2017
3、具体与抽象译法
具体译法 例:The major problem in fabrication is the control of contamination
and foreign materials. 制造中的一个主要问题是如何控制沾染和杂质。 例: The harder the rock, so much the more difficult is the work of
例:The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the nature of the inside walls (rough or smooth).
换句话说,机器和机构的每一个零部件都应该加工成一定的尺寸和形状,以
3
便能够与同一类型的其它机器或机构相配合。 被动语态中含有施事着或行事,可把它提出做主语。
例:A new kind of substance has been found by the scientific workers. 科学工作者已经发现了一种新物质。(by 短语译成主语) 判断句 例:The electrochemical process is based onf the same principles used in electroplating except that the workpeice is the anode and the tool is the cathode. 电化学加工法是根据电镀法使用的相同原理,只有一点不同,即工件是阳极, 刀具是阴极。 无主句 例:In the past hundred years, many different synthetics have been developed, in many cases the synthetic product being the result of the imitation of some natural material. 在过去的百年中,已经开发了许多不同的合成材料,在许多情况下,合成材 料产品是模仿某些天然材料的结果。 增加泛称词做主语如 “有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”等。 例:The origin of these particles is believed to be almost exclusively the jet drops formed during the bursting of bubbles at the ocean surface. 我们认为海洋表面气泡破裂时形成的水滴差不多是这些粒子的唯一来源。

(完整word版)中国地质大学(北京)博士专业英语年

(完整word版)中国地质大学(北京)博士专业英语年

中国地质大学(北京)2007年博士研究生入学考试专业英语试题(理学)把下列短文译成汉语(1——必译,2、3—-选1)(共40分)1、Quakes Renew The Planet(地震让世界焕然一新)(30分)The advantages began billions of years ago, when this crustal recycling made the oceans and atmosphere and formed the continents. Today, it builds mountains, enriches soils, regulates the planet’s temperature, concentrates gold and other rare metals and maintains the sea’s chemical balance。

Plate tectonics describes the geology. The tragic downside is that waves of quakes and volcanic eruptions along plate boundaries can devastate human populations。

“It’s hard to find something uplifting about 150,000 lives being lost," said Dr. onald J。

DePaolo, a geochemist at the University of California, Berkeley. “But the type of geological process that caused the earthquake and the tsunami is an essential characteristic of the earth。

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读理解真题解析 (2)

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读理解真题解析 (2)

中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读理解真题解析 Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the languages he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to walk,run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle-compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer. Let's end this nonsense of grades, exams, marks, Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems sensible to them. With our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential they will need to get in the world?” Don't worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.1.What does the author think is the best way for children to learnthings?A.by copying what other people do.B.by making mistakes and having them corrected.C.by listening to explanations from skilled people.D.by asking a great many questions.2.What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?A.They give children correct answers.B.They point out children's mistakes to them.C.They allow children to mark their own work.D.They encourage children to mark to copy from one another.3.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ridea bicycle are___.A.not really important skills.B.more important than other skills.C.basically different from learning adult skills.D.basically the same as learning other skills.4.Exams,grades,and marks should be abolished because children's progress should only be estimated by___.cated persons.B.the children themselves.C.teachers.D.parents.5.The author fears that children will grow up into adults while being___.A.too independent of others.B.too critical of themselves.C.incapable to think for themselves.D.incapable to use basic skills.答案:ABDBC本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中国地质大学 博士入学考试 英语 真题

中国地质大学 博士入学考试 英语 真题

C H I N A U N I V E R S I T Y O F G E O S C I E N C E SPhD Entrance Examination in English21April 2001LISTEN TO THIS!Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter the doctoral program in the earth sciences at this school. The test may be rather different from any exam you’ve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other four sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last four parts of the test—within reason, of course.The test has five sections, worth a total of 130 points in all; the answers in part 5, the reading test, are worth three points each.The answers for parts 1,2,3 and 5 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on this test paper.Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test!The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The “passing” grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. You should just relax and do as well as you can.We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 1. Imagine that you are on a train to Shanghai. In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job. He says what he does, not what he is or what field (profession or occupation) he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions. As you listen, decide what the speaker is. Then find the correct word on the list and write the number beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instance, suppose you hear this: (Speaker P) “Well, I don’t enjoy lecturing very much, especially to younger students, but I do love my research. I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduate students and postdocs. However, that’s just not the way university departments operate.”You decide that the speaker must be a professor, so you find “a professor” on your list. You see that the number beside it is 61; you then write the number 61 in the blank beside P on your answer sheet.By the way, in reality there is no P and no 61, and “a professor” is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example. You will now have three minutes to read the list. [SILENCE]All right, now let’s begin! [15 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1an accountant 会计31 a librarian2an actor 32 a mathematician 数学家3an airline pilot 民航驾驶员33 a mechanic 机修工(技工)4an architect 建筑师34 a mechanical engineer 机械工程师5an astronomer 天文学家35 a military officer6 a biologist 36 a novelist 小说作家7 a chef 烹调师37 a nurse8 a civil engineer 土木工程师(建筑)38 a paleontologist 古生物学家9 a concert pianist 高级钢琴演奏师39 a press photographer 新闻摄影师10 a construction worker 40 a plumber 管道维修工(水暖工)11 a corporate executive 企业执行总裁41 a poet 诗人12 a dentist 牙医42 a police detective 侦探(刑警)13 a dietician 营养师43 a police patrolman 普通警察(巡警)14 a diplomat 外交官44 p pop singer 流行歌手15an electrician 电工45 a postman 邮递员16 a fashion designer 时装设计师46 a private businessman 私营企业家(个体商人)17 a film critic 电影评论家47 a private detective 私人侦探18 a film director 电影导演48 a psychiatrist 心理医生19 a flight attendant 飞机乘务员49 a psychologist 心理学家20 a florist 花店老板50 a publisher 出版商21 a geologist 51 a radio announcer 电台播音员22 a geophysicist 52 a schoolteacher (primary)23 a graphic designer 图形设计员53 a schoolteacher(secondary)24 a hairdresser 发型设计师54 a software engineer25 a hardware engineer 硬件工程师55 a store clerk/shop assistant26 a hotel manager 56 a surgeon 外科医生27 a journalist 57 a tax official 税务员28 a judge 法官58 a travel agent 旅行社职员29 a lab technician 59 a university student30 a lawyer 60 a vet 宠物医生(兽医)PART 2. In each of the ten sentences below there is an underlined words (or words). Decide which of the words in the list at the bottom of the page can be used to replace the underlined words without changing the meaning of the sentence. The underlined words and the words that you choose must be synonyms. In each case, writer the number found next to the synonym in the appropriate blank on your answer sheet.A.We need to economize, so we are trying to cut down on waste in our lab.B.Our situation is likely to deteriorate if we do not receive help soon.C.You will notice that this material can easily be seen through.D.John thinks he may be laid off when the firm reorganizes.E.Does anyone know who is in charge of this part of the project?F.How soon do you think they will exhaust their supply of oxygen?G.Was there any feedback after you made your presentation?H.We need to keep track of any changes in soil in the area around the factory.I.This plastic looks good, but I think we need something more durable.J.Please hurry. This matter requires immediate attention.The five sentences below also contain underlined words. Find the words in the list at the bottom of the page that mean the OPPOSITE of these underlined words. Again, write the number found next to each item you choose in the appropriate space on your answer sheet.K.Quite a few observers have reported changes in the quality of the air.L.The telescope they are using now is a state-of-the-art device.M.There has been a minor improvement in his condition since he started to take the new drug.N.On the basis of the study, the committee has decided that the dam project is feasible.O.Their experiments will probably shed light on this puzzling phenomenon.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++POSSIBLE SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS (=OPPOSITES)1. a handful of 21. exacerbate 41. modify2. a host of 22. extremely advanced 42. monitor3.advanced 23. facilitate 43. more abundant4.advancing 24. get a raise 44. optional5.advice or criticism 25. get worse 45. other choice6.antiquated 26. greater 46. perilous7.authorize 27. identical 47. preserve8.be promoted 28. imply 48. questionable9.be transferred 29. impracticable 49. reduce10.become tired of 30. improve 50. refreshments11.challenging 31. is emergent 51. responsible forpatible 32. is invisible 52. responsible to13.constitute 33. is transparent 53. run out of14.contain 34. is urgent 54. safer15.counteract 35. is visible 55. similar16.designate 36. less prone to wear 56. snacks17.do little to explain 37. less tough 57. to blame for18.dramatic 38. lose his job 58. unprecedented19.dwindle 39. many 59. versatile20.eliminate 40. meal 60. very attractivePART 3. Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts are marked A, B, C or D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter found under that part in the proper space on your answer sheet.If the four underlined parts are all good English and there is no error in the sentence, then write E in the space on your answer sheet. REMEMBER! You always have FIVE possible choices: A, B, C, D or E (= no error).1Despite the claims of later researchers, it was two roman ancient scholars who first noticed the similarityA B Cin the structure of these crystals.D2How likely is the current campaign against spitting to success? To answer this question we must look atA B Cthe achievements of earlier efforts of this sort.D3This afternoon I forgot stopping to check the mail. I think an important letter from the U.K. may haveA B Carrived today, so I’m going to the mailroom the first thing in the morning.D4No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she began to have serious doubts about the wisdom of theA B C Dmatch.5This diagram is illustrating the difference between our data and the findings of the two earlierA B Cinvestigations. You will note that the discrepancies are quite marked, especially in sector F.D6I do a lot of traveling for my job. For example, once every two or three months I fly to Chongqing andA Bthen drive from town to town in east of Sichuan to talk to our clients.C D7I think we should all insure our bikes in case they will be stolen, but my wife doesn’t think the troubleA Band expense are worth it. As a result, my bike is insured against theft, but not hers.C D8 A number of the people came to the lecture were unable to get seats in Room 315, so Professor KleinA Bdecided to ask everyone to move to Room 403, which is much bigger.C D9There are only two methods for dealing with this problem: one is expensive but quick, which another isA B Ccheap but unfortunately takes a rather long time to be effective.D10Toward the end of the twentieth century a new means of communication was invented – the Internet. ByA B Cthe year 2000 the Internet had spread to every part of the globe.D11Hardly anybody passed the most recent physics exam, so Professor Klein has set up a series of make-upA Bclasses to help people who have fallen behind in their work to master the key concepts.C D12After the seminar in Shanghai this September, I will accompany with some of the participants on a tourA B Cof geological points of interest in Yunnan and Guizhou. Would you like to come with us?D13We are awaiting a shipment of new equipments that is scheduled to arrive in Tianjin very soon.A B C D14My boss knew that I was eager to return to my hometown to see my family, but he let me analyse all 400A Bof the rock samples anyway.C D15There is a rumor on campus that Wang Ping is about to be appointed minister of Ministry of Land andA B CResources. Do you think there’s any truth in the rumor?D16He has some experience in writing articles for publication, but not a great deal of it. Specifically, IA Bbelieve he has ever written three pieces that have appeared in professional journals, none of them inC DEnglish.17Yesterday afternoon I was busy reading a long article in the financial pages of the newspaper. At theA B Csame time, the doorbell rang, and I sprang from my chair to answer it.D18If I realized that the trip to South America was going to cost so much, I would almost certainly haveA Bbacked out of it and instead gone to a less distant spot to do my fieldwork.C D19Everyone regards it as a honor to be chosen to give the opening address at so important a conference.A B C D20We’re headed downtown on Saturday to see what’s being shown in the main art galleries. I’m told thatA B CAnne is very interested in modern art, so I hope she would join our group.DPART 4. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. In each blank you must write ONE appropriate word. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put one and only one word in each blank. If you put more than one word in a blank, your answer is automatically wrong. Putting nothing in a blank also counts as an error. [50 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1.You’re going to the party? Have _____________!2.Do you want to eat now or would you __________ wait a little while?3.I was _________________ when I opened the letter and discovered a check for $2,000.4.I have ______________good news for you. Your salary is going to be ________, starting next month.5.Do the investigators have any idea what _________ the oil rig to collapse?6.The experiment will be over ________ three hours. ________ then I have to stay in the lab and makesure everything goes according to plan.7.___________ they didn’t understand a word of what a foreign visitor was saying, they ________ onsmiling and nodding as if they did. It was very odd.8.We’re not very __________ with the condition of our lab, but we _________ the funds that would beneeded to renovate it properly.9.You may not __________ our campus very impressive to look at. _________, the university does have anumber of genuinely distinguished researchers ______________ its staff.10.Many earth ___________ want to do research in Tibet, but ___________ there is not a good idea unlessyou are in excellent ____________.11.When John went ___________ this morning, he said he would ___________ around 2:30. __________Itell him to give you a ___________ later this afternoon?12.John got _________ in traffic on his _________ to the campus this morning. By the time he arrived, themeeting _________ already over and everyone __________ gone back to work.13.It’s true that second-hand cars are cheaper than new cars, but they _________ to use more fuel._________, they break down _________ more often. Of course, if you’re a good mechanic, perhaps that’s not such a _________, but I can’t recommend __________ an older car to anyone who is n’t good at __________ them.14.I’m upset because I’ve just witnessed __________ accident. It involved a bus, a taxi and a bike. Theman on the bike and the cab driver were both _________, the first instantly. The cab driver stopped breathing just as the ambulance arrived.15.John _________ to smoke but he ________ after his father, a lifelong heavy smoker, got lung ________.__________ him die of the disease was a terrible experience for John. Nowadays he gets angry whenever he sees an _____________ for cigarettes.16.Professor Smith’s lecture was so _________ that half of the audience had to struggle not to _________asleep. John was one of the few people who were not ______. He thinks Smith’s research is fascinating.17.If you plan to _______ the conference in Sydney next month, you should _______ a seat as soon aspossible. I traveled to Australia at this time last year, and I had a lot of _______ getting a plane ticket. 18.All of Li Bo’s friends are __________ him to take the job that the new computer company has _______him, but thus far he has _________ to leave his current job. __________ can understand why he is so reluctant to change __________, especially since he often complains about he firm he works for now.PART 5. First read the article below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered from 1 to 11.) Then answer the questions on its content. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. Each answer is worth three points.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the text. Read this vocabulary list before you begin the article.VOCABULARY FOR THE ARTICLEacute (adj.): sharp; causing difficult problemsto assimilate A: to make A similar to the other people in a new environment or societya buffer: something that reduces the shock of conflict or misunderstandinga C: a merely passing mark in the usual US grading system (A-B-C-D-F, with A as the high grade)a chasm: a wide, deep gapa corollary: a result of something else; a principle derived from another principlea curriculum: a list of courses taught in a schoolcuts far deeper = is more profound in its effectsa delicatessen: a store where ready-to-eat foods prepared in the store are sold and taken elsewhere despondent (adj.): discouraged and unhappydevastating (adj.): disastrousexotic (adj.): mysteriously foreigna family dynamic [a psychological term]: a pattern of authority and emotion inside a familya go-between: a middlemanto hammer X to A: to emphasize X by constant repetitionHispanic (adj.): from any of the countries in which Spanish is the main languagea privation: a lack of something importantself-esteem: self-respect, related to self-confidenceseventh grade: grade 7 of the 12 grades in US schools (like “CHU-YI” in China)to take a toll on X: to damage Xa toddler: a young child who can walk, but not yet very well (age 2-5)virtually: almost[1] Korean-born Sung Jong Chang and her 16-year-old American son have trouble talking to each other. they barely communicate, in fact. The reason cuts far deeper than the Normal parent-teenager divide in Western societies. Mrs Chang, a Korean immigrant who works seven days a week in the family’s restaurant business, speaks almost no English. Her son, John Kim, who came to the United States as a toddler, knows little Korean. At home in a Virginian suburb of Washington, Mrs Chang watches Korean television and videotapes. In the car she listens to Korean radio. At work and church, she speaks Korean with her friends and colleagues. Working twelve hours a day, she has little opportunity or even need to learn a new language.[2] John, on the other hand, is 100 percent Americanized. His friendships, his classes at school, his tastes in music, in clothes, in recreation – all are firmly rooted in the English language and American culture, especially as represented by the programs that he sees on TV. Television has also had an enormous influence on his spoken English had how he uses it. The direct input from his parents seems to have shrunk to little more than preferences in food and a habit of diligence.[3] In a society that insistently hammers into parents the importance of talking to children and spending time with them, many immigrants can hardly do either. Holding down one or more jobs to provide for their families leaves little time for family life, much less for attending language classes. At the same time, there is evidence that the children of today’s immigrants are losing their parents’ language a good deal faster than second-generation children did years ago.[4] The result, say sociologists and others who study the effects of immigration, is a troubling new family dynamic on the rise: a generation of children growing up almost strangers to their parent. “For most of us, it would be an easy choice,” said Kathleen Harris, a sociology professor at the University of North Carolina. “Of course you would learn to communicate with your child – but not if it meant having to do without food on the table.”[5] Twelve years after arriving in the US, Mrs Chang has come to believe that she is losing her son across a great cultural chasm. It pains her greatly, but she lacks the means to tell him even that much. Instead she relies on her daughter to speak for her. Sun Mi Kim, 18 years old, who grew up speaking English and a child’s oral Korean and is only now striving to learn the spoken and written Korean of an adult, serves as a go-between for her mother and brother, translating nearly everything that passes between the, even during their occasional angry shouting matches. Because Sun Mi’s Korean is limited, however, much is left unspoken – and many feelings unexplored – in the family. Subtlety is lost. Now, when Mrs chang sees her son despondent when she comes home at night after her long workday, she wonders if their language barrier has taken its toll on more than ease of communication within her family. “I’m afraid that by now my son may have given up trying to communicate –and maybe not just with me,”the 47-year-old mother said through a translator one recent afternoon while taking a break from her kitchen duties at one of the family’s two restaurants.[6] Previous waves of American immigrants switched over from their ancestral languages to English in a more gradual fashion, over the course of three or four generations, with a buffer between the immigrant generation and the fully assimilated generation. Back in the decades when Italy was a major source of immigrants to the US, for example, an English-speaking child might have had difficulty talking to his Italian-born grandfather, but usually the generation sandwiched in the middle was fluent in the oral forms of both languages. Nowadays the change is happening far more rapidly, according to Ruben Rumbaut, a sociologist at Michigan State University. “This country is becoming a language graveyard for the second generation,” he said, with children and parents living under the same roof yet substantially unable to talk toeach other except about the most superficial matters of everyday routine.[7] In a long-term study of 5,300 immigrant families, Professor Rumbaut found that 73 percent of the youngsters surveyed in 1991 stated that English was their primary language of communication by the time they reached seventh grade, but 94 percent of the parents spoke another language at home. In 1995, the figure for the parents was about the same, while the number of children speaking mainly English had jumped to 88 percent. A survey of immigrant families conducted last year in the Virginia county where Mrs Chang and her family live found that 53 percent of the households had an adult who spoke little or no English; in 27 percent of the households, no resident adult could speak English.[8] The language barrier separating parent and child may be particularly acute among Asians. Although a higher proportion know some English when they arrive in the US, according to a 1995 University of North Carolina study of 21,000 immigrant youths, Asian children lost their native language considerably more swiftly than do Hispanic children. That is in part because Hispanic young people usually live in larger communities where there are many Spanish-speakers. Asian communities, in contrast, tend to be much smaller and may have several languages, depending on how many countries are represented, said Pyong Gap Min, a Korean-American professor of sociology at Queens College in New York City.[9] Furthermore, Spanish has been woven into the fabric of life in many communities. “How many high schools in this country teach Korean or Vietnamese, or even Chinese?” Professor Min pointed out. “But every high school, virtually without exception, has Spanish in the curriculum, and that’s been the pattern for over a century in the US. People expect Spanish to be taught, whereas Asian language are still regarded as exotic and not of much use to the larger society. This attitude may be short-sighted, but it’s a fact, and a sad corollary is that there is seldom much support for funding instruction in Asian tongues at the primary or secondary school level, at least in public schools.”[10] Adding to the dissolution of communication is the fact that many cultures – particularly those in Asia – do not really encourage parents to sit down for heart-to-heart talks with their children. The most that these parents are likely to do is push their children to get good grades, according to Ms Min. “But if parents only talk about grades, their children’s self-esteem often becomes dependent on their school achievement, rather than on their parents’ love. Then getting a C in school can be devastating.”[11] Sung Jong Chang grew up in a South Korea recovering from the destruction wrought by war. Especially during her childhood, her parents had little food or money. When she migrated to the US in 1988, she came determined to make sure that her family would never have to face similar privations. By working in a relative’s delicatessen and at other jobs, she and her husband saved enough money to open two Japanese restaurants near their home. Now both put in long hours and take just two days off each year: Thanksgiving and New Year’s. John, who was five when he was brought to America, says he is not used to having his parents around. While they were at work, he was either with school friends or watching TV at home. He does not remember how or when he forgot the Korean he spoke as a pre-school child. Little though he now speaks with his mother, communication with his father, who knows no English beyond a few isolated words, is even worse. “We never talk at all,” John said, with a shrug of his shoulders.1In paragraph 1, the author implies thatA native-born American parents often have trouble talking to their childrenB differences between generations in the West often lead to great gaps in languageC Koreans immigrants usually fail to learn to speak English fluentlyD Asians who stay in America for years no longer use Asian languages very well2Mrs Chang’s daughter, Sun Mi Kim, moved to AmericaA at the age of 18B at the age of 5C at an unknown age; there is not enough information in the article even to hazard a guessD presumably around the age of 6 or 73The choice that Kathleen Harris refers to in paragraph 4 is betweenA learning English and ignoring itB learning how to talk to your child and focusing on economic mattersC advancing in your career and building a happy familyD migrating and losing family closeness, and remaining in your homeland4In paragraphs 5 and 11, the author seems to suggest that the boy John KimA will eventually learn to communicate well with his mother but not with his fatherB has been deeply and permanently affected by the long years of not really talking to his parentsC no longer has much trouble saying anything important to his motherD is communicating much better with his father now that his elder sister is improving her Korean5On the basis of this article, which of these statements is NOT true?A The way John Kim speaks English to some degree reflects what he watches on TV.B TV had helped John Kim get through a lot of lonely hours at home.C Spending so much time watching TV had made John Kim a passive, rather lazy boy.D John Kim feels somewhat ill at ease when he is in the company of his mother and father.6English-speaking children talking to immigrant grandparentsA used to face a much greater linguistic barrier than they do todayB seldom need to seek the help of other people nowadaysC often act as a sandwich generation helping their parents and grandparents to communicate betterD ordinarily used to have people in their parents’ generation to help bridge any gap7Researchers who compare young immigrant Asian-Americans to immigrant Hispanic-Americans in the same age group have discovered thatA Hispanic-Americans retain Spanish longer than Asian-Americans keep their native languagesB both groups become primarily English-speaking at roughly the same rateC Hispanic-Americans become English-speakers much more quickly than Asian-Americans doD Asian-Americans have smaller communities and therefore preserve their languages more zealously 8According to Professor Rumbaut’s study, in immigrant families between 1991 and 1995A parents woke up to the fact that they were losing touch with their Americanized childrenB it became a good deal less difficult for children to talk to their parentsC the proportion of children who relied on English to talk to other people rose by 15%D the proportion of parents who spoke a language other than English at home fell by 6%9Spanish is taught in most US schoolsA on account of the huge number of Hispanic immigrants in the US todayB in response to changes in the world in the last few decadesC today, as it has been for 100 years or moreD because there is no money in school budgets to pay teachers of other languages10An appropriate title for this article might beA Among Asian immigrants in the US, a wall of language separates generationsB English as a unifying factor in today’s immigrant families in the USC The Korean language faces hard times in the United States。

地大考博英语专业英语翻译真题

地大考博英语专业英语翻译真题

地大考博英语专业英语翻译真题20XX年地大英语专业英语翻译真题AlphaGo是怎么学会下围棋的20XX年北京地大考博群***-*****8Where Computers Defeat Humans, and Where They Can’t AlphaGo是怎么学会下围棋的*****, the artificial intelligence system built by the Google subsidiary DeepMind, has just defeated the human champion, Lee Se-dol, four games to one in the tournament of the strategy game of Go. Why does this matter? After all, computers surpassed hu mans in chess in 1997, when IBM’s Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov. So why is AlphaGo’s victory significant?由Google的子公司DeepMind创建的人工智能系统AlphaGo,刚刚在一场围棋比赛中以四比一的成绩战胜了人类冠军李世石(Lee Se-dol)。

此事有何重大意义?毕竟在1997年IBM 深蓝(Deep Blue)击败加里卡斯帕罗夫(Garry Kasparov)后,电脑已经在国际象棋上超越了人类。

为什么要对AlphaGo的胜利大惊小怪呢?Like chess, Go is a hugely complex strategy game in which chance and luck play no role. Two players take turns placing whiteor black stones on a 19-by-19 grid; when stones are surrounded on all four sides by those of the other color they are removed from the board, and the player with more stones remaining at the game’s end wins.和国际象棋一样,围棋也是一种高度复杂的策略性游戏,不可能靠巧合和运气取胜。

中国地质大学考博英语必备复习资料—育明考博

中国地质大学考博英语必备复习资料—育明考博

中国地质大学考博英语必备复习资料 II. Situation writing1. Story/ Report TypeParagraph 1 描述文字+得出结论It is quite obvious / apparent to all of us that the above story describes that 讲故事(2-3句慨述. From this story, we can easily arrive at such conclusion that _结论(参考提示语).Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明Undoubtedly, such case frequently occur in our daily life. A case in point is that _______. There is another example to illustrate this point. 例子 (也可根据主题分类, 参考前面的models 1-4) Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论Based on what has been illustrated above, we should have a correct attitude towards 主题 ――(解释主题)(如one’s life consists of lots of goals. )If we … , we will necessarily benefit a lot from it.2. Graph TypeParagraph 1 慨述图标+具体变化As can be seen clearly from the above graph, there has been an obvious tendency with respect to ______ (参考提示语) in the past ___years. According to the figures shown in the graph, the number of (private cars )…rose slightly from___ in ____to_____in _____. However, there was a sudden rapid decline in the number of ( private cars ) from … to…in______.Paragraph 2紧扣主题句,分析原因(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) Obviously, it is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above tendency. In the first place, …. In the second place, …. At last, ….Paragraph 3发表议论,提出建议或预测Based on what has been analyzed, we can say that the drawer intends not only to tell us the fact itself, but also set us thinking about _____. By the way, we may reasonably predict that, with the further development of reform and opening-up, the number of ______ will continue to grow steadily in the forthcoming decade.3. Cartoon TypeParagraph 1 描述漫画+得出结论Here is a vivid and lively cartoon which depicts ______(2-3句概述, Obviously, this picture conveys us a strong message that _______ Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明It is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above phenomenon if thinking carefully. To begin with, …. What’s more,…. At last,…Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论Based on what has been discussed, I personally believe that it is high time for us to adopt some effective measures to deal with such situation. On the one hand,… ; on the other hand,…. Only in these ways can we _____ ( prevent….from…;guarantee …; protect …from…; solve this matter effectively and successfully)III, 考生造句标准和原则必须符合下列句型原则1. 基本句型 (详见笔记---五大基本句型)2. 扩展句型 (详见笔记---三种扩展方式)3. 特殊句型 (详见笔记---十大特殊句型)英语写作句型训练示范1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:自行车的优点远大于缺点,并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

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2017年地大(北京)英语考博翻译试题Managers cannot wash their hands of routine tasksMost people can identify their top priority at work. Generally, it will be the part of the job that is most productive for their employer: for a merger and acquisitions banker, it could be landing a big deal for a client; for a lorry driver, the punctual delivery of an important consignment; for a hospital doctor or nurse, giving vital treatment to a patient.But every job is ringed with secondary tasks-the routine but critical stuff covered by codes and guidelines. If such chores are neglected, the consequences may undermine overall success. New research suggests tired workers in demanding jobs start giving up doing those small, but vital, tasks remarkably quickly.Technology can, of course, take over some basic chores altogether. It is no longer necessary to engage an additional auditor to cross-check the balance sheet, or to insist airline pilots handle every tiny aspect of monitoring and flying their aircraft.Automated solutions are not as reassuring as they seem, however. Peter Thiel, the entrepreneur, wrote in the FT last week that computers “excel at efficient data processing but struggle to make basic judgments’’. In other words, humans are not redundant. But the flesh-and-blood workers who remain now have greater responsibility for more important tasks. If companies pile more work on to them, these weary employees could inadvertently plunge them into disaster.It is a truism that a tired worker is less productive than a fresh one. But researchers at Wharton and Kenan-Flagler business schools have shown that compliance with routine tasks can fall away within one heavy shift.Their study’s focus was hand hygiene, healthcare’s mundane but powerful weapon against cross-infection. Such is the importance of sanitization-when done thoroughly, it can reduce infection bythe MRSA “superbug” by 95 per cent-that hospitals have started to monitor compliance, using electronic tags in sanitisers and workers’ badges. Each time a member of staff skips the sanitiser, the omission is logged.The extraordinarily rich anonymised information from such a system is a treasure trove for big data researchers such as Wharton’s Katherine Milkman. Analysing 13.8m “unique hand hygiene opportunities” for more than 4,000 staff at 35 hospitals, she and her co-authors found that over a 12-hour shift compliance by an average staff member fell by 8.5 percentage points. Lax handwashing, they suggest, could be costing $25bn annually in treatment of unnecessary infection in the US-and leading to 70,000 needless deaths.As Prof Milkman explained to me last week, the fact that intense work makes it harder to do less important tasks could have profound implications in other walks of life. The study points out that “these deviations pose a threat to the wellbeing of organisations, employees and clients• • • • ••because such violations can reduce the quality of products produced and services provided as well as creating an unsafe work environment”.Suddenly, it is a little clearer why the exhausted M&A banker skips parts of the ethical code her bank insists on, or why the tired lorry driver jumps the lights to make it to the depot on time. The work could offer clues about how to make sure the steeplejack always checks his harness, even on the final ascent of the skyscraper, and the weary journalist reads through her story for possible errors on deadline.The good news is that while the ability to carry out these simple tasks deteriorates swiftly, employers can restore it rapidly by, say, giving workers longer breaks between shifts. Another positive conclusion is that in this case technology seems to help. Monitoring compliance electronically, for all its Orwellian implications, does improve the overall frequency of handwashing.Hand hygiene is, however, one of those secondary tasks that will by definition always be manual. In other areas, the assumption is that machines have cleared the way for professionals to concentrate on their primary productive job. But there is evidence, highlighted in a recent New Yorker article about pilots’ reliance on their autopilot, that some skills may atrophy as workers become complacent about technological back-up.I think the new research adds a further twist: if technology makes some vital tasks that used to be central seem routine, workers may also start to neglect them as the day drags on-with potentially dire consequences.不可忽视工作中的“小事”绝大多数人能够认知自己工作中的首要任务。

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