句子成分及其句子种类

句子成分及其句子种类
一．组成句子的各部分叫做句子成分。

句子的成分有：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

二. 句子最基本的结构是：主语＋谓语
主语：在句子中的位置是放在句首：可以作主语的词类有名词、代词，数词、不定式以及词组、从句等等。

e.g. The boys are playing football now.
名词作主语
Two and two are four.
数词作主语
To learn a foreign language is very useful.
动词不定式作主语 This is a key.
谓语：谓语放在主语之后，动词作谓语，包括及物动词，不及物动词，系动词。

e.g. The students are reading books.
表语：放在谓语之后，结构是：主语＋谓语（系动词）＋表语用作表语的词有名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词，不定式，词组，从句等等。

e.g. We are students. 名词作表语
This desk is hers. 代词作表语
Lee is fifteen. 数词作表语
Sarah’s car looks nice. 形容词作表语
Our plan is to plant trees. 动词不定式作表语
宾语：宾语放在谓语之后，结构是：主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语，宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语，直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。

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用作宾语的词有：名词，代词，数词，不定式短语，名词性的形容词或从句。

e.g. Do you need any help? 名词作宾语
Would you like to help me? 代词作宾语
He bought ten oranges. 数词作宾语
The teacher wants to take these chairs out of the room. 动词不定式作宾语
宾语补足语：在句子中放在宾语之后，结构是：主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语＋宾语补足语
可以用作宾语补足语的词有：名词，形容词，不定式和分词。

名词或者代词＋形容词/名词/不定式/分词
e.g. The good news made me happy. 形容词作宾补
Did you hear her sing just now? 动词不定式作宾补
I saw him cleaning the window yesterday. 分词作宾补
Let us have a rest. 不定式短语作宾补
状语：一般放在句尾，有时放句首或句中。

作状语的词有：副词，介词短语、词组，不定式短语，分词短语以及从句。

e.g. Immediately he started to sing. 副词放句首，作状语
I’m never late. 副词放句中作状语
He drives fast. 副词放句尾作状语。

Please park the car in front of the building. 介词短词作状语放句尾They went to Shanghai to have a meeting. 动词不定式作状语
定语：记住有名词或代词的地方都可以有定语。

一般情况下单个的名词，代词，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而词组、短语、从句要放在所修饰的名词之后。

可以用作定语的词有：形容词，代词，数词，名词或名词所有格、介词短语，不定式短语，词组，分词短语和从句。

e.g. Ben is an old man.
形容词用作定语，放在名词之前。

Do you want another cake?
代词用作定语放在所修饰的名词前 The girl asked her mother two questions.
数词用作定语放在所修饰的名词之前。

The worker put the flowers in a paper bag.
名词用作定语放在所修饰的名词之前。

Who’s the man over there? 介词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词之后。

Could you bing me something to drink, please?
动词不定式作定语，放在不定代词之后。

The plane that can fly is a machine.
从句用作定语放在所修饰的名词之后。

三. 句子的结构：简单句，并列句和复合句首先看简单句的五种基本句型（1）主语＋谓语（不及物动词） e.g. Summer is coming. （2）主语＋谓语（连系动词）＋表语。

e.g. You are very busy. （3）主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语 e.g. Mr. Liu teaches English. （4）主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语＋宾语 e.g. Mum gave me a dictionary. = Mum gave a dictionary to me 四. 句子的种类：
句子可以分为4类：陈述句、疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。

陈述句：说明一个事实或者陈述说话人的看法。

陈述句包括肯定句和否定句。

e.g. One day a tiger came out of the forest. He hasn’t had lunch yet.
疑问句：提出问题。

在英语中疑问句可以分为四种：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

1. 一般疑问句，用yes或者no回答的疑问句，
e.g. Are you a doctor?
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Did she like swimming when she was young?
Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.
2. 特殊疑问句：用疑问词引导的疑问句，不能用yes或者no回答，用降调。

疑问代词有：who, whom, whose, what, which 疑问副词有：when, where, why, how
还有：how many, how much, how old, how long, how far, how soon, how often, how tall, how high, what / which / whose ＋名词…
e.g. Whose computer is it? It’s mine.
When do you usually get up every morning?
3.选择疑问句：提出两个答案供选择回答，前一部分和一般疑问句差不多，后一部分用or连接需要提问的并列部分。

e.g. Which country do you like better, China or India? Chi na. Are you going to work or stay at home? I’m going to work.
4. 反意问句：反意问句一般分两部分，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是与前一部分意思相反的简短问句，用逗号隔开。

前一部分用肯定，后一部分用否定。

前一部分用否定，后一部分就用肯定。

回答时yes, no要与事实取得一致。

e.g. David is good at maths, isn’t he? Yes, he is.
大卫擅长数学，是吗？是的。

Kim hasn’t been to the U.S.A, has she? Yes, she has. No, she has’t . 不，她去过了。

是的，她还没去过。

祈使句：表示命令、请求、号召等的句子。

祈使句通常不表示出主语。

肯定句将动词原形放在句首。

否定句以Don’t ＋动词原形 e.g. Open your books, please.
Don’t talk in class. Listen to me carefully.
感叹句：表示说话时的惊异，喜悦气氛等情绪的句子。

感叹句通常
有两种，由what或者how修饰。

感叹句句尾要用感叹号，用降调。

what修饰名词，how修饰形容词或副词。

结构：What＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语
e.g. What a nice day it is!
What delicious food!
How + 形容词/副词+主语＋谓语
e.g. How beautiful the flowers are!
How fast Jim runs!
重点注意：一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的语序－－倒装语序。

一般疑问句将助动词、情态动词、连系动词放在主语之前。

e.g. Is this a book?
Are there any books on the table?
Will they see a film tomorrow?
特殊疑问句将疑问代词或者疑问副词放句首，后面跟着一般疑问句语序。

只是在需要提问主语部分时，换成疑问代词，其它部分不变。

e.g. Mei Mei sings well. Who sings well?
I am drawing a horse. What are you drawing?
He lives in Australia. Where does he live?
切记：在反意疑问句中如果前一部分中含有no, never, hardly, little, few等词时，这一部分就表示否定，后一部分要用肯定。

e.g. You never go to school by bus, do you?
Mary has few friends, has / does she?
D. 祈使句的反意问句，后面要加一个简短问句，使语气更委婉。

e.g. Let’s have a rest, shall we?
让我们休息一会儿，好吗？
Let him go, will you? 让他走，怎么样？
Close the door, will you? 关上门，好吗？
Don’t make so much noise, will you?
别吵闹，行不行？。