六+词义关系
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CONTENTS：
1 2 3 4 5
Synonymy
同义关系
Antonmy
反义关系
Polysemy 多义关系 Homonymy 同形异义关系
Hyponymy 上下义关系 Taxonymy 分类关系
6
7
Meronymy 部分整体关系
M1
W1
M6 W1
M2
W2 W1
M5
M3
Antonymy
≅
W2
Semantic relationship
Omnipresent Antonymy: In Life& Literature
1.Easy come, easy go 2.to have an old head on young shoulders 3. Life can only be understand backwards,but it must be live forward
Polysemy Homonymy
W1
M4
Synonymy
W1a
⋯
W1n
Hyponymy Taxonymy
what are these words?
Synonym
PART ONE
1
Synonymy 同义关系 & Synonym 同义词
Definition? Synonymy is equivalence in meaning P108 Synoyms are words with similar meanings.
Why so many synonyms ?
English has had a rich input in history. Therefore， its easy to find synonyms from Germanic,Greek, and latinate origins.
Types of synonyms?
2.Stylistic defference :formal & informal
Chap
Gentleman
3.Emotive difference -------- 褒、中、贬
notorious--famous--celebrated To manufacture--produce--create obtain--procure misuse--abuse proud--haughty ambiguous--equivocal hate--loathe
M1
3
Polysemy
多义关系
M6 W M5 M4
M2
M3
Definition: a single word with several different meanings. Types: 1. original meaning - - - → extended meaning :Pen 羽毛→钢笔 2. general meaning - - - → special meaning e.g.fire各类火→the fire in the setting room 炉火 3. concrete meaning - - - → abstract meaning e.g.edge:knife with sharp~ 刀刃→at the~of forest 边缘 4.literal meaning - - - → figurative meaning e.g. green: ~ glass绿色的→~ hands 没经验的 sharp: a~ sword→ ~eyes犀利的，~ smell 刺鼻的
Distinguishing synonyms ——As there are subtle distinctive features among words.
• 1.semantic difference
• Degree:surprise--astonish--astound • Duration:flash--blaze • Manner:stroll--pace--swagger--staggger • Angle:country--state--nation Surprise astonish
living death open secret
cruel kindness visible darkness
I despite its vastness and power.It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skycrapers, the dolefulest plesures of any town I ever saw. ——O.Henry
alive
female
dead
A
male
B
Gradable antonyms. A.There are gradable. B.The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of another. c.The higher degree serves as the cover term. e.g.How old (unmarked) are u ?
abuse
misuse
PART TWO
2
Antonymy
反义关系
Definition:two words have OPPOSITE meanings
Types: plementary antonyms. b.Gradable antonyms. c. Coverse antonyms.
A
B
Coverse antonyms 反向反义关系
• For each pair of antonyms,one expresses the converse meaning of the other. 逆转关系，互为条 件，不构成肯定与否定对立 • The existence of one terms implies the existence of the other term. 总是涉及两个实体一个预设另一个 • For example, over/under, buy/sell, doctor/patient, doctor teacher/pupil, stop/go, employer/employee, cheaper/more expensive. patient
五、上下义关系
Definition of hyponymy Properties of hyponymy Transitivity of hyponymy
Definition of hyponymy:
Hyponymy is one of the most important structuring relations in the vocabulary of a language. We say that apple is a hyponym of fruit,and conversely, that fruit is a superordinate (occasionally hyperonym) of apple.
Shortening: a further type of word-building which increases
the number of homonyms.
Use of homonyms
Homphones and homonyms result in lexical ambiguity. A sentence containing such words may be interpreted in more than one way depending on which lexeme is linked to the wordform it contains that can represent more than one lexeme.
Homographs: 同形(异音)异义词
eg: wind:风；缠绕 supply:供给；柔软的
Source of homonyms
Phonetic changes: two or more words which were formerly pronounced differently may develop identical sound forms and thus become homonyms. eg: night and knight Borrowing:a borrowed word may, in the final stage of its phonetic adaptation, duplicate in form either a native word or another borrowing.
W1
W2
Complementary antonyms 互补反义关系
1.One member has a certain semantic property that the other member does not have. 2.If one member is true,the other member cannot be true. 3.No middle ground. E.g., male/ female, married/unmarried, complete/incomplete, alive /dead, present/absent/ awake/asleep.
Pros:
1.Save our T & E to remember endless words.
2.To achieve humorous effects : ¥ doesn't grow on trees, but it blossom at O branches.
Cons:Ambiquity 造成模糊性
Strict synonym & loose synonym
: is uneconomical; Is very dangerous if two words are strict synonyms,one of them has either changed its meaning or fallen out of use. e.g. sky, heaven. So there are only few strict synonyms e.g. 专有名词和术语 : word building/formation; breathed/voicsless consonant : Not only significant overlap in meaning,but at least in one context they can't substitude for each other. e.g.find & discover Lydia found/discover the ball behind the garden shed. Mary Curie discovered radium 1898.(×replace)
she can't bear children
a.she have no ability to give birth to children 不能生 b.she can't torlerate children无法忍受
M1 M6 W1 M5 M4 M3 M2
四、homonymy:同形异义关系 五、hyponymy:上下义关系
Three kinds :
homonymy homophone homograph
Homonym:同形(Байду номын сангаас音)异义词
bank：银行；河岸 race : 比赛；人种 Homophones: 同音(异形)异义词
eg:
eg: plain:朴素的 plane:飞机 right. write. wright. rite
主讲人：廖旋 学号：1340501142
四、同形异义关系
Definition of homonymy Source of homonyms
Use of homonyms
Definition of homonyny:
Homonym:
one of two or more words that are identical in sound or spelling but different in meaning.
1 2 3 4 5
Synonymy
同义关系
Antonmy
反义关系
Polysemy 多义关系 Homonymy 同形异义关系
Hyponymy 上下义关系 Taxonymy 分类关系
6
7
Meronymy 部分整体关系
M1
W1
M6 W1
M2
W2 W1
M5
M3
Antonymy
≅
W2
Semantic relationship
Omnipresent Antonymy: In Life& Literature
1.Easy come, easy go 2.to have an old head on young shoulders 3. Life can only be understand backwards,but it must be live forward
Polysemy Homonymy
W1
M4
Synonymy
W1a
⋯
W1n
Hyponymy Taxonymy
what are these words?
Synonym
PART ONE
1
Synonymy 同义关系 & Synonym 同义词
Definition? Synonymy is equivalence in meaning P108 Synoyms are words with similar meanings.
Why so many synonyms ?
English has had a rich input in history. Therefore， its easy to find synonyms from Germanic,Greek, and latinate origins.
Types of synonyms?
2.Stylistic defference :formal & informal
Chap
Gentleman
3.Emotive difference -------- 褒、中、贬
notorious--famous--celebrated To manufacture--produce--create obtain--procure misuse--abuse proud--haughty ambiguous--equivocal hate--loathe
M1
3
Polysemy
多义关系
M6 W M5 M4
M2
M3
Definition: a single word with several different meanings. Types: 1. original meaning - - - → extended meaning :Pen 羽毛→钢笔 2. general meaning - - - → special meaning e.g.fire各类火→the fire in the setting room 炉火 3. concrete meaning - - - → abstract meaning e.g.edge:knife with sharp~ 刀刃→at the~of forest 边缘 4.literal meaning - - - → figurative meaning e.g. green: ~ glass绿色的→~ hands 没经验的 sharp: a~ sword→ ~eyes犀利的，~ smell 刺鼻的
Distinguishing synonyms ——As there are subtle distinctive features among words.
• 1.semantic difference
• Degree:surprise--astonish--astound • Duration:flash--blaze • Manner:stroll--pace--swagger--staggger • Angle:country--state--nation Surprise astonish
living death open secret
cruel kindness visible darkness
I despite its vastness and power.It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skycrapers, the dolefulest plesures of any town I ever saw. ——O.Henry
alive
female
dead
A
male
B
Gradable antonyms. A.There are gradable. B.The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of another. c.The higher degree serves as the cover term. e.g.How old (unmarked) are u ?
abuse
misuse
PART TWO
2
Antonymy
反义关系
Definition:two words have OPPOSITE meanings
Types: plementary antonyms. b.Gradable antonyms. c. Coverse antonyms.
A
B
Coverse antonyms 反向反义关系
• For each pair of antonyms,one expresses the converse meaning of the other. 逆转关系，互为条 件，不构成肯定与否定对立 • The existence of one terms implies the existence of the other term. 总是涉及两个实体一个预设另一个 • For example, over/under, buy/sell, doctor/patient, doctor teacher/pupil, stop/go, employer/employee, cheaper/more expensive. patient
五、上下义关系
Definition of hyponymy Properties of hyponymy Transitivity of hyponymy
Definition of hyponymy:
Hyponymy is one of the most important structuring relations in the vocabulary of a language. We say that apple is a hyponym of fruit,and conversely, that fruit is a superordinate (occasionally hyperonym) of apple.
Shortening: a further type of word-building which increases
the number of homonyms.
Use of homonyms
Homphones and homonyms result in lexical ambiguity. A sentence containing such words may be interpreted in more than one way depending on which lexeme is linked to the wordform it contains that can represent more than one lexeme.
Homographs: 同形(异音)异义词
eg: wind:风；缠绕 supply:供给；柔软的
Source of homonyms
Phonetic changes: two or more words which were formerly pronounced differently may develop identical sound forms and thus become homonyms. eg: night and knight Borrowing:a borrowed word may, in the final stage of its phonetic adaptation, duplicate in form either a native word or another borrowing.
W1
W2
Complementary antonyms 互补反义关系
1.One member has a certain semantic property that the other member does not have. 2.If one member is true,the other member cannot be true. 3.No middle ground. E.g., male/ female, married/unmarried, complete/incomplete, alive /dead, present/absent/ awake/asleep.
Pros:
1.Save our T & E to remember endless words.
2.To achieve humorous effects : ¥ doesn't grow on trees, but it blossom at O branches.
Cons:Ambiquity 造成模糊性
Strict synonym & loose synonym
: is uneconomical; Is very dangerous if two words are strict synonyms,one of them has either changed its meaning or fallen out of use. e.g. sky, heaven. So there are only few strict synonyms e.g. 专有名词和术语 : word building/formation; breathed/voicsless consonant : Not only significant overlap in meaning,but at least in one context they can't substitude for each other. e.g.find & discover Lydia found/discover the ball behind the garden shed. Mary Curie discovered radium 1898.(×replace)
she can't bear children
a.she have no ability to give birth to children 不能生 b.she can't torlerate children无法忍受
M1 M6 W1 M5 M4 M3 M2
四、homonymy:同形异义关系 五、hyponymy:上下义关系
Three kinds :
homonymy homophone homograph
Homonym:同形(Байду номын сангаас音)异义词
bank：银行；河岸 race : 比赛；人种 Homophones: 同音(异形)异义词
eg:
eg: plain:朴素的 plane:飞机 right. write. wright. rite
主讲人：廖旋 学号：1340501142
四、同形异义关系
Definition of homonymy Source of homonyms
Use of homonyms
Definition of homonyny:
Homonym:
one of two or more words that are identical in sound or spelling but different in meaning.