长难句翻译
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例:Though our knowledge be limited to our ideas, and cannot exceed them either in extent or perfection; and though these be very narrow bounds in respect of the extent of all Beings, and far short of what we may justly imagine to be in some even created understandings not tied down to the dull and narrow information that is to be received from some few and not very acute ways of perception, such as are our senses; yet it would be well with us if our knowledge were but as large as our ideas, and there were not many doubts and inquiries concerning the ideas we have, whereof we are not, nor I believe ever shall be in this world, resolved.
解析:主句是The first elected Russian President...resigned on december 31,1999 after eight years in power, the man who 是The first elected Russian President的同位语从句,这个同位语从句 又带有一个由what 引导的宾语从句,其从 句中的表语 the world's largest nation又带 有一个同位语从句the soviet Union, extinct是形容词作the soviet Union的补足 语。BorisYeltsin和the man都是The first elected Russian President的同位语。
解析:这一例句充分体现了英语长句的语言特点, 是一个多元复合句。句子中间是个分号“;”, 表明整个句子是由两个大的并列复合句组成,其 主句是such as are our senses, 之前是两个由 and并列连接的两个though 让步状语从句。第二 个让步状语从句又带有一个由what 引导的名词 性从句,what作imagine to be 的表语。That引 导的定语从句修饰information。后半部分并列 两个虚拟条件状语从句,we have resolved作 the ideas 的定语从句,在这个定语从句中插入 了whereof we are not, nor I believe ever shall be in this world。译文语序略作调整, 把such as are our senses译到了最后。
例:The first elected Russian President, the man who declared what once was the world's largest nation, the soviet Union, extinct, BorisYeltsin resigned on december 31, 1999 after eight years in power.
译文:任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现, 即使他们实际应用甚至还无法预见,都是 马克思感到由衷的喜悦。但是当有了立即 会对工业,对一般历史发展产生革命影响 的发现的时候,他的喜悦就完全不同了。
4、同位语插入省略混杂 无论是简单句,并列句还是复合句,句中 加上同位语,插入语,省略句,或独立成 分等后,句子显得冗长,难以捉摸。翻译 是要根据语法关系,逻辑关系,主次关系, 层层剥离,分门别类,采用下文讲的变序 译法,打破原文的结构,根据汉语的逻辑 思维习惯,重新调整原句的语序,先译重 点,后加说明。
解析:这是一个多达126个单词的主从复合句。主句是 Marx discovered the law of development of human history。主句前有一个由just as 引导的方式状语从句, 主句后有一个名词短语the simple fact 作the law of development of human history的同位语。The simple fact 后跟有一个过去分词短语hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology做原因状语。名词短语the simple fact 同时连接两个分别由that 引导的并列同位语从句(1) that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing和(2)that ...form the foundation。在第一个同 位语从句中有一个由before引导的时间状语从句 before it can pursue polities, science, art, religion,etc.;在第二个 同位语从句中有两个由upon which 和in the light of which 引导的定语从句修饰the foundation。在第二个定语从句 之后又跟有一个介词短语instead of vice versa作状语, 这个状语之后又有一个由as引导的定语从句。翻译时, 总体上还是用顺译法,后部分根据汉语习惯和表达需要, 打破原文的框架结构,用变序译法,重新组合语言方可得 理想译文。
解析:这是一个带有倒装成分的主从复合句。 主句是he experienced quite another kind of joy 。其前是一个由however引导的让步 状语从句,表语倒装。这个状语从句又带 一个由with which 引导的定语从句,which 指the joy,其后又接一个由whose引导的 定语从句,whose 指some theoretical science, whose practical application是 envisage的宾语;最后是一个由when 引导 的时间状语从句。
2、并列复合穿插 并列成分穿插纵横,连环套接, 难解难分。有并列主语,并列谓语, 并列宾语,并列定语,并列状语等。 有时状语连状语,定语连定语,并列 迭出,中间又穿插各种短语;介词短 语,分词短语,不定式短语,动名词 短语,形容词短语等。有的用来补充 说明,有的用来丰富内容,有的用来 换壮生增色,渲染气氛。
长难句翻译
Translation of Long Sentences
英语长句句子的特点 英语长句的英汉句子结 构差异对比 分析长难句 翻译方法
英语长句句子的特点 (Feature of Long Sentences)
Байду номын сангаас 1、结构错综复杂
英语长句句子结构复杂,盘根错 节,脉络难找。简单句,并列句,复 杂句纵横交错,从句套从句,短语套 短语,真是词中有词,词中有句,句 中有词,句中有句。
译文:作为俄罗斯第一位民选总统,作为宣 布世界上最大的国家——苏联——解体的 一代巨人,叱咤俄罗斯政坛八年的叶利钦 于20世纪最后一天黯然辞职。
5.其他
有的时候,句子结构能够看懂,但整个句 子却看不懂,究其原因是对于句中的词汇 和词组理解不清,在英译汉中尤其如此。
如:Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion and brought news of the outside world. 分析:本句的难点是对diversion(消遣)的理 解。 译文:陌生人和旅游者是受欢迎的消遣的来 源,他们带来外部世界的新闻。
译文:虽然,我们的知识局限于我们的概念, 而且在范围和完善程度上都不能超越;我们 的观念同宇宙万物的存在相比十分狭隘, 而且远不如我们所能合理想象的其他生灵 的理智范围之广(这种理智并不像我们为 数有限灵敏不足的器官所接受的信息那样 枯燥有限)。尽管如此,我们还是希望我 们的知识和我们的观念一样广泛,但愿对 我们现有的观念也不必有那么多的疑问和 探索;何况我们从未对此有所肯定,而且 我相信大概永远也不会完全肯定。——即 便如此,我们的感官知识也不过如此而已。
译文:正像达尔文发现有机界的规律一样,马 克思发现了人类历史的发展规律,即历来 被繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着一个简单 事实:人们首先必须吃,喝,住,穿,然 后才能从事政治,科学,艺术,宗教等活 动;所以,直接的物质生活资料生产和一个 民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展过程, 便构成为基础,人们的国家制度,法律的 概念,艺术以至宗教概念,就是从这个基 础上发展起来的,因而,也必须有这个基 础来解释,而不像过去那样做得正好相反。
例:Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue polities, science, art, religion,etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state instituutions, the conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.
3、语序变化难辨 句子打破了习惯的框架结构,为 了强调,有些句子成分倒装置前,语 序发生了变化。一般主者放前,次者 置后,前增后加,上添下补。虽然结 构变形,可能变得臃肿,但表达丰富, 生动有力,引人注意。
例:However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general.