高中英语语法讲义——代词

高中英语语法讲义——代词
人称代词
单数 复数
主格
宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you
第三人称
he him
they
them
she her it
it
人称代词不同的格在句中有不同的句法功能：人称代词的主格作主语，宾格可作宾语和表语。

He would drown his sadness in coffee.（主格作主语） Thank you for your letter.（动宾） I bought a present for him.（介宾） Hi, it ’s me.（宾格作表语） 提示：
（1）在It is/ was …that/who …强调句型中，若被强调部分作主语，虽然跟在is/was 后，但仍用主格形式。

It ’s I who did it.
（2）在没有谓语动词的句子中，人称代词常用宾格。

-Glad to meet you. -Me , too.
用人称代词填空
1.-Jim, can you work his Sunday?
-Why______? I ’ve been working for two weeks on end.
2. On my desk is a photo that my father took of ______ when I was a baby.
物主代词
意思 类别 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性 my your his her its ours your their 名词性
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
1．形容性物主代词
相当于形容词，置于名词前作定语。

Is this your seat, sir?
The government has changed its policy. 2.名词性物主代词
相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，在句中作主语、表语、宾语。

This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.（作主语） This camera is mine and that is yours.（作表语）
Every person showed his ticket, and I showed mine too.（作宾语） 用物主代词填空
3. The sweet music of that laughter brought back a hundred memories of past winters. I remembered catching 数、格 人称
snowflakes on my tongue, building snowmen and always losing snowball fights with first______ brothers and then my own children.
4. This is our room, and ______ is just across the hall.
反身代词
第一人称第二人称第三人称
人称
数
单数myself yourself himself ,herself, itself
复数ourselves yourselves themselves
1.反身代词的基本用法
反身代词
作宾语：
动宾：Tom taught himself Chinese.
介宾：You can’t leave the baby by himself.
作表语：She is not quite herself today.
作同位语：I myself can repair the bike.
2.含有反身代词的习惯用语
（1）与介词连用
You’ll have to see if he has gone to Wuhan for oneself.（亲自）
The computer may shut off by itself.（自动地）
One would rather have a bedroom to oneself.（=for one’s own private use, not to be shared独自享用）
I can’t finish the work by myself.（=alone; without help单独地、独自地）
He was beside himself with joy when he heard he had passed the exam.（=almost mad with anger/excitement…由于气愤、激动等而几乎发狂、忘形）
（2）与动词连用
enjoy oneself（=have a good time）玩得开心
Behave yourself！(=Be polite! Show good manners！)规矩点！
absent oneself缺席；不参加
devote oneself to专心于；献身于
apply oneself to适应
treat oneself to sth.用…犒劳自己
make oneself at home不要客气
seat oneself (=sit) 坐
think for oneself (=form one’s own opinion)独立思考（形成自己的看法，自行决定）
He is not himself today.（be oneself处于正常状态，显得自然）
He is always boasting himself. （boast oneself自夸）
A moment later, he came to himself. （come to oneself=regain self-control or consciousness恢复自制力/；苏醒过来）
When he work up, he found himself in a hospital bed.（find oneself+介词短语/doing sth：发现自己处于某种状态或在做某事）
The money was on the table and no one was there, so he helped himself to it.（help oneself to sth=take sth for oneself擅自取用）
用反身代词填空
5. I don’t believe you. Did you see it ______?
6. It is not his fault: I cut______ with a knife.
7. We should be independent of our parents. We should depend on_______.
指示代词
指示代词用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个，这些”，“那个，那些”。

常用的有单数this, that；复数these, those。

为了方便学习，我们把so, such也归到这一类。

1.指示代词的句法功能
Charlie, this is my friend, Amy. 作主语
This house is for rent. 作定语
What I want to stress is this. 作表语
What do you think of this? 作宾语
2.指示代词的用法
（1）this, that, these, those
指示代词this, these指在时间或空间上较近的人或物；
that, those指在时间或空间上较远的人或物。

This picture was painted by Robert and that one by Bruce.
I love these books but I don’t like those (ones).
知识拓展
A.用英语打电话时，this指自己，that指别人。

Hello! This is Alan. Who is that speaking?
B.刚提到的或已经完成的事情用that,而将要发生或将要提到的用this.
Little George broke the vase, but he didn’t admit it. That was very annoying.
-Professor Watson is going to give us a lecture on geology.
-This is very exciting.
（2）such的用法
such指如前面所述的这样的人或事物
Such was the result.结果就是这样。

（3）so的用法
so起指示作用时，代替一个句子或短语所表达的内容。

①believe, think, expect, suppose, imagine等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。

既可用于肯定句也可用于
否定。

I think/suppose/imagine/believe so.我想如此。

I don’t think/expect/suppose/imagine/believe so. =I think/expect/suppose/imagine/ believe not. 我想不是
这样。

②用于表示肯定的hope, I’m afraid后，代替前文提到的观点。

-It is going to rain this evening.
-I hope so./ I hope not.
用指示代词填空
8. This is for me and ______ is for you.
9. ______ is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.
it的用法
1.指代上文提到的某样东西
Where is y dictionary? I left it right on the desk.
2.用以代替指示代词this, that
-What’s this?
-It's a flag.
-Whose exercise book is that?
-It’s hers.
3. 指不知性别的婴儿(baby) 或身份不明确的人（由于某种原因而不知对方是谁）
The baby cried because it was hungry.
-Who is knocking at the door?
-It’s me.
4. 指时间、天气、距离等
It is nine o’clock sharp now.
It is raining hard outside.
It is a long way to the factory.
5. 作形式主语或形式宾语
it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语而将真正的主语或宾语后置。

It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.（作形式主语，代替不定式短语）
It’s impossible for him to get there in time.（作形式主语，代替不定式结构）
It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.（作形式主语，代替动名词短语）
I find it easy to get on with Jim.（作形式宾语，代替不定式短语）
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.（作形式宾语，代替名词性从句）
用it作形式主语或形式宾语补全句子
10. I think________________（有必要的）that we have the meeting.
11. ________________（众所周知）China has the largest population in the world.
12. ________________（据说）all of them have gone to the cinema.
6. 熟记下列有关it的固定结构
I take it that you don’t agree with me.（我的理解是…）
I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.（讨厌…）
I like it when she sings me a song.（喜欢…）
I can't help it if he is always late.（没办法）
I would appreciate it if you can help me.（将不胜感激）
I don’t mind it if you are late.（不会介意）
Please see to it that (make sure that) you bring enough money when you go out.（确保）
You can count on it that he is very smart.（相信…）
As someone puts it: Practice makes perfect.（正如…所说的那样）
You needn’t go if you don’t feel like it.（不愿意）
When it comes to football, he is more excited.（提到…）
7. 用于强调句型（详见特殊句式专题）
用适当的代词填空
13. I hate______ when people talk with their mouths full.
14. ______ is not what your father is but whether you can do the work well that matters.
15. ______ is a wonder（that）he continues to gamble when he always loses！
不定代词
都 任何 都不 两个人或物 both either neither 三个或三个以上的人或物；不可数名词
all
any
none
如：I ’ve bought two books; you can have either.
I am sorry I can ’t lend you any (money). None of this money is mine. 用适当的代词填空
16. He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found ______ of them again.
17. The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but______ contained any useful suggestions. （二）one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those 的区别 替代
one a/an+单数名词 ones 零冠词+复数名词 the one the+单数名词 the ones the+复数名词
that the+单数可数名词或不可数名词（尤其是有后置定语时） those
the+复数名词（尤其是有后置定语时）
We have various summer camps for your holidays, you can choose one (=a summer camp) based on your own interests.（one 代替“a/an+单数名词”）
Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones (=presents) that I had never seen.
The book on the desk is better than the one/that （=the book ）under the desk.（the one/that 代替“the+单数名词”）
The books on the desk are better than the ones/those （=the books ）under the desk.（the ones/those 代替“the+复数名词”）
Little joy can equal that (=the joy) of a surprising ending when you read stories.（that 代替 “the+不可数名词”） 用适当的代词填空：
18. I ’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than_______ in the city. 19. Helping others is a habit, ________ you can learn even at an early age.
（三）one, another, the other; some, others, the others 的区别 一个/一些 另外一个/一些 剩余的一个/一些 单数 one another the other 复数 some
others
the others
一本/一些书 另外一本/一些书 剩余的一本/一些书 单数 one book another book the other book 复数
some books
other books
the other books
注意：
1.the other 后通常加可数名词（单数/复数），不能加不可数名词；短语the rest of （剩余的）后既可以加词义
指代
可数名词（单数或复数），也可以加不可数名词；else只能放在不定代词或特殊疑问词后。

-What did you do last weekend?
-Oh, nothing else.
2. 体会下列句子中黑体词的用法
（1）I have two books: one is English, and the other (one) / one is French.
（2）He will stay here for another three/ three other/ three more days.
（3）There are many books on the table: some are English, the others/ the rest are French.
（4）He’ll be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.
（5）Would you please make it some other day/ another day?
（6）I saw him in London the other day/ week/ month. (=a few days/ weeks/ months ago)
（7）He has no other close friends like John.
（8）If this dictionary is not yours, who else’s can it be?
用another或the other填空
20. We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have________ one this month.
21. He raised one arm and then________.
（四）someone/somebody/something, anyone/anybody/anything, everyone/everybody/ everything, no 某任何每个，所有没有
人someone/
somebody anyone/
anybody
everyone/
everybody
no one/
nobody
物something anything everything nothing
Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly anything (almost nothing) left in the house.
（五）none, nobody/no one, nothing的区别
指代用来回答相当于
none 人或物how many
how much
not a/an/any+名词
或no+名词
nobody
(no one) 人who
not anyone
not anybody
nothing 物what not anything
-How much money do you have? -None.
If I had some money, I would lend him some, but unfortunately, I have none. (none= not any money)
I wished someone could help me, but there was no one at the moment. (no one=not anyone)
2. none后面可跟of短语，而something/anything/everything/nothing和someone/anyone/ everyone/ no one 却不能。

如：
As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound.
None of them knew about the plan because it was kept as a secret.
用none, nobody (no one), nothing填空
22. ________ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it.
23. Swimming is my favorite sport. There is ________ like swimming as a means of keeping fit.
24. -Wow! You’ve got so many clothes.
-But________ of them are in fashion now.
25. I couldn’t just stand by and do________.
（六）含复合不定代词的习惯短语
He is nothing but a clerk. 只是
He is anything but a clerk. 根本不
She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives. 可以说
He is a scientist or something. 之类
Your house is something like ours. 有点像
They get something like 97% renewals every year. 大约
用anything, nothing填空
26. She’s always trying to get something for ________.
27. They work very hard. They are ________ but lazybones.
28. The visit is boring. It is ________ but a waste of time.
any every not any not every
（三个或三个以上的）任何一个（三个或三个以上
的）每一个
任何人/物都不（全部
否定）
并非每个（部分否定）
I have many books here, and you can take any one.
Every student has to take the examination.
=All the students have to take the examination.
（八）each, every的区别
词性功能意义
every 限定词定语三个或三个以上中的
每一个，强调“整体”
each 代词、限定词主语、宾语、同位语、
定语
两个或两个以上中的
每一个，强调“个体”
Each of my children goes to a different school.
Each of the tickets costs 10 dollars.
=The tickets cost 10 dollars each.
=The tickets each cost 10 dollars.
Every man is not honest.= Not every man is honest.并非每个人都诚实。

用each或every填空
29. He had a cut on_______ foot.
30. _______ child in the class passed the examination.
31. _______ of the houses is slightly different.
32. I asked all the children and _______ told a different story.
（九）many, much, few, little, a few, a little的区别
多少
复数名词概念many few
不可数名词概念much little
肯定否定
复数名词概念 a few few
不可数名词概念 a little little
注意：only a few=few; only a little= little; quite a few= many; quite a little=much
33. _______（很多）people don’t have_______（很多）food.
34. _______（很多）of the mistakes were just caused by carelessness.
35. _______（很少）people can live to be 100 years old.
36. You have done_______（很少）for me.
37. Come in and have_______（一点）whisky.
38. She has written many books but I’ve only read_______（少数）.
（十）全部否定和部分否定
all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定；
no one, none, nobody, nothing, not…any以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定；
当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中时，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。

此外，not与总括性副词如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。

Not all of them smoke. =All of them don’t smoke.
All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out his problem.
Such a thing can’t be found everywhere.
用不定代词填空
39. I’ve lived in New York and Chicago, but don’t like_______ of them very much.
40. I made a call to my parents yesterday. To my disappointment, ________ of them answered it.
疑问代词
1.who 和whom的用法
who是主格，在句中常作主语、宾语；whom是宾格，在句中常作宾语。

在口语中who可代替whom作宾语，但whom前有介词时除外。

Who do you think is better?（作主语）
Whom/Who did you often play with when you were a child?（作介词with的宾语）
With whom did you discuss the question?（whom不可用who替代，因为前面有介词with）
2.whose的用法
表示“谁的”，既可置于名词前作定语，也可单独使用。

在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

Whose is better, yours or hers?（作主语）
Whose side are you on? （作定语）
Whose do you love better, Jack’s or Sally’s car? （作宾语）
Helen has already taken her bag away. Whose is this? （作表语）
3.which与what的用法
两者均可就人或物提问，但which一般用于有选择范围的情况，what用于无选择范围或选择范围不清楚的情况。

which后可跟of, 而what不可。

which, what还可置于名词前作定语。

Which would you like to eat, meat or fish？
What boys do you like best?
知识拓展what的习惯用法
（1）注意what与下列黑体单词的搭配
the population?
the distance?
the price?
What is your address?
your attitude?
the height/ weight/ depth/ length/ width/ size?
（2）What…for?和What for?用于询问原因和目的。

-What did you put it into the soup for?
-It would improve the taste.
-I’m going to the grocery store.
-What for? We still have enough food in the fridge.
（3）What if…?表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑惑？
What if it rains while we are on the way?
（4）What do you mean (by…)?表示愤怒、不满等情绪。

What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly?
（5）What/How about…?用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况。

-We need one more player.
-What about Elaine? She is a very nice girl.
（6）疑问词what构成的习惯用语。

So what?（表示不感兴趣或认为不重要）
Guess what?（用于引起他人的注意）
What next?（店员用于）还要什么？
4.what和who的区别
一般what问职业或地位；who问的是姓名或身份。

-Who is that over there?
-It’s Robert.
-What is the man over there?
-He is a doctor.
用疑问代词填空
41. _______ is the population of China?
42. _______ is better exercise-swimming or tennis?
答案：1. me 2. me 3. my 4. yours 5. yourself 6. myself 7. ourselves 8. that 9. Such
10. it (is) necessary 11. It is well known that 12. It is said that 13. it 14. It 15. It
16. either 17. neither 18. that 19. one 20. another 21. the other 22. No one/ Nobody 23. nothing 24. none 25. nothing 26. nothing 27. anything 28. nothing 29. each
30. Every 31. Each 32. each 33. Many; much 34. Many 35. Few 36. little 37. a little
38. a few 39. either 40. neither 41. What 42. Which
高频考点
1.either, neither, both, all, any, none的区别
2.none, no one, nobody, nothing的区别
3.everything, something, anything, nothing及其习惯搭配的区别
4.one, another, the other, some, others, the others的区别
5.one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it的区别
代词练习（一）
1.How would you like _________ if you were watching your favorite TV program and came into the room and just shut it off without asking you ?
2.The quality of education in this small school is better than _________ in some larger schools .
3.The meeting will be held in September ,but _________ knows the date for sure .
4.To warm himself ,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the _________.
5.Niki is always full of ideas ,but _________ is useful to my knowledge .
6.An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year , making _________the driest year since California became a state in 1850.
7.Susan made _________ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself .
8.A smile costs _________,but gives much..
9.In some countries , people eat with chopsticks, while in _________ ,knives and forks.
10.---Who’s that at the door ?
--- is the milkman .
11.You can ask anyone for help . _________ here is willing to lend you a hand .
12.I’d appreciate _________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come .
13.She’d lived in London and Manchester ,but she liked _________ and moved to Cambridge .
14.---When shall I call, in the morning or afternoon ?
---_________ .I’ll be in all day .
15.It’s an either-or situation ----we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _________.
16.At our factory there are a few machines similar to _________ described in this magazine .
17.Recycling is one way to protect the environment ;reusing is _________ .
18.This project requires close teamwork . _________ will be achieved unless we work well together .
19. The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than_________ on the small ones.
20.Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years ,she lost _________ of her enthusiasm for life .
21.Studying Wendy’s menu, I found that many of the items are similar to _________ of McDonald’s.
22 Sarah made_________ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning . .
23.Sophia waited for a reply ,but _________ came .
24.If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand ,could you get _________for me .
rry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him , but _________ of them wants to , because they have work to do.
26.When you are done with the book ,just give it to Lucy or Helen or _________ .
27. New technologies have made _________ possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
28.I got this bicycle for _________ :My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one .
29.The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase _________.
代词练习（二）
1.---What about your job, Tom ?
----I promise to see to _________that it will be done on time .
2.During the rush hour , I have been looking for a taxi but haven’t found _________ yet .
3.---Mom ,I’ll stay in to accompany my grandpa this evening .
---Suit _________！
4.---What is the man ,do you know ?
---I don’t know exactly .But I think he can be _________ but a teacher .
5.He didn’t make _________ clear when the meeting would be held .
_________of their mothers.
7.The book is of great value . _________can be enjoyed unless you digest it .
8.The wedding dress of the Princess is noble and elegant . _________ is the beauty of this style that it will be popular with young women .
9.---Hi ,John ！I’m going to see the film HobbitⅢ this evening .
--- HobbitⅢ? A fantastic film , _________ I’ve been longing to see .
10.Wherever he is ,he makes _________ a rule to give his mother a call every day .
11.---Which of those do you like best ?
--- _________.They are all too expensive and don’t go well with my new suit .
代词练习（三）
“Without the ball，I'm half complete of__1__,” Luis Figo, one of the world's greatest football players once said.
The Portuguese played his first international match in 1991 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since.
He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing__2__one hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against England. A crowd of more than 30,000 fans watched and cheered for__3__in Lisbon. “Figo, Figo,”__4__(all, both) shouted excitedly when he walked onto the field.
The Real Madrid player,31，wants to help his country in Euro 2004 and to win__5__(another, other) Spanish Cup with Real Madrid. Madrid bought Figo from FC Barcelona for 60.1 million dollars in 2000, and he showed__6__(everyone, anyone) what a great player he was by l winning FIFA's Footballer of the Year award in 2001. “Figo works like an artist and has the skills to be the most complete player,” said FIFA President Josep h Blatter in 2001.“Figo__7__is a real leader__8__always tries his best on the field and a good team player. He doesn't have any problems working together with his teammate at Real Madrid, star footballer David Beckham.” In fact，Figo was the first__9__to welcome Beckham when he arrived. “We have a strong team，and we can help one__10__and work together to be successful,” Figo said.
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
代词练习答案（一）
1.it
2.that
3.nobody
4.other
5.none
6.it
7.it
8.nothing/ little
9.others 10.it
11.Everyone/ Everybody 12.it 13.neither 14.Either 15.both 16.those 17 another 18.Nothing
19.that 20.none 21.those 22.it 23none 24one 25neither 26.whoever 27. it 28nothing
29.it
代词练习答案（二）
1.it
2.one
3.yourself
4.anything
5.it
6.that
7.Nothing
8.Such
9.one 10.it 11.None
代词练习答案（三）
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文。

介绍了足球明星路易斯·菲戈从事足球竞技的历程。

1．解析：主语是“I”，故设空处为I的反身代词myself。

答案：myself
2．解析：根据上下文及设空处后的match可知设空处应为物主代词his。

答案：his
3．解析：介词后应该用代词的宾格，此处用him来指代Luis Figo。

答案：him
4．解析：设空处表示三者以上的每一个，故选择all。

both指“两者都”，不符合语境。

答案：all
5．解析：设空处后的Spanish Cup为单数名词，故设空处为another。

答案：another
6．解析：everyone表示某范围之内的每个人；anyone任何人。

根据句意可知本空应填everyone。

答案：everyone
7．解析：根据该句句子结构可推知设空处应用反身代词作Figo的同位语，故答案为himself。

答案：himself 8．解析：“__8__always tries his best on the field”为定语从句，先行词为a real leader，将先行词代入定语从
句后为：The real leader always tries his best on the field.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词who引导。

答案：who
9．解析：此处用one代替footballer。

答案：one
10．解析：one another为相互代词，意为：相互。

答案：another。