英汉翻译技巧

英译汉常用的方法和技巧（6）
English-Chinese Translation Practice
Course Tutor:SUN Pinghua
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（6）
一、习语的译法
翻译习语时，应当尽能保持原文习语的形象比喻、丰富联想、修辞效果以及其民族、地方特色等。

习语不仅大量出现在文艺作品中，在政治和科学论文中也同样经常遇到。

习语（idioms）一般包括俗语（colloquialisms）、谚语（proverbs）、俚语（slang expressions）等。

习语的英译汉有三种主要方法：（一）直译法；（二）汉语同义习语的套用法；（三）意译法。

（一）直译法
所谓直译法即指在不违背译文语言规范以及不因其错误的联想的条件下，在译文中保留英语习语的比喻、形象和民族、地方特色的方法。

To fight to the last man
To break the record
Under one’s nose
Armed to the teeth
Packed like sardines
Sour grapes
A die-hard
A gentleman’s agreement
An olive branch
The Trojan horse
The heel of Achilles
The open-door policy
The most-favored-nation clause
The position-of-strength policy
Shuttle diplomacy
The cold war
A cat has nine lives
Blood is thicker than water
Barking dogs do not bite
A rolling stone gathers no moss
战斗到最后一个人打破记录在某人鼻子底下武装到牙齿挤得象罐头沙丁鱼酸葡萄死硬派君子协定橄榄树枝特洛伊木马阿基里斯的脚踵
悬挂在达摩克里斯头顶上的剑门户开放政策最惠国条款实力地位政策
穿梭外交冷战热战猫有九命血浓于水吠犬不咬人滚石不生苔
（二）汉语同义习语的套用法
有的英语习语和汉语同义习语在内容和形式上都相符合，双方不但有相同的意义和修辞色彩，并且有相同的或大体相同的形象比喻。

在这种情况下，汉译时可以直截了当地套用汉语同义习语。

例如：
1．双方有完全相同的形象比喻：
To praise to the skies To fish in troubled waters To add fuel to the fire
捧上天去浑水摸鱼火上加油
To be on thin ice Walls have ears Strike while the iron is hot
如履薄冰隔墙有耳趁热打铁
2．双方有大体相同的形象比喻：
A drop in he ocean To laugh off one’s head
To shed crocodile tears To be out at elbows
To spend money like water At sixes and sevens
Six of one and half a dozen of the other
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy
沧海一粟笑掉牙齿猫哭耗子促襟见肘挥金如土七颠八倒；乱七八糟
半斤八两一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃
（三）意译法
Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake. 醉翁之意不在酒。

Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。

Give me liberty or give me death. 不自由，毋宁死。

To pay Chinese compliments 阳奉阴违
To hold a candle to the devil 助纣为虐
Let speak frankly./ to put all the cards on the table 打开天窗说亮话It’s unnecessary anxiety. 杞人忧天
We’ve been driven to it. 逼上梁山。

It is better for the doer to undo what he has done. 解铃还待系铃人。

To pick on something to find fault with 吹毛求疵
To cast off one’s old self and take on new self 脱胎换骨
Who chooses well chooses sons-in-law; who chooses badly chooses land. 会选的选儿郎，不会选的选田庄。

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

To be in the same boat 同舟共济
Like a drowned rat 像个落汤鸡
Strike while the iron’s hot. 趁热打铁。

I have been a stranger in a strange land. 独在异地为异客。

Castle in the air 空中楼阁
Give him an inch and he’ll take an ell. 得寸进尺。

Time flies like an arrow. 光阴似箭。

Nothing comes wrong to the hungry. 饥不择食。

Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚。

There is no smoke without fire. 无火不起烟。

To know like the palm of one’s hand 了如指掌
To throw cold water on 浇冷水
Facts speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

The burnt child dreads the fire. 一朝遭蛇咬，三年怕井绳。

Even an honest official can’t judge domestic cases. 清官难断家务事。

A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart. 路遥知马力，事久见人心。

The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.
Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water.
All right, I blame myself. But it’s the last time. We were cat’s-paws, that’s all.
To break the ice, Ted spoke of his interest in mountain climbing, and they soon had a conversation going.
She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do what she likes.
Two heads are better than one. （三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。

）一人不及两人智。

If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 脚踏两头船，必定落空。

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
When the cat’s away, the mice will play. 猫儿不在，鼠儿成精。

A stitch in time saves nine. 及时缝一针，可以省九针。

注意：有时可以把英语原文中的非习语译为汉语习语，是译文生动有力：
But against the vast expanse of the sky, the chute looked very small. Over the past several weeks, she had grown increasingly restless.
It is clear that he was one of the outstanding pilots in the whole program. It was nervous before crowds.
The mere thought of appearing before a crowd frightened me.
The guest was pleased by the distinction but not overwhelmed.
但是，习语的使用不能违背忠实、通顺的翻译标准。

如：
The aircraft is small, cheap, pilotless.
It was a chilly day in early spring.
Earthy and gracious, he finds the city dwellers too cold and sophisticated.
练习题
一、试用汉语同义习语翻译下列各习语：
1. To take French leave
2. A stony heart
3. At one’s fingertips
4. To have a hand like a foot
5. As mute as a fish
6. To return good for evil
7. To shut one’s eyes against 8. To talk black into white 9. To turn a deaf ear to 10. Practice makes perfect.
11. To face the music 12. Plain sailing
13. To be dead drunk 14. Laugh and grow fat
15. Tweedledee and tweedledum 16. To fly into a rage
17. To look for a needle in a haystack 18. A leap in the dark 19. To show one’s colours 20. To make a noise in the world
21. More haste, less speed 22. Neither fish nor flesh 23. To pick holes in 24. To mind one’s P’s and Q’s
25. To be at the end of one’s rope 26. To flog a dead horse
27. To turn over a new leaf 28. To put all one’s eg gs in one basket
二、试译下列各句：
1. He just had forty winks.
2. His wife held the purse string.
3. You should keep your nose out of here.
4. Don’t you see the writing on the wall?
5. that night he slept like a top, and woke with his knee of almost normal size.
6. I’m not talking about castles in the air—the donkey’s carrot. No, I mean something we’ve all shared.
7. Mother said, “John, you’re talking through your hat. You’re crazy!”
8. His accent gave him away.
9. Large police forces were encamped near the meeting, out of sight but hardly out of mind.
10. The Nazis in Berlin became desperate and tried to make hell while the sun was shining.
三、试译下列各句，注意运用汉语习语翻译斜体部分：
1. By comparison, the Great Wall in China is a mammoth presence.
2. After that the special missions became frequent occurrences.
3. Yet there was no hint as to who had irresponsibly started this fiction in the first place. Or why?
4. On careful analysis it appears that the information was erroneous or was susceptible of varying interpretations.
5. In a dangerous and uncertain world, the strengthening of national defence is the best guarantee of a nati on’s vital interests.
6. He wads confronted by the wild irrationality, the deviousness, the maliciousness and venality of the Manchu officials.
7. His body was perfect, alive with easy suppleness and health and strength.
8. A vision of countless colorful flowers blinded his eyes.
9. And then I ell asleep and only woke at broad day.
10. But far from recovering, that country remained overwhelmed by corruption, a tottering bureaucracy, surging prices and natural disasters.
二、拟声词的译法
凡是以摹仿事物或动作的声音而构成的词称为拟声词。

世界各族语言都有大量的拟声词。

如汉语中的“轰隆、啪啪、呜”等。

拟声词有时兼顾动词和声音的特点。

拟声词的英译汉可归纳为三类：
（一）英语原文有拟声词，汉译时也运用拟声词
Two heavy guns went off in the woods—BRUMP! BRUMP!
Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistles shrilled suddenly.
Thump! A table was overturned!
But as the door banged, she seemed to come to life again.
All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano. “What’s happening?” he muttered.
“What’s that?” he suddenly exclaimed, hearing a rustle; and they both looked up.
“Hold him by the nose, dearie, then he’ll splutter and wake up.”They heard the twitter of birds among the bushes.
Thunder rumbled in the distance.
The cart rumbled past.
His stomach rumbled emptily.
（二）英语原文有拟声词，汉译时不用拟声词
I clanked the kettle.
The cop carried a stick, ready to thwack anybody who offended his ear or eye.
The train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.
He slammed his tea cup down on the table.
We heard the machines whirr.
They heard the muffled booming of artillery from afar.
The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.
The screeching of the brakes got on my nerves.
The train whistle tooted.
The underground train was humming.
The frogs in the fields outside the town were croaking cheerfully. The cock in the yard crowed its first round.
The moment he rushed in, the hens chucked and the dogs barked.
（三）英语原文没有拟声词，汉译时加用拟声词
The stone fell on his head.
The child fell into the water.
Zigurd fell asleep almost immediately.
Phyl expected them to start brawling, but Mrs. Cooper merely laughed good-naturedly.
The kids are crying loudly.
There were no sounds but that of the tread of the men and the footsteps of the two shaggy ponies which drew the van.
练习题
一、试译下列各句，把作独立成分用的英语拟声词译成作独立成分用的汉语拟声词：
1. Crack! The stick broke in two.
2. Plop, plop… there was water dripping from the ceiling on to the earth floor.
3. Crash! The door was broken.
4. Thwack! Thwack! Thwack! This was the first humiliation of his life.
5. Splish! Splish! The water bubbled round his legs.
二、试译下列各句，将英语拟声动词、名词或动词派生词转化为汉语动词拟声词附加语或名词拟声词附加语：
1. He let the beer gurgle down his throat.
2. All the time there were clucks of admiration from the crowd.
3. A crystal tear-drop plopped down on to the letter.
4. The young man slapped three silver dollars on the counter.
5. The low whirr of the spinning wheel spoke to him of the warmth of home and his mother’s love.
6. She wore a pair of black leather shoes that clicked against the asphalt as she walked along.
三、试译下列各句，将英语拟声词或动词派生词译成汉语拟声动词：
1. All you can do is keep on clack-clack-clacking.
2. Those standing behind whispered and chattered all the time.
四、试译下列各句，将英语拟声词译成汉语非拟声词：
1. The old man banged the boy’s head against the wall.
2. She thumps her chest as if she feels pain there.
3. They splashed through the mire to the village.
4. Already some horse-drawn carts were creaking along the street.
五、试译下列各短语，将英语拟声词译成汉语拟声词：
1. The rataplan of the drum
2. the changour of the gong
3. The changing of the tram
4. The bumping of the van
5. The rumbling of the truck
6. The jangling of the bicycle
7. The tick-tack of the watch
六、试译下列各短语，将英语拟声词译成汉语非拟声词：
1. The neighing of he horse
2. The quacking of the duck
3. The crowing of the cock
4. The bleating of the sheep
5. The heehawing of the donkey
6. The baaing of the calf
七、试译下列各句，在译文中加用汉语拟声词：
1. The tears she could not hold back fell on his face.
2. Noisily, the crowd swarmed out of the door.
3. He sat there gnawing the biscuit.
4. The logs were burning briskly in the fire.
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（5）
一、定语从句的译法
定语从句可以分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

1．限制性定语从句
1）前置法
把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。

I was, to borrow from John Le Carre, the spy who was to stay out in the cold.
It is a consolation to know that they will surely carry on the cause for which Edgar Snow strove so faithfully all his life.
The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.
There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.
2）后置法
(1) 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词。

He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings them (those aims) within the reach of a majority of the human race.
They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.
(2) 译成并列分句，省略英语先行词。

A good deal went on in the steppe which he—her father—did not know. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 3）溶合法
1．溶合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立巨资的一种翻译方法。

限制性定语从句往往采用这种方法处理。

There are many people who want to see the film.
There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert McNamara.
There were men in that crowded who had stood there every day for a month. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
2．此外，还有些带有定语从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。

“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
These were the meetings that engineered Khrushchev’s “resignation”on ground of “advancing age and deteriorating health.”
2．非限制性定语从句
1）前置法
The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. The emphasis was helped by t he speaker’s mouth, which was wide, thin and hard set.
He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.
But Miggle’s laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.
2）后置法
(1) 译成并列分句
A. 在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。

I told the story to John, who (=and he) told it to his brother. Kissinger and his small group of aides toured the Forbidden City, where the Chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.
The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittles, who asked the tinker, who pretended not to hear.
B. 在译文中从句后置，省略关系词所代表的含义。

After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury.
When she was lost to his view, he pursued his homeward way, glancing up sometimes at the sky, where the clouds were sailing fast and wildly. His wife, Betty, is a Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book, “Eight Moon”, tells of her sister Sansan’s life in China.
C. 在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。

World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.
The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, (flowers) which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.
It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
(2) 译成独立句
He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.
One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.
If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensated herself with long and intimate conversations with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who dropped some hints to the lady’s-maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carried the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen.
练习题
一、试用前置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1． This is the soldier who just returned from the front.
2．Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.
3． Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances.
4． He was not at ease with those who made diplomacy their profession, particularly ambassadors.
二、试用后置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
（1）翻译时重复先行词：
1. The great inviolate place had the ancient permanence which the sea cannot claim.
2. He’ll show her the place where they could make her l ook a proper dame—for next to nothing.
3. He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income.
（2）翻译时省略先行词：
1. Occasionally there would be the days when my depression would dissipate temporarily.
2. He was the writer who was moving into operational activities.
3. A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.
三、试用溶合法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1. This is the paper mill that they set up in 1978.
2. There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos.
3. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity.
四、试用前置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1. Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the French revolution.
2. The ambassador, who had long been interested in Asian affairs, was flattered.
3. Even Fulbright (富布赖特), who was an old friend of his, was showing signs of independence.
五、试用后置法翻译下列各非限制性定语从句：
（一）翻译时巴关系词表达出来，从句要后置：
1. I knew that John would tell his mother, who would probably tell Mary.
2. He took the idea to Admiral King, who liked it and ordered a secret study made to see if it could be done.
3. But listen, I met a man, who said you could hire.
（二）翻译时可不必表达关系词，从句要后置：
1. He said this was a good suggestion, which he would look into.
2. He gave me a fountain pen, which I kept to this day.
3. Surely this was his native village, which he had left but the day before.
六、试将下列各非限制性定语从句译成独立句：
1. Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.
2. I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting.
3. One was Newman himself, who laughed as he recounted how he had hidden in that basement for several days.
二、状语从句的译法
状语从句包括时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等各种从句。

一）表示时间的状语从句
1．译成相应的表示时间的状语
While she spoke, the tears were running down.
When the history of the Nixon Administration is finally written, the chances are that his Chinese policy will stand out as a model of common sense and good diplomacy.
Please turn off the light when you leave the room.
2．译成“刚（一）……就……”的句式
He had hardly rushed into the room when he shouted, “Fire! Fire!”Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain.
When I reached the beach, I collapsed.
He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it. 3．译成并列的分句
He shouted as he ran.
They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.
I was about to speak, when Mr. Smith cut in.
Mrs Acland gazed at him, her eyes darkening with a curious expression of dislike and distrust as he silently turned away.
二）表示原因的状语从句
1．译成表示“原因”的分句
The crops failed because the season was dry.
Because we are both prepared to proceed on the basis of equality and mutual respect, we meet at a moment when we can make peaceful cooperation a reality.
The policies open to developing countries are more limited than for industrialized nations because the poorer economies respond less to changing conditions and administrative control.
She could get away with anything, because she looked such a baby. The strike leaders were alarmed when I told them what had happened as the reporter was unfriendly.
2．译成因果偏正复合句中的主句
Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
Pure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft.
The perspiration embarrasses him slightly because the dampness on his brow and chin makes him look more tense than he really is.
3．译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句
“You took me because I was useful. There is no question of gratitude between us,” said Rebecca.
After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.
He was not only surprised but, to start with, extremely suspicious, as he had every reason to be.
三）表示条件的状语从句
1．译成表示“条件”的分句
“Sure, there’s jobs. There is even Egbert’s job if you want it.”
It was better in case they were captured.
They can’t go through any city! If they lay over, it’s got to be in a special garage.
Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization, they were brought to Brussels.
2．译成表示“假设”的分句
If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.
If the government survives the confidence votes, its next crucial test will come in a direct Bundestag vote on the treaties May 4.
If the negotiations between the rich northerly nations and the poor southerly nations make headway, it is intended that a ministerial session in December should be arranged.
3．译成补充说明情况的分句
“He’s dead on the job, Jesse. Last night if you want to know.”“You’ll have some money by then, --that is, if you last the week out, you fool.”
You can drive tonight if you are ready.
四）表示让步的状语从句
1．译成表示“让步”的分句
Although he seems hearty and outgoing in public, Mr. Cooks is a withdrawn, introverted man.
At Paris, they were sheltered by the French members, because, although the Comet Line started in Belgium, it was very much a combined Belgium-French effort.
The threat of death does not depress him, even though he has become the No. I villain to them.
While this is true of some, it is not true of all.
While I grant his honesty, I suspect his memory.
I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say. 2．译成表示“无条件”的条件分句
Whatever combination of military and diplomatic action is taken, it is evident that he is having to tread an extremely delicate tight-rope. No matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, I’ll work harder.”
Plugged into the intercommunication system, the man can now communicate with the rest of the crew no matter what noise is going on about him. 五）表示目的的状语从句
1．译成表示“目的”的前置分句
They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bird’s-eye view of the city.
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
2．译成表示“目的”的后置分句
The murderer ran away as fast as he could, so that he might not be caught red-handed.
Brackett groaned aloud, “You came from Kansas City in two weeks so that I could give you a job?”
Wouldn’t it be better if you were somehow to organize an escape route so that these men could get back to Britain into the war again?
练习题
一、试译下列各句，尽可能运用“刚（一）……就……”的句式：
1. Mary had scarcely heard the news when she wept aloud.
2. When the war started, she soon got caught up in some very different activities.
3. The voices stopped as she drew near.
4. We had barely dropped off to sleep when the doorbell began to ring.
二、试译下列各句，把表示时间的从句译成汉语并列句的分句：
1. She took a big bite of her bread-and-butter as she stared at the little drawing.
2. She sang as she prepared Matt’s supper.
3.They were just about to give up the question, when suddenly they found the answer.
三、试译下列各句，把表示原因的从句译成不用连词而因果关系内含的汉语句子：
1. As she had lots of time, she decided to go to the Embankment first.
2. I am going to bed, as I’m very tired.
3. We had to put the meeting off since so many people were absent.
四、试译下列各句，原文主句在译文中易位：
1. The earth rotates as it travels through space.
2. The doctor began to work as soon as he came to the front.
3. Smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them.
4. Holmes struck another match when he approached.
五、试译下列各句，把表示让步的从句译成汉语“无条件”的条件分句：
1. No matter how good it is on paper, the bosses will try to wangle it all their own way.
2. They were obviously doing the right thing, and she would defend them, whatever anyone said.
3. They support the holding of a summit conference no matter whether this sort of conference will make achievement or not.
4. I’ll never give in, no matter what happens.
5. She had always taken that for granted as correct behaviour, however much it went against the things you were told.
六、试将下列各状语从句译成各种相对应的汉语偏正复句：
（一）译成表示“条件”或“假设”的分句：
1. In case I forget, please remind me about it.
2. If one of them dares to lay his little finger on me as we go out,
I won’t answer for what I’ll be doing.
3. We’ll let use the room on condi tion that you will keep it clean and tidy.
（二）译成表示“让步”的分句：
1. Even if he did throw the police off his trail, she’ll go and give him away.
2. I replied I hadn’t, although I had seen motion pictures of such happening.
3. Though the squatters refused to come out, they were besieged from that moment.
（三）译成表示“原因”的分句：
1. Probably he had stood there for some time, because the ash of his cigar was discovered on the ground near the gate.
2. He gladly accepted his offer, because he needed a lot of time for his studies.
3. She was both pleased and displeased that her friend heard these insinuations.
（四）译成表示“目的”的分句：
1. He slammed the door so that his mother would know he was home.
2. We do not read history simply for pleasure, but in order that we may discover the laws of political growth and change.
3. In plucking wild flowers, he always refrained form taking many from one locality, lest he should injure the future growth.
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（4）
一、分句、合句法
所谓分句法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。

所谓合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单据来表达。

1．分句法
1）把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。

（1）副词
The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.
They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
（2）形容词
Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”.
That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial.
（3）名词
A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a riffle. As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity …
He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 2）把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文中的句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。

（1）分词短语
They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear.
She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.
Sunray filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.
（2）名词短语
I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before. The military is forbidden to “kill” the vessel, a relatively easy task. The station chief would have to be close to the director, a member of the inner circle.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law. （3）前置词短语
In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yenan.
Their power increased with their number.
He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
3）把原文中句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。

Sometimes Mrs. Cross would be walking around in the big kitchen watching him eat.
She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.
But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.
His failure to observe the safely regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
2．合句法
1）把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句(simple sentence)译成一个单句。

It was on the early morning of April 2, 1971. The pilots were briefed in the ready room.
He was very clean. His mind was open.
There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.
His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.
2）把原文中的主从复合句(complex sentence)译成一个单句。

When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.
When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
I’m blest if I know.
3）把原文中的并列复合句(compound sentence)译成一个单句。

From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.
In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.
The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.
练习题
一、试译下列各句，将斜体的单词译成一个汉语句子：
1． He wished he were at home. Ordinarily,he would have been there three hours ago.
2．Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 3． But, occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long.
4．Characteristically, Mr. Harold concealed uncertainty in his breast. 5． The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.
二、试译下列各句，将斜体的短语译成汉语句子：
1． He was lying on his side watching her.。