物联网技术的应用及发展研究最新外文文献翻译

文献出处:Marisa D. The application and development of the Internet of things technology [J]. Internet Computing, IEEE, 2015, 12(5): 44-55.
原文
The application and development of the Internet of things technology
Marisa D
Abstract
Internet of things is considered through monitoring, analysis and control of network information technology, the extension of human perception of control ability has huge potential. Iot research work has been carried out. A lot of Iot demonstration system was also developed, and has made remarkable application effect. But at the same time, the current development of the Internet of things is also facing some fundamental problems: the Internet of things has what special requirements must be met? What phase are you in the Internet of things technology? Where is the development direction of Internet of things? It is worthwhile to explore these issues. This paper reviews the development of the Internet, and according to the experience of the development of the Internet, analyzes the present situation of Internet of things and Internet of things present in the "content - machine connected to the local small-scale network stage, its development direction should be connected to open net of numerous small" net ", namely the "Internet of things". Based on this idea, called WInternet Iot design, and introduces the overall architecture, working mode and protocol system, and also discusses the several other issues worthy of further study. Keywords: Internet of things; Pipeline agreement; Cloud calculation; Technology application
1 Introduction
In recent years, the development of the Internet of things has been attached great importance to, academia, industry, the government to give great attention to the development of the Internet of things. Internet of things is considered can connect hundreds of millions of physical world objects, through monitoring, analysis and control of network information technology, the extension of human perception control ability has huge potential. Iot research work has been carried out. A lot of Iot
demonstration system was also developed, and has made remarkable application effect. But at the same time, the current development of the Internet of things is also facing some problems, especially all kinds of Internet of things generally are connected by "-" in the form of "network", although the implements of all kinds of physical objects in the local scope - machine is linked together, but different "net" resource sharing between the perception and control equipment. And because of the existing "- machine connected to the network is generally based on the special agreement, adapt to the need of the professional custom, cause a physical network is not open, hard to connectivity. To realize all kinds of network connectivity should be a Iot of development trend.
2 Internet development history and experience
2.1 Electronic equipment network systems
In the 19th century to early 20th century, electronic equipment network of prototype has emerged. As the time of the telephone network, cable network, and other various types is private network system. Now in retrospect, these networks have been gradually replaced by the Internet; its reason is worth thinking about. Analysis of the network system can be found early, they generally have the following features: (1) Vertical integration, tightly coupled
The network system hardware, software and operation of the upper application mostly belong to an owner. Most of the various components of the integration in the network system is independently by the owner internal personnel, network in each part of the tightly coupled system.
(2) The proprietary protocols to exchange
In the network system of internal communication protocol is often according to the specific needs of each owner, in order to better the optimization and use of all kinds of equipment components are designed. Different owners of intellectual property rights and interests protection often will deal core part try to conceal, difficult to communication between different network systems. This method of "vertical integration, proprietary protocols" to satisfy the various network system of the optimization of resources and interests of the owner to protect specific needs, but
also directly led to the early electronic equipment network problems.
(3) Resource sharing difficult
Because every electronic device network system is generally adopts the way of "vertical integration" structure, the network system in all kinds of electronic equipment and software are also often can only be used for the network users of the system. For example in the early days of the telephone network system, multiple phone companies have independent laid their phone lines, set up relevant telephone switching equipment, a relatively independent telephone network. Different lines and equipment cannot be Shared between the telephone network, caused the repeat purchase, resource sharing difficult.
(4) Function to replicate
Another problem is that in the different network system to repeat the same or similar functions, such as the telephone network signaling in the instruction and the signal coding implementation. Features to replicate directly lead to two results: one is each owners are required for the design and implementation of general agreement and equipment, but due to the limitation of the technical strength of a single owner, will inevitably extend network independently design and development time; Second, under the limit of time and personnel, the realization of function module final quality more or less is not ideal. If different owners to cooperation, complementary advantages, functional modules will not only greatly shorten the development time, its quality will improve the quality and technology evolution speed will also increase.
3 Internet of things present situation and the development direction
3.1 The development of Internet of things
Iot technology emerges in various fields has also been a high degree of attention, many of the Internet of things application demonstration is put forward and the construction, especially in environmental monitoring, traffic control, disaster emergency, etc. The application of these systems has also made certain achievements. But at the same time, we can also see the current before the development of the Internet of things is with the Internet electronic networks have similar features, especially the "vertical integration" and "special deal". Currently, many of Iot system
are to solve the problem of specific requirements of a certain area or region, independent each other. Set up in the process of sensing equipment, software module, communication formats tend to be based on specific requirements for customization. Caused by agreement custom complex network connection between works, although perception control equipment resources abundant, but it is share difficulties, such as in the current a lot of video surveillance network, while the erection of all kinds of cameras everywhere, but its share is very difficult.
3.2 Development direction of Internet of things
From the development history of the Internet, we believe that the current development of the Internet of things was still in the "machine" of the "net" phase. This network connects many physical objects, can communicate with each other, data exchange, and implement all kinds of monitoring and control functions. Most of these networks for specific needs, using proprietary protocols, solve the problems of the current focus on each network owners. But at the same time, also can see, these of the “net” have a resource sharing and th e needs of each other.
"Machine" of the "network" become connected to many of the "net" "open net" should be the development trend of the Internet of things. This trend is also our experience on the development course from the Internet.
3.3 The design requirements of Internet of things
Mentioned before the Internet of things, it is using electronic technology to the physical world of awareness and control network. This has also led to the Internet of things with the traditional numerical computing systems and the Internet data transmission network system has different characteristics and requirements.
(1) Ensure real-time performance
The numerical simulation of numerical calculation, Internet of things different from traditional problem itself may not be directly brought about changes in the physical world. But the errors of a control instruction in the Internet of things or delay a disaster may directly result in physical space. In smart grid, for example, if an error control instruction is to control equipment in the grid, small causes energy waste, is can cause paralysis of the grid. The error here includes both the wrong instruction,
also including the correct instruction at the wrong time to control equipment. In other words, the real time in the Internet of things than the traditional Internet and numerical calculation system has a higher request. The design of the Internet of things should be as guarantee for real-time important consideration.
(2) Privacy promise
The emergence of the Internet of things technology makes the collection of information easier. Perception of physical space object will more or less involve in the privacy of all kinds of people. Iot will cover these private data is connected to the network, it is possible to make these data are all types of users to access remotely. How to safeguard the privacy of data is not abused and theft, this is the Internet of things another design factors must be considered.
(3) Calculation to the nears
In the Internet of things because of the continuous perception of the physical world, the amount of data and therefore is great. Under the traditional centralized data processing for the Internet of things of huge amounts of data may no longer apply. Illegal vehicle tracking, for example, found accident vehicles, such as somewhere we hope in a wider range of the car to track. One option is to all video monitoring data set to the data center. But the time delay of the data set itself will be longer, to the network bandwidth requirement is high. This scheme is difficult. To ensure real-time performance, but also to save resources, it is better near the camera video data analysis and calculation, the identification of license plate and movement track, avoid the time delay of data transmission and network bandwidth, so as to improve timeliness and network efficiency. Similarly, in the field of smart grid wide-area control, similar problems also exist, all the analyses focused on monitoring data to the data center, and then send the result to the remote, the optical signal transmission time needed for this process is likely to exceed system control limit is allowed. In this case, the calculation to the nearest has become a necessity.
译文
物联网技术的应用及发展研究
Marisa D
摘要
物联网被认为是通过信息技术进行监测、分析和控制的网络，在延伸人类的感知控制能力方面潜力巨大。

大量物联网研究工作已经开展，许多物联网示范系统也被开发，并取得了显著应用效果。

但同时，物联网当前的发展也面临着一些根本性的问题：物联网有什么特殊需求必须满足？当前物联网技术处于什么阶段？物联网的发展方向在哪里？这些问题值得探讨。

本文回顾了互联网发展的历程，并根据互联网发展经验，分析物联网的现状，提出物联网当前处于“物－机”相连的局部小规模物网阶段，其发展方向应是相连众多小规模“物网”的开放大网，即“物联网”。

基于这一思路，提出称之为WInternet的物联网设计，并介绍了其总体架构、工作模式和协议体系，同时也探讨了若干其他值得进一步研究的问题。

关键词：物联网；管道协议；云计算；技术应用
1 引言
近年来，物联网的发展受到了高度重视，学术界、工业界、政府对物联网的发展给予极大关注。

物联网被认为是可以将数以亿计的物理世界对象连接起来，通过信息技术进行监测、分析和控制的网络，在延伸人类的感知控制能力方面潜力巨大。

大量物联网研究工作已经开展，许多物联网示范系统也被开发，并取得了显著应用效果。

但同时，当前物联网的发展也面临的若干问题，特别是各类物联网普遍以“物－机”相连的“物网”的形式存在，虽然实现了各类物理对象在局部范围的物－机相连，但不同“物网”之间的感知和控制设备资源共享不足。

而且由于现有“物－机”相连的物网普遍基于专用的协议、面向专业需求定制，造成物网的不够开放，难以互联互通。

实现各类物网的互联互通应是物联网发展趋势所在。

2 互联网发展历史及经验总结
2.1电子设备网络系统
早在１９世纪至２０世纪，电子设备组成的网络原型已经出现。

如当时的电话网络、电报网络以及其他各类专用网络系统。

现在回头来看，这些网络都被互联网逐步取而代之，其原因值得深思。

分析早期的这些网络系统可以发现，它们普遍具备如下特点：
（1）垂直集成，紧密耦合
这些网络系统的硬件、软件以及运行的上层应用大多数是归一个所有者拥有。

网络系统内各个组成部分的集成大多是由该所有者内部的人员独立完成，网络系统内各个部分紧密耦合。

（2）专用协议，难以互通
在这些网络系统内部的交互协议往往是根据各个所有者的具体需求，为了更好优化和利用各类设备器件进行专门设计。

不同的所有者出于知识产权和利益保护考虑，往往将协议核心部分加以隐藏，造成各个不同的网络系统之间难以互通。

这种“垂直集成、专用协议”的方法满足了各个网络系统所有者的优化资源和利益保护的具体需求，但同时也直接导致了早期电子设备网络的若干问题。

（3）资源共享困难
由于每一个电子设备网络系统普遍是采用“垂直集成”方式构造，网络系统内各类电子设备和软件也往往只能为本网络系统用户使用。

比如在早期的电话网络系统中，多个电话公司都独立铺设各自的电话线路，架设相关的电话交换设备，联成相对独立的电话网络。

不同的电话网络之间的线路和设备无法共享，造成设备重复购置，资源共享困难。

（4）功能重复实现
另外一个问题就是在不同网络系统中对同样或相似的功能的重复实现，如电话网络中的信令指令和信号编码的实现。

功能重复实现直接导致两个结果：一是每个所有者往往都设计和实现所需要的通用性的协议和设备，但由于单个所有者的技术力量所限，各自独立实现不可避免地会延长网络设计和研发时间；二是在时间和人员限制下，功能模块的实现最终质量或多或少不尽理想。

若不同的所有者能够合作，优势互补，功能模块的开发时间不但会极大缩短，其质量也会有较大的提高，技术演进速度亦将提升。

（5）网络难以互通。

由于每个小的电子设备网络系统采用独立设计和私有协议，不同网络系统的联通就变得极为困难。

联通不只是需要在物理设备和线路上的互通，更是要实现数据和指令的互通。

但是不同的数据格式、不同的交互协议、不同的利益考虑直接导致网络之间联通困难。

即使是在网络之间实现了联通，其付出的工作量往往也是巨大的；之后对用户提供服务时衍生的费用也是很高昂的。

2.2互联网的出现及创新设计
在各类电子设备网络林立、难以互通的背景下，互联网（Internet）出现了。

如其名字所体现的一样，互联网是Inter-net，是连接网的网。

以往的小的网络的互通互联，费用高、技术难、工作量大。

互联网的设计根本改变了这一情况，提出了新的联网方式，其核心就是“水平互联”和“通用协议”。

（1）水平互联
互联网的根本定位不是取代现有的各个网络系统，而是构建一个新的、促进各个网络系统互通的、第三方的、通用的、支撑性网络。

其重要创新是“水平互联”。

水平互联有两层意思。

一是以往的网络互通模式是每个网络所有者同其他的不同的所有者进行一一对接联通，工作量大，连接复杂；依托互联网后，各个网络所有者只需要同互联网进行连接，互联网将实现子网之间的联通，接入互联的子网络之间不需要再单独联通，从而极大降低了联通工作量。

水平互联的第２层含义是将以往的各个电子设备网络的垂直集成结构打破，新建一个互联网网络层。

传统网络系统中下层的网络通信设备与这个互联网网络层对接，传统的网络系统的上层应用也同互联网网络层对接，通过互联网的网络层，实现将上层应用同下层通信设备资源进行隔离，打破垂直集成，形成水平互联，促进互联互通。

（2）通用协议
互联网中提出了一组相互关联的协议标准，只要不同网络系统的边界节点能够支持这一组网络协议，那么这个边界节点所连接的网络就可以接入互联网并实现同其他的网络的互通。

互联网将各个不同的网络相互通信所需要的功能进行分析，抽取其共性部分进行分层，形成了ＭＡＣ层协议、ＩＰ层协议、ＴＣＰ层协议等。

在每一层内，通信两端对应的软硬件进行交互。

在层与层之间定义标准的开放服务接口，使网络互通更加容易，架构更为开放。

3物联网现状与发展方向
3.1物联网发展现状
物联网技术出现后，在各个领域也得到了高度的重视，许多的物联网示范应用被提出和建设，特别是在环境监测、交通控制，灾害应急等领域。

这些系统的应用也取得了一定的成果。

但同时，我们也可以看到当前物联网的发展有着和互联网前的电子网络有类似的特点，特别是“垂直集成”和“专用协议”。

当前许多物联网系统是为解决某一领域或区域的特定需求搭建，（完整译文请到百度文库）
相互之间独立。

搭建过程中的传感设备、软件模块、通信格式也往往是基于具体需求进行定制。

由于协议定制造成网络之间连接工作复杂，感知控制设备资源虽然大量存在，但其共享困难，如在当前大量的视频监测网络中，虽然架设的各类摄像头随处可见，但其共用却是十分困难。

3.2物联网发展方向
从互联网的发展历史来看，我们认为当前的物联网发展尚处于“物－机”相连的“物网”的阶段。

这些网将许多物理对象连接起来，可以相互进行通信、数据交换，并实现各类监测控制功能。

这些网络大多面向具体需求、采用专用协议，解决了各个网络所有者当前关注的问题。

但同时也可以看到，这些“物－机”相连的“物网”有着资源共享和互通互联的需求。

“物－机”相连的“物网”发展成为相连众多“物网”的“开放大网”应是物联网的发展趋势。

这一趋势也是我们从互联网发展历程上得到的经验。

3.3物联网设计要求
前面提到物联网是使用电子技术对物理世界进行感知和控制的网络。

这也导致物联网同传统的数值计算系统以及互联网的数据传输网络系统有着不同的特点和需求。

（1）实时性保证
物联网不同于传统的数值计算，数值计算出现问题本身可能并不会直接造成物理世界大的变化。

但物联网中一个控制指令的错误或延时可能会直接导致物理空间的巨大灾难。

以智能电网为例，如果一个错误的控制指令被下达到电网中的控制设备，小则导致电能浪费，大则可能造成电网瘫痪。

这里的错误既包括错误的指令，也同样包括正确的指令在错误的时间下达到控制设备。

换而言之，实时性在物联网中要比传统的互联网和数值计算系统有着更高的要求。

物联网的设计应将实时性作保障为重要的考虑因素。

（2）隐私性保证
物联网技术的出现使得信息的采集变得更为容易。

对物理空间对象的感知或多或少地会涉及各类人群的隐私。

物联网将这些涉及私数据连入网络，使得这些数据有可能可以被远端各类用户访问。

如何保障这些涉及隐私的数据不被滥用和盗用，这是物联网必须考虑的另外一个设计因素。

（3）就近计算
物联网中由于对物理世界的连续感知，产生的数据量也因此是巨大的。

传统集中式的数据分析处理对于物联网下的海量数据可能会不再适用。

以违法车辆追踪为例，如在某地发现了一辆肇事车辆，我们希望在更广的范围内对这辆车进行追踪。

一种方案是将所有的视频监测数据集中到数据中心。

但是数据集中本身的延时将较长，对网络的带宽要求也很高。

这种方案实施较为困难。

为保障实时性，也为节约资源，更好的做法就是在摄像头附近进行视频数据分析计算，识别车牌和行驶轨迹，避免数据传输和网络带宽导致的延时，从而提升时效性和网络效率。

同样，在智能电网的广域控制领域，类似的问题也存在，将所有的监测数据传输至数据中心进行集中分析，再将结果发送到远端，这个过程所需的光信号传输时间就可能超过系统控制所允许极限。

在这种情况下，就近计算也成为一种必然。