开题报告(含文献综述)

毕业设计（论文）开题报告（含文献综述）题 目 3P 模式在商务口译中的应用姓 名 章 钦 盈学 号 3044115148专业班级 2004级英语5班指导教师 刘 冰分 院 外国语分院开题日期 2008 年 1 月 15 日宁波理工学院Literature Review1 Literature ReviewChina has been speeding up on its opening-up courses, and as a result, business activities cross boundaries take place frequently. As a kind of communication, the business activities is more emphasized. This thesis is trying to give a brief introduction of business interpreting in terms of its definition, history, range of business activities and features, particularly concentrate on the whole process and the practice of ―3P‖ model in business interpreting. With this, I wants to draw more attention to business interpreting, and helps business interpreters overcome language and culture difficulties to achieve a successful business communication.As it is clear to us all that interpretation can be classified into several categories from different aspects. The widely accepted classification should be simultaneous interpretation and consecutive interpretation.From interpreting on business setting, ZUO Yanqing, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujiang Province As it has been illustrated above, the job of business interpreters is mostly related to consecutive interpretation, as most of the business activities are concerned with mutual contact by intermittent communicating, and during this course the interpreter serves as a bridge. The complexity of business activities and barriers between languages makes it really hard to fulfill sufficient information transmission. In such a case, business interpretation plays a crucial role in narrowing down the gap between the parties.Thus, the study of the process of interpreting is of great significance. As weknow, the interpreter experiences the process of thinking and analyzing during the extremely limited period of time. Then what happens during the process? What kinds of factors influence interpreter and finally his performance? Through study in this essay, we can access to some factors of the pathway influencing or even leading to the interpreter’s decisions.During the whole process, factors that should be accounted is listed below base on the ―3P‖ model:Phase1 (preparing)nguage skills: basic skills for a qualified interpreter2.Psychological quality: qualify of interpreting under great pressure3.business knowledge and vocabulary: basic needs in business interpreting4.cross-cultural awareness: behave decently under cross-cultural environmentPhase2 (performing)1.the features of spoken language2.the style of the speech3.accents of the speakers4.the speakers’ purpose of the speechcational background of the speakers6.idiomatic phrases7.equivalent words8.quality of note takingPhase3 (packaging)1.assessment by oneself2.summaryThe book <Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism> put forward a model of translation criticism bases on the functional relationship between source and target texts. The author still held to the equivalence principle and so her theory is bases on the functional equivalence between source and target texts. One of her students named Vermeer gave up the source-text-centered linguistic translation theory altogether. Bases on action theory, he defined translation as a purposeful humanactivity that takes a place in a given situation. He put forward ―skopostheorie‖ which serves as function of functionalist translation theory.―Skopos‖ is a Greek word for ―purpose‖, and ―skospostheorie‖ means the theory of the purposeful action. Skostheorie theory includes three principal rules. That is, the skopos rule, the coherence rule, and the fidelity rule.There is no doubt that these former theories or rules will still affect interpreter s’ decisions in an indirect but profound way..The book <Field Interpreting> (including Teacher’s Edition and Student’s Edition) teaches students how to deal with field interpreting for different activities, especially for business activities. Interpreting at the top level is an extraordinarily demanding task. Absolute accuracy is just the starting point; the really skilled interpreter also has to convey the nuances and subtleties, the thoughts behind the words, the mood and character of the speaker, all without intruding his personality or views. He must be able to cope with the interpreter’s worst nightmare, the untranslatable joke or pun. And when interpreting Chinese, he has to bridge culture as well as linguistic divide. Above all, he has to give person being interpreted the confidence that his message is getting across to his counterpart in all its aspects. It is a highly responsible role and few interpreters aspire to perform it at the very highest level.The book teaches hard-core interpreting skills rather than academic theories such as the ―skopostheorie‖ above. The author inhabits in Great Britain. In making this knowledge and expertise widely available to others in this way, the author is performing an invaluable public service. The contact between China and Britain are expanding rapidly in every field. On the Chinese sides they range from the great cities of the eastern seaboard with their long history of contacts with the outside world to the previous remote provinces and cities of the interior. Standard of spoken English are indeed improving rapidly in China. Even though we still need many high quality interpreters to meet future need.The book < Translating Cultures—an Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators > discusses what the differences are between translation andinterpretation, what influences these differences lead to on the translator or interpreter. And what’s more important is the question that how the differences will make its affect on the decision of the translator or interpreter.Translation is the faithful representation in one language of what is written in another language. As to interpretation, it means it means an extempore oral reproduction in one language of what is said in another language. They both have characteristics in common while with their prospective characteristics. The book is launched on the basic knowledge of translation and interpretation, Analysis their prospective characteristics from the theory, category, learning skills, etc. Otherwise, this book also point out some little tips which should be recognized in interpretation and translation learning, and put forward some recommendations on how to improve the translation and interpretation abilities better.2 Weak Points of Previous StudiesThere are several achievements have taken place in China, among which stands the Xiamen model. Xiamen University is famous throughout China for its achievements in interpretation study. It is illustrated as follows.The training model for interpretation of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujiang ProvinceA (D + CC) (discourse + cross-cultural communication)C (SL + K) (comprehension in source language + knowledge)R (TL + K) (reconstruction in target language + Knowledge)S + P (skill + professional standard)Although achievements have been made in interpretation field in the past decades in China, researches on interpretation are still not so fruitful when compare with those great achievements made in translation field. Furthermore, there is little research concentrate on interpreting process As we know, translation has two natures: the products of translation and the process of translation. Study on the process of translation can gain us the key to the successful translation product.3 My Improvement―3P‖ model re fers to 3 phases for interpretation, that is: Preparing (pre-interpreting preparation), Performing (interpreting performance), Packaging (post-interpreting packaging). In field interpreting for business, we should also spare no effort in every phase. In preparing phase, we should pay attention to language proficiency, special knowledge and vocabulary, cross-cultural awareness. While in the phase of performing, we should concentrate on the decoding, memorizing, encoding and cooperating. For improve our skills for interpretation, we must make a summery and an assessment in the post-interpreting packaging phase.In the book <Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator training>, the author Gile proposed two models as consecutive interpreting(Phase1: CI=L+N+M+C, Phase2: CI=R+R+P, CI=consecutive interpreting, L=listening and analysis, N=note-taking, M=short-term memory, C=coordination, 1stR=remembering, 2ndR=note-reading, P=production) and simultaneous interpreting (SI=L+M+P+C, SI=simultaneous interpreting, L=listening and analysis, M=short-term memory effort, P=speech production, C=coordination). Both of them subject to ―3P‖ model as they are different forms of interpretation.BibliographyDavid, K. 2004. Translating Cultures—an Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press Kevin, Lin. 2004. Field Interpreting [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Nida, E. A. & Taber, C. R. 2004.The Theory and Practice of Translation [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Nord, C. 2001. Translating as a Purposeful Activity Functionalist Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Reiss, K. 1971. Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism [M]. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Research Proposal1 Research BackgroundThe distinction between the two languages and the complexity and extensiveness of business activities make it by no means an easy task to make an interpreting perfectly. Such factors as rhyme, tune puns and anecdotes cannot be paraphrased exactly even in the original discourse, let alone be explained faithfully in the target language. Therefore, there is always some loss of information in its transmission. Thus, we should find a model that specialized for minimize the possibility of losing information in interpretation.Owing to different forms they take, interpretation and translation are assumed to be two different kinds of processes, though both refer to the same act of producing in a target language the closest natural equivalence of the source text. Both interpretation and translation involve careful analysis of sense, meaning, and function of a speech with in specific context it occurs, as well as the writer’s or the speaker’s intention in extra-linguistic aspect of communication. The significance lies in, as Nida has pointed out, the speech with which an interpreter must make decisions, the enormous tension to keep up the rapid flow of spoken language, the background knowledge necessary for instant recall, and the willingness to produce something that may not perfect.2 Significance of the ResearchBusiness activities are becoming internationalized in various sectors with the rapid development of the world economy and expansion of cross-cultural exchanges. It is under this situation that I pick out the topic for my thesis, English is playing a more important role in the process of a business activity than before. Some people may hold that it is of little significance to make research on this topic, because very limit time is at the interpreters’ disposal before they produce interpreted versions. And there is not enough time to consider translation theories such as information equivalence or other similar principles. Some may even believe that some deficiencyin information translation should be allowed. It is true that making some mistakes in interpreting, which allows little time for thinking, is inevitable or even reasonable. Our supervisor Liu Bing considers interpretation as a regretful art,. However, sometimes a slight mistake in information transmission may makes a difference in the outcome of a business activity. This thesis is intends to put some theories into practice with the aim of discovering some better models for interpreters to follow and make them achieve a higher level in interpreting works.3 Research CreativityIn the ―3P‖ model, both preparing (pre-interpreting preparation), performing (interpreting performance) and packaging (post-interpreting packaging) process need attentions. In preparing phase, we should pay attention to language proficiency, special knowledge and vocabulary, cross-cultural awareness. While in the phase of performing, we should concentrate on the decoding, memorizing, encoding and cooperating. For improve our skills for interpretation, we must make a summery and an assessment in the post-interpreting packaging phase. This model may among those best models of interpreting process.4 A Brief Outline of the Research ProcessIn the previous models, the authors always give priority to the comprehension during interpreting. The comprehension model is ―comprehension=knowledge for the language + extra linguistic knowledge + anal ysis‖. While in the innovation ―3P‖ model, we give priority to the whole process, this relates to the equivalence between the target version and original version.In the first section, say preparing section, we talk about the ways to improve our language skills to adapt to pressing business interpretation environment, to broaden our knowledge and to enlarge vocabulary on business and to enhance our cross-cultural awareness.In the second section, say performing section, we talk about decoding without being interrupted by object factors and subject factors, about using notes and otherthings to ensure our instant memory, about encoding avoid disturbed by other factors.In the last section, say packaging section, we move on to assessment and summary of the business field interpretation.This paper also refers to the factors, which influence the process of business interpretation from different views. They are factors of language, factors of culture, and factors of psychology and factors of environment. In language, the features of spoken language, linguistic repertoire of speakers are major factors that influence the process of interpretation. Idiomatic phrases forms of discourse, business terms and equivalent words in culture as well as the stance, attention and mood of the interpreter in psychology can also influence the process.5 Research ApproachThis thesis introduces a brief review of an interpreting process under ―3P‖ model including the definition, the advantages of the model, focuses on the whole business interpreting process, and discusses ways to ensure the information equivalence. The collection of materials is by means of referring to some books in the library and surfing on the Internet and other methods. With regard to the method used in the thesis, some examples have been given, which is used to describe, compare, or explain the specific of business interpretation. The surveys also involved setting objectives for information collection, designing research and so on. They were conducted to get a general view of the ―3P‖ model in business interpreting.6 Research GoalBoth the interpreter himself and the outside world are full of factors, which influence every response the interpreter make. The interpreter can make better performance by creating assumption of the situation he is going to face. And the assumption is made on the base of his knowledge about the different factors that influence his interpreting process. By means of discussing and comparing differences between interpretation and translati on, between ―3P‖model and other models, between business interpretation and interpretation in other fields, some advices willbeen given to ensure the process as well as product of the interpretation.7 Research ScheduleDec. 2007 – Jan. 2008: choosing the title of the thesis.Jan.16th2008 –Jan.21th2008: collecting enough materials, writing literature review and drawing out the outline of the thesis.Feb. 2008 – Apr. 2008: writing the first draft of the thesis.Apr. 2008 – May. 2008: revising and finishing the second draft of the thesis.May. 11th, 2008 – May. 25th, 2008: finishing the final version of the thesis.BibliographyGile, D. 1995. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training [M]. Amsterdam & Philadelphia : John Benjamin’s Publishing Company. Nida, E. A. 2000. Language, Culture, and Translating [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Nida, E. A. & Taber, C. R. 2004.The Theory and Practice of Translation [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Nord, C. 2001. Translating as a Purposeful Activity Functionalist Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Shuttleworth, M. & M. Cowie 1997. Dictionary of translation studies [M].Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.。