物联网与智能建筑外文文献翻译2019

物联网与智能建筑外文翻译2019
英文
Adopting Internet of Things for the development of smart buildings: A review of enabling technologies and applications
Mengda Jia, Ali Komeily,etc
Abstract
The 21st century is witnessing a fast-paced digital revolution. A significant trend is that cyber and physical environments are being unprecedentedly entangled with the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT has been widely immersed into various domains in the industry. Among those areas where IoT would make significant impacts are building construction, operation, and management by facilitating high-class services, providing efficient functionalities, and moving towards sustainable development goals. So far, IoT itself has entered an ambiguous phase for industrial utilization, and there are limited number of studies focusing on the application of IoT in the building industry. Given the promising future impact of IoT technologies on buildings, and the increasing interests in interdisciplinary research among academics, this paper investigates the state-of-the-art projects and adoptions of IoT for the development of smart buildings within both academia and industry contexts. The wide-ranging IoT concepts are provided, covering the necessary breadth as well as relevant topic depth that directly relates to
smart buildings. Current enabling technologies of IoT, especially those applied to buildings and related areas are summarized, which encompasses three different layers based on the conventional IoT architecture. Afterwards, several recent applications of IoT technologies on buildings towards the critical goals of smart buildings are selected and presented. Finally, the priorities and challenges of successful and seamless IoT integration for smart buildings are discussed. Besides, this paper discusses the future research questions to advance the implementation of IoT technologies in both building construction and operation phases. The paper argues that a mature adoption of IoT technologies in the building industry is not yet realized and, therefore, calls for more attention from researchers in the relevant fields from the application perspective.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Smart buildings, Built environment, State of the art review Application assessment
Introduction
In the past decades, a great deal of research focused on smart buildings, communities, cities, and infrastructures [1,2]. Among others, one of the motivations behind these research activities is to develop an approach to provide reliable and energy efficient services without compromising the comfort and satisfaction level of people in the targeted contexts. However, until now, this topic is still being explored though
researchers have studied related issues from different aspects [[93], [94], [95], [96]], as the practical implementation plan is under investigation, and the topic involves an adaptation of technologies and knowledge from multi-disciplines. From the operational perspective, the current progress towards the development of smart buildings, communities, and cities may be described as isolated and segmented in terms of integration of technology and application development, mainly owing to the current IoT applications' limitations and sensor networks in buildings, cities, and infrastructures that are not seamlessly unified [3].
Buildings are one of the basic while crucial units for human's living environment. The concept of smart buildings originates with the increase in integration of advanced technology to buildings and their systems such that the buildings' whole life cycle can be remotely operated and controlled for convenience, comfort, and in a cost- and energy-efficient manner. It is widely accepted that the use of new technologies is a fundamental prerequisite to achieve the realization of smart buildings (also known as intelligent buildings), which includes, but is not limited to, sensor deployment, big data engineering and analytics, cloud and fog computing, software engineering development, and human-computer interaction algorithms, etc. Among these supporting technologies, one of the trending areas is the development of Internet of Things (IoT), as one of the challenges of smart buildings is to deal with a complex web of
interconnected functional entities in different aspects of a building [4,5]. With the use of IoT, there is an enormous potential to make considerable progress towards the envisioned goals. Given the diversity of the stakeholders and applications of IoT, a multitude of definitions for the technology are available in the literature [6]. On the technological side, IoT may be realized as the convergence of three major paradigms, namely: Things-oriented vision, Internet-oriented vision, and Semantic-oriented vision [7]. On this basis, the authors propose a Human-oriented vision to be incorporated as the fourth paradigm on the application side.
The architecture of IoT is crafted to equip all objects with identifying, sensing, networking, and processing capabilities, so that these objects could exchange and share information with each other and develop advanced services over the Internet. Thus, the interconnection would further facilitate deeper insight of complex systems, provide dynamic context-aware decision-making capabilities and intelligent autonomy. These capabilities pave the way for achieving the goals in smart buildings which is integrated ambient intelligence by creating a global network supporting ubiquitous computing [[8], [9], [10]] as well as context-awareness among devices [11]. In 2008, the US National Intelligence Council envisioned IoT as one of the areas with potential influence on US comprehensive national power and included it in the list of six “Disruptive Civil Technologies” [12]. Not surprisingly, in
the past five years, a speedy growth in number of connected devices has been observed. Cisco reported that in 2010, the number of connected devices per person is more than six considering those who use the Internet and estimated that the number of connected devices worldwide will rise from 20 billion today to 50 billion by 2020 [13,14].
The emergence of IoT is an evolutional outcome of a series of existing technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSN), and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, etc. The implications of IoT is two-fold:
•Integration of sensing, storage, network, processing, and computing capabilities into everyday objects (e.g. home appliances, door, window, lights, smoke detectors, etc.) and bringing them online, even though they might not be originally designed with these capabilities. This is contrary to most of the devices which are currently on the Internet and were originally designed to be part of it (e.g. smart phones, laptops, etc.).
•Integration of networks which include objects mentioned above. This would make them accessible via the network.
The ambient intelligence offered by IoT facilitates every object to understand their environments, establish meaningful interaction with people and assist people in decision-making. Although researchers are still facing technical challenges to develop, apply, and eventually maturing IoT [15], the technology has been given high expectation to be
applicable to a variety of industries, such as healthcare, manufacturing, retail, farming, industrial automation, etc. [16,17]. Meanwhile, the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation (AECO) industry also attempts to adopt IoT to push the progress of connected informatization, which is one of the aims of smart buildings. However, the focus of researchers currently place on the development of application solutions of IoT in the building industry could be further strengthened. The reason is that, currently, most of the efforts are situated in the improvement of IoT technology itself, i.e., mostly concentrated in electrical engineering and computer science areas. Nevertheless, the collaboration of other disciplines including civil engineering or building technology is also required to identify the problems and challenges that would be solved or improved by using IoT and consequently facilitate the adaptability of IoT in smart buildings. Moreover, the research on application of IoT can conversely discover more potential problems and research directions on IoT development, both on the technological and methodological sides.
As a recent trend, IoT has started to penetrate in the building industry in the past years. Researchers and practitioners are both exploring the benefits and drawbacks of IoT through actual implementation. For example, several companies including IBM and Intel are already launching their products of smart buildings to the world [18],
demonstrating the competitive edge and future tendency of IoT. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how to integrate IoT into this industry to benefit the development of smart buildings. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, although surveys for IoT-based smart buildings exist (e.g. smart home technologies) [4,19], current literatures lack a comprehensive review and analysis of IoT applications to the overall fields for future building development. Furthermore, as the interest for interdisciplinary research continues to increase, an analytical review may be a new starting point for researchers in the fields of civil, construction, and architectural engineering. Hence, although the entire IoT sector is technology driven and suffers from a top down approach while the users are not the core that drives the change, a thorough understanding of the technical needs and potential application areas to the building industry is significant to help supplement improvement dimensions of IoT and expedite the development of smart buildings.
Research motivation and contribution
The motivation for this paper comes from the nature and requirement of smart buildings. A well-developed smart building contains extensive aspects of technical support, among which IoT is recognized as the crucial one. With the rapid pace of technology development and collaboration trends of different industries, this paper aims to guide stakeholders in the building industry of a better path to properly use IoT
to address specific issues, and inspire researchers' thinking in the technology industry for future advancing. That said, this paper emphasizes the functionalities improved by IoT and the solutions of adopting IoT in buildings, instead of pointing out the technical defects of IoT itself.
In addition, this paper does not intend to discuss a single topic of smart buildings' multitudes of specifics that IoT can benefit, rather it aims to stand on a higher level to offer and deliberate a broad overview for researchers in relevant areas as a summary of the emerging literature targeting the application of IoT in the context of buildings. This paper can serve as an origin that leads to diverse tributary research questions for interested scholars.
Therefore, this paper is presented with a novel perspective and contributes in four primary aspects, namely: 1) to provide researchers and professionals in relevant fields of civil and construction engineering, building science, sustainability, etc., with holistic domain-related knowledge of IoT; 2) to fill the gap in the current literature by focusing on the current state and potential future of IoT in the building industry; 3) to discuss the current enabling technologies, applications, and recent developments of IoT, along with application recommendations for adopting IoT for the function improvement in buildings; and 4) to explore the challenges on the path of IoT for the building industry, including the
whole building life cycle, i.e., cradle-to-grave.
A comprehensive survey of the literature was performed accordingly. Given that IoT is still in formative stages and has not yet been fully realized in the building industry, the reviewed literature included a diverse set of journal articles, conference papers, edited volumes, and technical reports in multiple fields such as computer science, or automation in construction, etc.
Overview of IoT technology for smart buildings
From the users' perspective, a typical IoT system consists of five major components according to the components' contribution and function in IoT system, namely: 1) Devices or Sensors (terminal), 2) Networks (communication infrastructure), 3) Cloud (data repository and data processing infrastructure), 4) Analytics (computational and data mining algorithm), and 5) Actuators or User interfaces(services), as shown in Fig. 2.
The design of an IoT system architecture lies in the heart of enabling the functionality of an IoT system, which is interconnecting heterogeneous components anytime and anywhere through the Internet. The architecture of IoT system is typically divided on a layering basis, and many researchers have proposed their models to fulfill certain needs. Some common architectures include three-layer, SOA-based, middle-ware based, and five-layer; for additional details refer to
[16,[20], [21], [22]]. For this paper, a more conventional architecture is adopted and discussed, namely three-layer architecture, along with its connection to smart buildings. Among others, one of the reasons to focus on this type of architecture is that the application layer is sub-divided into several sub-layers in other architecture types, while those sub-layers do not necessarily fit the scope and objective for smart buildings' development. Also, the three-layer architecture is more applicable for stakeholders from the IoT application perspective. Particularly for building industry researchers, a three-layer architecture is sufficient and suitable for an effective adoption of IoT for general functionality implementation.
Standards
The standards of perception layer depend on the specific devices used in the IoT system. Organizations of ISO, IEC, IEEE created many world-wide standards to improve the level of compatibility. For example, ISO/IED 29182 formulates Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) for WSN [21]. The communication standard of WSN is usually represented by IEEE 802.15.4, a short-range communication protocol maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group. For RFID, some standards are ISO 15459 which defines identification of individual transport product [29], ISO 11784 that regulates the data structure of RFID used in animal tracking, ISO 18047 for equipment performance
testing and ISO 18000 for goods tracking [30].
Examples in the building industry on perception layer
In the research areas of built environment, the emphasis is usually placed on energy use, occupant activities, and environmental conditions. As a data sensing system, WSN attracts the interest of many scholars in the area, due to its low-cost and easy-to-deploy properties. Jang et al. [31] proposed a web-based WSN system for building environment monitoring. The system implementation starts from the sensor node design, which includes a microprocessor, radio hardware, sensor board, and power source. Temperature, light, acceleration, and magnetic sensors are embedded in the sensor node. Then, software was written to the on-board microprocessor to convert the sensors' signals to digital values. The system also involved data collection part using MySQL as the database. For the convenience at the user end, scripts were written in PHP to display the information needed on a webpage, so that the user will not be limited by skills in programming for access of data. The proposed system provided a potential path for engineers to use WSN for the whole building monitoring.
中文
采用物联网发展智能建筑：技术和应用回顾
摘要
21世纪见证了快速的数字革命。

一个重要的趋势是，物联网（IoT）的出现给网络和物理环境带来了前所未有的纠结。

物联网已广泛浸入行业的各个领域。

物联网将产生重大影响的领域包括通过促进高级服务，提供高效功能以及朝着可持续发展目标发展的建筑施工，运营和管理。

到目前为止，物联网本身已经进入了工业利用的模糊阶段，并且针对物联网在建筑行业中的应用的研究很少。

鉴于物联网技术对建筑物的未来发展前景可观，以及学者们对跨学科研究的兴趣日益浓厚，本文研究了在学术界和行业环境下物联网在智能建筑发展中的最新项目和采用情况。

提供了广泛的物联网概念，涵盖了与智能建筑直接相关的必要广度和相关主题深度。

总结了当前的物联网使能技术，尤其是那些应用于建筑物和相关区域的物联网技术，它涵盖了基于常规物联网架构的三个不同层。

之后，选择并介绍了物联网技术在建筑物上实现智能建筑物关键目标的几种最新应用。

最后，讨论了智能建筑成功和无缝物联网集成的优先事项和挑战。

此外，本文讨论了未来的研究问题，以推进物联网技术在建筑施工和运营阶段的实施。

该论文认为，物联网技术尚未在建筑行业中得到成熟应用，因此，需要从应用的角度来关注相关领域的研究人员。

关键字：物联网，智能建筑，建筑环境，最新技术审查应用评估引言
在过去的几十年中，大量研究集中在智能建筑，社区，城市和基础设施。

这些研究活动背后的动机之一是开发一种方法，以提供可靠和节能的服务，而又不损害目标环境中人们的舒适度和满意度。

然而，
直到现在，尽管研究人员已经从不同方面研究了相关问题，但仍在探索这个主题，因为正在研究实际的实施计划，并且该主题涉及对来自多学科的技术和知识的适应。

从运营的角度来看，目前在智能建筑，社区和城市发展方面的进展可能被描述为技术和应用开发集成方面的隔离和细分，这主要是由于当前物联网应用的局限性和建筑物中的传感器网络，城市和基础设施之间没有无缝统一。

建筑物是人类生活环境的基本但至关重要的单元之一。

智能建筑的概念起源于将先进技术集成到建筑物及其系统中的不断增加，从而可以方便，舒适，经济高效地对建筑物的整个生命周期进行远程操作和控制。

人们普遍认为，使用新技术是实现智能建筑（也称为智能建筑）的基本前提，其中包括但不限于传感器部署，大数据工程和分析，云和雾计算，软件工程开发和人机交互算法等。

在这些支持技术中，趋势之一是物联网（IoT）的发展，因为智能建筑的挑战之一是应对复杂的建筑。

建筑物不同方面的相互连接的功能实体的网络[4,5]。

通过使用物联网，在实现预定目标方面有巨大的潜力。

考虑到利益相关者的多样性和物联网的应用，文献中提供了多种技术定义[6]。

在技术方面，物联网可以实现为三个主要范式的融合，即：面向事物的视觉，面向互联网的视觉和基于语义的视觉[7]。

在此基础上，作者提出了以人为本的愿景，将其作为应用程序方面的第四范式并入。

物联网的体系结构旨在为所有对象提供识别，感应，联网和处理能力，以便这些对象可以彼此交换和共享信息并通过Internet开发高级服务。

因此，互连将进一步促进对复杂系统的更深入了解，提供动
态的上下文感知决策能力和智能自主性。

这些功能通过创建支持普适计算以及设备之间的上下文感知的全球网络，为实现集成了环境智能的智能建筑的目标铺平了道路。

2008年，美国国家情报委员会将物联网视为对美国综合国力有潜在影响的领域之一，并将其列入六种“破坏性民用技术”列表中。

毫不奇怪，在过去的五年中，已观察到连接设备数量的快速增长。

思科报告称，2010年，考虑到使用Internet 的人，人均连接设备数量已超过6个，并估计全球连接设备的数量将从今天的200亿增加到2020年的500亿。

物联网的出现是无线传感器网络（WSN）和机对机（M2M）通信等一系列现有技术的演进成果。

物联网的含义有两方面：•将传感，存储，网络，处理和计算功能集成到日常对象（例如家用电器，门，窗户，灯，烟雾探测器等）中，并使它们联机，即使它们最初并非设计为具有这些功能。

这与当前在Internet上且最初设计为成为Internet一部分的大多数设备（例如，智能手机，笔记本电脑等）相反。

•包含上述对象的网络的集成。

这将使它们可以通过网络访问。

物联网提供的环境智能可帮助每个对象了解其环境，与人建立有意义的互动并协助人们进行决策。

尽管研究人员在开发，应用和最终使物联网成熟方面仍面临技术挑战，但人们对该技术的期望值很高，可应用于各种行业，例如医疗保健，制造业，零售，农业，工业自动化等。

同时，建筑，工程，建造和运营（AECO）行业也试图采用IoT 来推动互联信息化的发展，这是智能建筑的目标之一。

但是，目前研
究人员对建筑行业物联网应用解决方案开发的关注可以得到进一步加强。

原因是，目前，大多数努力都在于改善IoT技术本身，即主要集中在电气工程和计算机科学领域。

尽管如此，还需要其他学科的合作，包括土木工程或建筑技术，以识别使用物联网将解决或改善的问题和挑战，从而促进物联网在智能建筑中的适应性。

而且，对物联网应用的研究可以从技术和方法两方面反过来发现更多的潜在问题和物联网发展的研究方向。

作为最近的趋势，物联网在过去几年已开始渗透到建筑行业。

研究人员和从业人员都在通过实际实施来探索物联网的利弊。

例如，包括IBM和Intel在内的多家公司已经将其智能建筑产品推向世界，证明了物联网的竞争优势和未来趋势。

因此，有必要了解如何将物联网集成到该行业中，以促进智能建筑的发展。

然而，据作者所知，尽管存在基于IoT的智能建筑的调查（例如，智能家居技术），但目前的文献缺乏对IoT应用在未来建筑的整个领域的全面综述和分析。

发展。

此外，随着对跨学科研究的兴趣不断增加，对于土木，建筑和建筑工程领域的研究人员而言，分析性综述可能是一个新的起点。

因此，尽管整个物联网行业都是技术驱动的，并且遭受自上而下的困扰，而用户不是推动变革的核心，但透彻了解建筑行业的技术需求和潜在应用领域对于帮助改善建筑至关重要。

物联网的规模和加快智能建筑的发展。

研究动机和贡献
本文的动机来自智能建筑的性质和要求。

完善的智能建筑包含广
泛的技术支持，其中物联网被认为是至关重要的。

随着技术发展的快速发展以及不同行业的协作趋势，本文旨在指导建筑行业的利益相关者，为更好地使用物联网解决特定问题提供更好的途径，并激发研究人员在技术行业中的思考，以促进未来的发展。

也就是说，本文强调了物联网改善的功能以及在建筑物中采用物联网的解决方案，而不是指出物联网本身的技术缺陷。

此外，本文无意讨论物联网可从中受益的智能建筑的众多细节的单个主题，而是旨在站在更高的层次上，为相关领域的研究人员提供并审议广泛的概述，作为对物联网的总结。

针对建筑物环境中物联网应用的新兴文献。

本文可以作为引起感兴趣的学者多样化的支流研究问题的起点。

因此，本文提出了一个新颖的观点，并在四个主要方面做出了贡献，即：1）为土木与建筑工程，建筑科学，可持续性等相关领域的研究人员和专业人员提供有关以下方面的全面领域知识：物联网2）通过关注建筑行业中物联网的现状和潜在的未来来填补当前文献中的空白；3）讨论IoT的当前使能技术，应用和最新发展，以及采用IoT改善建筑物功能的应用建议；和4）探索物联网对建筑行业的挑战，包括整个建筑生命周期，即从摇篮到坟墓。

因此对文献进行了全面的调查。

鉴于物联网仍处于形成阶段，并且尚未在建筑业中完全实现，因此审阅的文献包括计算机科学或自动化等多个领域的各种期刊文章，会议文献，编辑的卷以及技术报告。

在建筑等方面
智慧建筑的物联网技术概述
从用户的角度来看，典型的物联网系统根据其在物联网系统中的作用和功能由五个主要部分组成，分别是：1）设备或传感器（终端），2）网络（通信基础设施），3）云（数据存储库和数据处理基础结构），4）分析（计算和数据挖掘算法）和5）执行器或用户界面（服务）。

物联网系统体系结构的设计是实现物联网系统功能的核心，物联网系统可以通过Internet随时随地互连异构组件。

物联网系统的体系结构通常按分层划分，许多研究人员提出了满足特定需求的模型。

一些常见的体系结构包括三层，基于SOA的，基于中间件的和五层的。

在本文中，采用并讨论了更常规的体系结构，即三层体系结构及其与智能建筑的连接。

除其他外，专注于这种类型的体系结构的原因之一是，应用层被细分为其他体系结构类型的几个子层，而这些子层不一定适合智能建筑的范围和目标。

发展。

此外，从物联网应用的角度来看，三层体系结构更适用于利益相关者。

特别是对于建筑行业研究人员而言，三层体系结构已足够，并且适合有效地采用IoT来实现常规功能。

标准
感知层的标准取决于物联网系统中使用的特定设备。

ISO，IEC，IEEE的组织创建了许多世界范围的标准以提高兼容性。

例如，ISO / IED 29182为WSN制定了传感器网络参考架构（SNRA）。

WSN的通信标准通常由IEEE 802.15.4表示，IEEE 802.15.4是由IEEE 802.15工作组维护的一种短距离通信协议。

对于RFID，一些标准是ISO
15459，该标准定义了单个运输产品的标识，ISO 11784规范了用于动物跟踪的RFID的数据结构，ISO 18047进行了设备性能测试，ISO 18000进行了货物跟踪。

感知层中的建筑行业示例
在建筑环境研究领域，通常重点放在能源使用，乘员活动和环境条件上。

作为一种数据传感系统，WSN的低成本和易于部署的特性吸引了该领域的许多学者的兴趣。

Jang等提出了一种用于建筑环境监测的基于Web的WSN系统。

系统实现从传感器节点设计开始，该传感器节点设计包括微处理器，无线电硬件，传感器板和电源。

温度，光，加速度和磁传感器嵌入在传感器节点中。

然后，将软件写入车载微处理器，以将传感器的信号转换为数字值。

该系统还涉及使用MySQL作为数据库的数据收集部分。

为了方便用户，用PHP编写了脚本，以在网页上显示所需的信息，从而使用户不会受到数据访问编程技能的限制。

拟议的系统为工程师使用WSN进行整个建筑物监控提供了一条潜在途径。