英语国家概况打印版

英语国家概况打印版
Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Ireland
p3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,
England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?
2 tell
3 geographical names of the UK
3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain
p4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931
2 the Commonwealth
3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain
4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and
the North Sea in the east
5 the English Channel
p5 1 Chunnel
2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.
3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to its
west and Scotland to its north.
4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland
p6 1 the Pennines
2 tell the
3 natural zones in Scotland
3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.
p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River
2 Thames River
p8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland
p9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain
2 tel l the characteristics of Britain’s climate
p11 1 Describe the distribution of Britain’s population
2 Britain has a population of 57,411,000
3 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per square
kilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.
p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and
Irish
2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxons invaded and conquered Britain.
3 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the
English people and the English language were born.
p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England
2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English
3 Cockney
4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons
p14 1 Eisteddfodau
2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?
3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?
p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)
2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?
p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians
2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture
on nationality of different origin?
p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts
2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the
Romans.
p18 1 th e Celts’s religion was Druidism
2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion
3 Julius Caesar
4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation
p19 1 Hadrian’s Wall
2 Antonine Wall
3 York had been created as a northern stronghold
p20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 306
2 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons
was surprisingly limited
3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?
p21 1 Angles
2 seven principal kingdoms
3 Heptarchy
4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829,
Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English
5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain
p22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.
2 St. Augustine
3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?
p23 1 Witan
2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial
system
3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan
4 Alfred
5 the Danelaw
6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”
7 Alfred the Great
p24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, see med more concerned with the building of Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state.
p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings
2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop
of York
p26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.
2 William the Conqueror
3 the Norman Conquest
4 the modern names of England English derive
from the Angles
5 Who were the Vikings?
6 What do you know about St Augustine?
p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins
or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.
2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand
Council of his new tenants in chief
p28 1 Domesday Book
2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of England
made in 1085
p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion
2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.
3 How did King Henry II consolidate the
monarchy?
p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?
2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of the
customs of the manor.
p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?
2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into
collision with Thomas Becket
3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164
p32 Geoffrey Chaucer
p33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?
2 the Baron’s charter
3 Magna Carta
4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the Great
Charter on June 19, 1215
5 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses
6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry
out the Great Charter
p34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?
2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the loss
of the whole of Poitou.
3 Simon de Montfort
4 Provisions of Oxford
5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.
p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—1453
2 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?
3 Battle of Argencourt
4 Joan de Arc
5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the
English.
6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both
countries?
p37 1 Black Death
2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was a
terrible shortage of labour.
3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute of
Labourers
p38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?
2 the Peasant Uprising
3 the Lollards
p39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds
of rebels were put to death by
King Richard.
p40 1 Wars of the Roses
2 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,the
House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.
p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Wars
of the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.
2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary
people were little affected.
p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?
2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII
3 Henry VIII
p43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?
p44 Bloody Mary
p45 1 Elizabeth I
2 Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s ties
with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England
3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen
of the country?
p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policy
p47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years c1350-c1650
2 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession
of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.
3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.
p49 1 Christopher Marlowe
2 Ben Jonson
3 William Shakespeare
p50 1 Edmund Spenser
2 Francis Bacon
p51 1 Gunpowder Plot
2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament.
p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower.
2 Charles I was the son of James I
3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.
p53 Petition of Right
p55 1 Cavaliers
2 Roundheads
p56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?
2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution
3 Puritan Revolution
p57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England
2 the “Rump”
p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.
2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against the
Puritans, now known as Nonconformists
p59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century
2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress
3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost
4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?
p60 Bill of Rights (1689)
p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?
2 Give a brief account of Henry VII
p62 1 the Whigs
2 the Tories
3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as
“Utilitarianism”
p65 1 Enclosure Acts
2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective
breeding of cattle, sheep and
horses by Robert Bakewell
3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?
p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?
2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?
p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?
2 John Kay’s flying shuttle
3 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny
4 James Watt
p69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop
of the world”
2 “workshop of the world”
3 Luddites
4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?
5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a century
p70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?
p71 1 a People’s Charter in 1838
2 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?
p74 Trade Union Act of 1871
p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English 2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583
3 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
4 1763 Treaty of Paris
p79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain
2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’s
population and area
p81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of
25.
2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nations
p82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.
p83 Winston Churchill
p84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened
the end of Britain’s empire
2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back to
power in 1951.
p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community.
p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party
2 Thatcherism
p87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries?
p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemony
but also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership
2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%
3 British disease
p89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?
2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita
income third in the world
3 John M. Keynes
p90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation.
2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-term Financial Strategy
3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomes control and state interventionism.(排除型选择)
p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by
1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.
p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in
Britain as the era of nationalization,
the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.
2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.
p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.
p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developed
in the West Midlands and South-East of England 2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growth
p99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the
land area.
2 agribusiness
p100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultry
of pigs.
2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.
p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.
2 nation of shopkeepers
3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade h as
4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?
p104 1 the City of London
2 Lloyd’s
p105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?
2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?
3 What are new industries in England?
4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?
p106 1 constitutional monarchy
2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen
3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions
(排除型选择)
4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the
9th century.
p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, she
came to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.
p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nation
p110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?
2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.
p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor
p112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of
651 Members of Parliament
2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.
3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals
4 Black Rod
p114 shadow cabinet
p115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Minister
p116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits in
the House of Commons, receives £ 78,292.
p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime
Minister
2 the Privy Council
3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord President
p118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Service
p121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.
p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?
2 What does the Cabinet consist of?
3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?
4 What is the function of the House of Lords?
5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?
6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?
7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?
8 How often does a general election take place?
9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.
p123 1 criminal law
2 civil law
p124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independently
reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute
p125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences
2 either way
3 in 199
4 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.
p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences
2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal
cases.
3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland
4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotland
p127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the Crown
Court, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)
p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are County
Courts of which there are 270
2 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have the
power to sit in the county court
p129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the Home
Secretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)
p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration
is the responsibility of the Lord
Chancellor
2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home
Secretary.
p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot imp ose a term of more than
six month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily
2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracy
p132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20
in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offen ders’ centre in Northern Ireland
2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a young
offender institution
3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?
4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?
5 What is the jury’s job?
6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?
7 How many police forces are there in the UK?
8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force
in Great Britain?
9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.
p134 1 welfare state
2 NHS
3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts of
Parliament.
p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded out
of general taxation.
2 prescription charges do not apply to the ……(排除型选择)
p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations with
family doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.
p138 NHS service(排除型选择)
p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)
2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around
7% live in communal establishments.
p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security
programme
2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)
3 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the
age of 65 are entitled to a state
retirement pension.
p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly from
their employer for a maximum of 18 weeks
p144 war pensions
p145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.
p146 Church of England
p147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian
p148 1 the Methodist Church
2 the Baptists
3 the United Reformed Church
4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restored
in 1850
5 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.
p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)
2 Hogmanay
p153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday
----Armistice Day
2 Boxing Day
p154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?
2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?
3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?
4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.
p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and four
in Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools
2 eleven-plus
p157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools
2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)
3 sixth-form college
4 Teriary college
5 publish school(in the UK)
p158 there are some 90 universities in the UK
p159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?
p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.
2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.
p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?
2 quality dailies(排除型选择)
3 quality papers
p162 1 the Economist
2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)
p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK
2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providing
regular television broadcasts since 1936.
p165 Reuters
p166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly take
part in sport or exercise
2 football is the most popular sport in England
3 Cricket is the most typical English of sports
p171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museums
and art galleries open to the public.
p172 the Beatles
p173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber
2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the opera
p176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the Edinburgh
International Festival of Music and Drama
2 BFI
p177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)
2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?
3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?
4 How is the BBC financed?
5 list some most important journals in the UK.
6 Where would you find many of London’s
theatres?
7 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK Part two the Republic of Ireland
p181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green country
side
2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.
3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the Liffey
River at its confluence with the Dodder River.
4 Ireland has been compared to a basin
p182 Shannon River
p183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?
2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?
P184 For the whole country the chance of an
unusully wet or an unusually dry year
Is estimated at 25%
P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic 2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population decline
p187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and English
p188 1 Catholicism
2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Ireland
p189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?
2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.
3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.
4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 1610
5 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?
P190 1 IRA
2 Easter Uprising
3 Anglo-Irish Treaty
4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War
II to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.
P191 foreign policy of Ireland
P192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland
2 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 1979
3 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries
4 What is the largest river in Ireland?
5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?
6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?
7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?
P193 1 president of Ireland
2 taoiseach
P194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament
P195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislation
and the 1937 Constitution
p196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael
2 Sinn Fein
3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British in 1921
4 Anglo-Irish Treaty
p197 Fine Gael
p198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.
2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sector
p201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe
p202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?
P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.
2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily
3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.
P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin Broadcasting
Station
2 the most well-known Irish writher of the
modern period is James Joyce.
3 James Joyce
p206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.
2 Ulysses
3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?
4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?
5 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy
6 List Ireland’s main industries
7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade
8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish
Part three the United States of America
p209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada to
its north.
2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south
3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.
4 the United States has an ideal location for trade
5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?
6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the world
p210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?
2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.
p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.
2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one of
the world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi
3 Mississippi
4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians
5 Missouri
6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis
7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joins
the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois
8 father of waters
9 old man river
p212 1 American Ruhr
2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,
and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)
3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulf
of Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)
4 Great Lakes
5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the world
p213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?
2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.
3 What factors influence the climate of US?
4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the
country(New England)
p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast
2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate
with warm, dry summers and moist winters.
3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate of
the US.
4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.
p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.
p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of。