考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练十五
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一一五
As cars ditch fossil fuels,how can governments tax motorists?随着汽车抛弃化石燃料，政府怎么能对驾车者征税呢?Expect more taxes on congestion as levies on fuel yield lower revenues 随着对燃料征收的税收收入减少，预计将对交通拥堵征收更多的税Motoring taxes raise nearly£40bn($49bn)a year,or about5%of Britain’s total tax revenue.Nearly70%of that comes from duty on fuel,levied partly to deter consumers from using too much of the stuff.英国的机动车税收每年增长近400亿英镑（约合490亿美元），约占英国总税收的5%。
其中近70%来自于燃油税，征收燃油税在一定程度上是为了阻止消费者过多地耗费汽油。
Yet as drivers take the hint and switch to electric and hybrid vehicles,the government faces a problem in the form of falling tax revenues. Economists are therefore rethinking how to tax motoring in a low-emissions future.然而，随着司机们接受了这一暗示而转向使用电动汽车和混合动力汽车，政府又面临着税收下降的问题。
因此，经济学家正在重新思考如何在低排放的未来对机动车征税。
On October8th the Institute for Fiscal Studies(IFS),a think-tank,warned that over£33bn could all but disappear as cars become more fuel-efficient or go electric.10月8日，财政研究所（IFS，一家智库）警告称，随着汽车燃油效率的提高以及电动车的普及，超过330亿英镑的税收或将不复存在了。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Ask people to name someone they find charming and the answers are often predictable. There’s James Bond, the fictional spy with a penchant for shaken martinis. Maybe they’ll mention Oprah Winfrey, Bill Clinton or a historical figure, like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. or Mahatma Gandhi. Now ask the same people to describe, in just a few seconds, what makes these charmers so likable.要是你让人说出一个他心目中有魅力的人的名字，答案通常都可以预测。
有人会说詹姆斯·邦德，那个偏爱摇酒法调制的马提尼的虚构的间谍。
也许会有人提到欧普拉·温弗里，比尔·克林顿，或是某个历史人物，比如小马丁·路德·金牧师，或是圣雄·甘地。
那么现在再让同一个人来用区区几秒钟描述，到底是什么特质让这些魅力十足的人物如此受人爱戴呢？It’s here, in defining what exactly charisma is, that most hit a wall. Instinctually, we know that we’re drawn to certain people more than others. Quantifying why we like them is an entirely different exercise.到此为止，在魅力到底是什么的确切定义过程中，通常就是到这里走进了死胡同。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Diageo last week took a majority stake in Seedlip, a non-alcoholic spirit sold as an alternative to gin — a move seen by analysts as the drinks giant’s attempt to grab more of the growing teetotal market. The young are more abstemious than their elders, and manufacturers and marketers need to keep up.帝亚吉欧(Diageo)不久前收购了Seedlip的多数股权，这是一种被作为金酒替代品出售的无酒精型烈酒——市场分析师们将此举解读为酒业巨头试图在日益扩张的无酒精饮料市场中分一杯羹。
年轻一代相对于他们的长辈在饮酒方面更加节制，酒类生产商和营销机构必须跟上这种趋势。
For those of us who don’t drink or, in my case, only occasionally, a reduction in others’ drinking, along with a fall in the antisocial consequences, is a welcome development. At a wedding in Italy this summer, I marvelled as a group of Italian and French guests partied under a hot afternoon sun and late into the night, without anyone staggering or slurring in the way they would inevitably have done in the UK.对于我们当中那些不喝酒——或者以我自己为例——仅偶尔喝一杯的人来说，他人饮酒量的下降，以及与之相随的危害社会公共利益问题的减少，是一种令人愉快的新变化。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
When bosses walk in employees’ shoes当老板站在员工的角度思考It is hard for managers to understand what life is like for staff. But not impossible 管理者很难理解员工的处境，但也不是不可能Any manager worth their salt knows the value of spending time “walking in their customers’ shoes”. There are many ways to do it. You can observe customers in their natural habitat.任何称职的管理者都知道花时间“站在客户的角度思考”的价值。
想做到这一点有很多办法可行。
你可以对处在自然状态下的顾客进行观察。
Pernod Ricard’s boss recently told Bloomberg, a news service, about his habit of bar-hopping in order to see what people want to drink. Such research is a lot less fun if your company makes soap dispensers for public toilets but the same principle applies.保乐力加的老板最近向彭博社(一家新闻服务机构)透露，他经常会去酒吧看看人们爱喝什么酒。
如果你公司的产品是公厕皂液器，那这种研究方式就不太合适了，不过道理都是一样的。
You can be a customer yourself, buying your company’s products, ringing your own helplines and enduring the same teeth-grinding muzak. Or you can hear from your customers directly.你可以试着购买自家的产品，拨打自家的客服热线，忍受让人咬牙切齿的同款音乐。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一二六
Defending Switzerland’s coffee stockpile捍卫瑞士的咖啡储备If disaster strikes,the Swiss want to be caffeinated当灾难来袭时，瑞士人需要咖啡因To defend their independence the Swiss have mountains,conscription and a fierce sense of self-reliance.They also have a vast stockpile of food, medicine,animal feed and cooking oil,which they have maintained since the1920s.This makes sieges easier to withstand,but costs a fortune.瑞士人靠着山脉、兵役制度和强烈的自力更生精神捍卫着国家的主权独立。
自上世纪20年代以来，瑞士一直保持着大量的食品、药品、动物饲料和食用油储备。
这使得瑞士更容易抵御敌人的围攻，但这同时代价不菲。
So in April the Federal Office for National Economic Supply announced a plan to trim it a little.In future,it suggested,it would no longer pay for a huge emergency supply of coffee.This wonderful drink,it claimed,is not “vital for life”.因此，今年4月，瑞士联邦国家经济供应办公室宣布了一项略微削减开支的计划。
它表示，今后将废除紧急物资储备中的咖啡储备。
理由则是，这种美味的饮品并不是“攸关生死的”。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
A global house-price slump is coming全球房价即将暴跌It won’t blow up the financial system, but it will be scary虽然不会摧毁金融体系，但仍然令人恐慌Over the past decade owning a house has meant easy money. Prices rose reliably for years and then went bizarrely ballistic in the pandemic. Yet today if your wealth is tied up in bricks and mortar it is time to get nervous.过去十年里，拥有一套房就意味着轻松赚钱。
房价多年来一直稳步上涨，甚至在疫情期间还异乎寻常地飙升了。
然而现如今，如果你的财富被套牢在房产上，那你应该感到紧张了。
House prices are now falling in nine rich economies. The drops in America are small so far, but in the wildest markets they are already dramatic. In condo-crazed Canada homes cost 9% less than they did in February.九个发达经济体的房价都在下跌。
到目前为止，美国房价的跌幅还不大，但最疯狂的市场的房价跌幅已经非常大了。
在热衷于共管公寓的加拿大，房价较今年2月下跌了9%。
As inflation and recession stalk the world a deepening correction is likely—even estate agents are gloomy. Although this will not detonate global banks as in 2007-09, it will intensify the downturn, leave a cohort of people with wrecked finances and start a political storm.随着通货膨胀和经济衰退的风险在全球范围内蔓延，房价或将迎来一场深度调整——甚至房地产经纪人也对此感到悲观。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
One afternoon in April 2020, I took an old bamboo rod out of my shed and cut it to a length of 115cm. Stood on the ground, it came about halfway up my chest. I laid it on a scrubby patch of our garden on the island of Aegina, in Greece: one end next to a tough-looking dandelion, the other pointed northwards. Then I dug up the dandelion with a trowel and replanted it at the other end of the stick. A small step for humans, but quite the leap for the dandelion.2020年4月的一个下午，我从棚子里拿出一根旧竹竿，把它切成了115厘米的长度。
立在地上，它的长度大概是到我胸部高度的一半。
我把它搁在花园中的一小片灌木丛生的土地上，花园位于希腊的埃吉纳岛（Aegina）上。
竹竿的一端挨着一株看上去很强韧的蒲公英，另一端朝着北方。
随后我用泥铲把蒲公英挖了出来，再把它重新种进竹竿另一端的土里。
对人类来说，这是一小步的距离，但对蒲公英而言却是一次不小的跃进。
This 115cm corresponds to a particular measurement. It is the present average velocity of climate change — how fast the effects of global heating are moving across the surface of the planet — and thus represents the speed we need to move in order for the conditions around us to stay the same. It also implies a direction: the bubble habitats where different forms of life can survive and thrive are moving uphill, and towards the poles.这115厘米所对应的是一个特定的尺寸。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Have baby, stay in school生孩子还是继续上学？Why teenage mothers in Zimbabwe struggle to get educated为什么津巴布韦的未成年妈妈很难继续接受教育Brilliant Ndlovu has never really known childhood. Since the age of seven she has headed her household in Tsholotsho, a town in rural western Zimbabwe, after her parents went to work abroad. The oldest of five, she scraped a living growing crops while trying to keep up with her schoolwork.聪明的恩德洛夫从未真正经历过童年。
自从7岁起，她的父母去国外工作后，她就一直在津巴布韦西部乡村小镇茨洛特肖主持家务。
她是五个孩子中的老大，一边靠种庄稼勉强糊口，一边还要努力完成学业。
But in 2020 the covid-19 pandemic struck, coming shortly after a devastating drought. Farmers could not afford to pay child labourers like Ms Ndlovu. “So I looked for a man to help support my family,” she recalls. She found one who demanded sex in exchange for money. Aged 17, she got pregnant.但在2020年，经历一场毁灭性的干旱后，新冠疫情又紧随其后。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Britain’s young face a poorer future英国年轻一代面临更加贫穷的未来Economic statistics will never fully capture the extent of the sacrifices of Britain’s youth during the pandemic. For a generation of students and pupils it was a lost chance to make friends, explore who they are and, gradually, become adults — as well as to learn, in person. In the face of the deaths in the broader population, it is easy to dismiss as frivolous the setbacks of those who missed partying, travelling and dating during the long months stuck inside but these are still years of carefree youth they will not get back. What is more, most of these privations were primarily to protect those from older generations, the most vulnerable to the coronavirus.经济统计数字将永远不能完全反映出英国青年在这场大流行病中牺牲了多少。
对于这一代学生来说，他们失去了结交朋友、探索自我并逐渐成长为人,以及亲身学习的机会。
在有人死于新冠疫情之际，我们很容易认为被困在室内长达数月而错过聚会、旅行和约会的人所经历的这些挫折无关痛痒，但这是他们再也无法重返的无忧无虑的青春时光。
考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020010405
A study suggests that higher minimum wages hit poorer bosses’pockets一项研究表明，最低工资标准的上调会给穷老板带来沉重的负担Wage floors are still progressive,but can have unintended consequences最低工资标准的上调仍具有进步意义，但或许会产生意想不到的后果A minimum wage is supposed to redistribute money from rich to poor. But economists disagree about whether it actually does so.Some researchers,for example,have found that,in America,Canada and Europe, raising the minimum wage tends to decrease employment among the least-skilled workers,as firms downsize to trim costs.最低工资标准的设立本是为了将富人手中的钱重新分配给穷人。
但对于它是否真的能起到作用，经济学家们一直存在着分歧。
例如，一些研究人员发现，在美国、加拿大和欧洲，最低工资标准的上调往往会导致低技能工人的失业，因为公司需要缩减规模以降低成本。
Others have found no effect on employment.And although no one doubts that the policy raises wages for the workers who stay employed,still unsettled is the question of where that extra money comes from.但也有其他研究发现，最低工资标准的改变不会对就业产生影响。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文阅读经济学人
China’s “dreamchild” is stealthily winning the battery race中国“梦之子”悄然引领电池竞赛In America, if you want to dominate an industry, you channel your inner Elon Musk and shout about it. But CATL, the Chinese company that makes batteries for some of Mr Musk’s Tesla electric vehicles (EVs), is different. When your columnist first contacted it in 2017, the brush-off was swift.在美国，如果你想主宰一个行业，你就得调动自己内心的埃隆·马斯克并大声咆哮。
但为马斯克的部分特斯拉电动汽车供应电池的中国公司宁德时代则不同。
当笔者在2017年第一次与该公司取得联系时，对方直接拒绝了我们的采访。
“We want to concentrate on our products only and do not accept any interviews at present.” These days it is only marginally less blunt. “Unfortunately, we are sorry that it’s hard for us to arrange [interviews] at the moment.” The temptation is to give it a dose of its own medicine and ignore it.“我们只想专注于我们的产品，目前不接受任何采访。
”如今，该公司的态度没有过去那么生硬了，但也只是稍微缓和。
考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练20200215
The Oscars triumph of“Parasite”奥斯卡获奖影片《寄生虫》And of its director,Bong Joon-ho,a persona non grata turned national hero该片导演奉俊昊从一个不受欢迎的人转变成了民族英雄Halfway through“Parasite”,the Kims(pictured),a family of grifters who live in a dank Seoul basement,have by hook and(mostly) crook wangled their way into jobs in the ultrachic mansion of the Parks.在电影《寄生虫》的剧情推进到一半时，原本住在首尔潮湿地下室的金氏一家已经不择手段地（主要是通过欺诈的方式）在一栋超级花园豪宅中找到了工作。
Twisty as the plot has already been,viewers know more surprises must be in store—but can scarcely imagine what they will be.The screwball shifts in tone somehow cohere into a biting parable of haves and have-nots.虽然故事至此已经非常曲折了，但观众们知道一定还有更多的惊喜在后面，但他们无法想象接下来将会发生什么。
这个荒诞的故事在某种意义上成了一则有关富人和穷人的尖锐矛盾的寓言。
On February9th this South Korean farce became the first foreign-language film to be crowned Best Picture at the Academy Awards. It also took Best Screenplay,Best International Feature Film and Best Director,for Bong Joon-ho.2月9日，这部韩国电影成为了第一部获得奥斯卡最佳影片奖的外语电影。
考研英语阅读unit-15
Unit 15Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1The video game poses a world — a much simpler world than our own, wherein success is very clearly defined and, for a time, clearly attainable. Through practice, a player can control this world for a while. He can escape from the anxieties of real life into a place where his own actions always count, where he can be a hero. When the game is over, he hasn‟t lost or been beaten. Is a surfer beaten when he flies from a wave?Most video games call for some semblance of hand-eye coordination, and some hospitals are now using them in rehabilitation programs for brain-damaged patients. It has been found that some patients who were otherwise thought to be unreac hable have been “brought out” through their use. Moreover, experimental research is now being conducted regarding the feasibility of video games as a test for drunken driving.Intoxicants act to slow reaction time and impair coordination — and nowhere is this kind of impairment more measurable than on the video game play field. Some day a poor showing at “Six-Pack Man” may cost you your license.Video games for the microcomputer are not restricted to mere “twitch” games,however. Strategy games are at last as popular, and among these are the so-called “fantasy role-playing” adventures. These games allow the player to construct a whole new personality, choosing strengths and weaknesses from a list of possible character traits.Nowadays, more and more adolescents are crowded in electronic game houses for whole days to experience what they perceive to be excitement. In the due course, they train their abilities in confronting with new situations, and what‟s more, they learn how to communicate with their targeted rivals, in a novel and friendly way. But there is such a large amount of criticism concerning the electronic games that they are generally seen as a vile ways of discovering hostility and belligerence. And the managers of such businesses are severely criticized by the schools and parents alike. On the other hand, this business seems never fading, but instead it becomes a success in many places, even it is strictly controlled by certain policies.One might choose, for instance, a character who is extremely dexterous and swift, but these positive traits must be traded off against others, such as strength and endurance. Players have a tendency to become extremely attached to their characters. My preference runs toward brawn as opposed to brain, which probably reflects some compromise between reality and my own desires.I‟m also attached to extrasensory powers, which are likewise denied to me in the real world.1. According to the text, the video game player can[A] be successful in his life if success is clearly defined.[B] control the world of our own for a time.[C] forget about the uneasiness of real life for a while.[D] never lose the game when he plays a hero.2. It can be inferred from the passage that “Six-Pack Man”[A] is a kind of video game. [B] costs you a lot of money.[C] is dangerous to public morals. [D] helps conduct experiment.3. It can be inferred from the text that video games can improve[A] extrasensory powers. [B] personalities and characters.[C] physical and mental power. [D] cooperation between hands and eyes.4. The author would probably agree that[A] video games create a world which reflect our real life.[B] video games contribute to teenagers‟ hostility and belligerence.[C] more video games should be developed regarding the benefits of them.[D] video games mirror a balance between reality and our own wishes.5. According to the test, which of the following statements is true?[A] Video games have been used in the test for drunken driving.[B] Video games can help healing brain-damage.[C] It‟s no good for the youth to play video games.[D] Some video games allow constructing perfect personalities.Text 2For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease.Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there‟s an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home, but it is notoriously difficult to get anybody pay out money for keeping people healthy.Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests —the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. “The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers health,” says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. “Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It‟s a gray area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,” he says.To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don‟t know how many Britons contract diseaseswhen abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: “Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control.” Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody‟s guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than 1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don‟t work and so give people a false sense of security, “Information on the prev ention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,” he says.6. Travel medicine in Britain is[A] not something anyone wants to run. [B] the responsibility of nobody.[C] administered by the government. [D] handled adequately by travel agents.7. Travel companies deal with travel medicine to[A] prevent people from falling ill. [B] make money out of it.[C] give travelers preventive measures. [D] get the government to pay for it.8. The word “colonize” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to[A] establish a colony. [B] transplant. [C] invade. [D] transform.9. In Behren‟s opinion the question that who should run travel medicine[A] is for the government to decide. [B] should be left to specialist hospitals.[C] can be left to travel companies. [D] has no clear and simple answer.10. People will only think better of travel medicine if[A] it is given more resources by the government and the NHS.[B] more accurate information on its value is available.[C] the government takes over responsibility from the NHS.[D] travelers pay more attention to the advice they get.Text 3The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihood of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg‟s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers‟ intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behaviorpatterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands, on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.11.The traditional way of decision making includes[A] the search for definite goals of a decision[B] the close analysis of various right options.[C] the appraisal of solutions to a problem[D] the integration of action into thinking.12. It can be inferred from Para.2 that “writers on management”[A] criticized managers for not following the classical rational model.[B] did not base their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C] misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.[D] did not acknowledge the role of intuition in managerial practice.13. According to the author，managers use intuition to[A] define a problem and pin down goals.[B] pratcise painstakingly to build skills.[C] draw bits of facts and practice into a picture.[D] speed up the creation of the right solution.14. Which o f the following best exemplifies “an …Aha!‟ experience”?[A] A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable.[B] A manager performs well-learned behavior patterns to solve a problem.[C] A manager suddenly connects some facts and experiences and gets the solution.[D] A manager rapidly identifies the methodology got by systematic analysis.15. Which of the following best describes the author‟s logic of the text?[A] Present a view at the beginning and then give relevant arguments.[B] Describe a phenomenon and then introduce studies on it.[C] Compare two different studies on one phenomenon.[D] Describe a phenomenon and then develop his own position on it.Text 4The free market economy is no doubt the primary stimulus that has led to the United States‟dominance in the world economic community. By naturally rewarding those producers that excel, excellence is actively encouraged and those that inefficiently produce goods or services not valued are eliminated. Thus, the economy becomes a self-sustaining and self-maintaining machine, consistently and constantly achieving the best possible result.The free market economy is entirely based on the principle of supply and demand. Under this concept, consumers decide for themselves which companies will stay in business, voting with their dollars by spending on those businesses they consider most worthy. By doing so, those companies that are best liked, or most in demand, are granted the privilege of supplying the goods and services that consumers pay for. In that sense, efficiency is achieved. For those companies that best perform to the expectations of consumers are left prosperous in the market, while their less efficient counterparts simply die out of the market, starved of the dollars of consumers who simply prefer not to buy their products.With such a system in place, American businesses are literally forced to be efficient to the highest degree. As a rule, what‟s efficient in one place will be efficient in most other places, thus American businesses are fierce competitors no matter where they choose to sell their product, having been formed in a competitive environment that breeds optimality.When the opposition is made up of businesses overly protected or directed by their respective governments, the tough American businesses usually make short work of them. It has been proven that the free market system more efficiently allocates capital and resources than any central planner could, and America has seized on that concept. With such an edge at a basic level, it‟s no wonder that the United States is on top of the financial world. The cycle is a self-perpetuating one. As more money is pumped into the system by efficient businesses, more leverage is attained, allowing America to dictate the rules of the game, to its own advantage, of course.Other countries are beginning to adopt the competitive nature of the American economic system, producing companies that are giving their American counterparts a good run for their money. It can be arguably stated that within a few decades, the United States will have to deal with competition just as well equipped as its own. For the time being, however, the game is stacked in favor of America.16. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that[A] the free market economy is based on the free choice of the consumers.[B] consumers decide by voting which company should be eliminated from the market.[C] those who produce goods with a high value can survive in a highly competitive market.[D] the competitive environ ment contributes to American businesses‟ high efficiency.17. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?[A] American businesses hold the upper hand wherever they compete.[B] the competitive edge serves American businesses well in international markets.[C] government control over business invariably results in inferior companies.[D] American is on top of the financial world because it has capital and resources.18. The relative efficiency of American businesses[A] decreases as many companies make America their counterpart.[B] will result in American dominance in all financial markets.[C] may not last indefinitely as other countries imitate their methods[D]is a result solely of the competitive environment.19. The author would most likely agree with that[A] American businesses are superior to all their foreign counterparts.[B] the free-market system is superior to all other market systems.[C] the free-market system will be adapted by nations all over the world.[D] American businesses will have to change to meet new competition.20. The best title for this text would be[A] The American Edge: Competition.[B] America as the Prototype for Future World Business.[C] A Study of Current American Business Structure.[D] A Historical Analysis of America‟s Competitive Advantage.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the personal qualities of a teacher.Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.[A] It‟s the teachers‟ obligation to be upright[B] Good characteristics are important[C] Teachers should show endurance[D] Teachers can make quick adjustment[E] Teachers should never stop learning[F] Teachers should identify with studentsHere I want to try to give you an answer to the questions what personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally accepted.21.First, the teacher‟s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and over-bearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. I still stick to what I said in my earlier book that school children probably “suffer more from bores than from brutes.”22.Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy — in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, to the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant — not, indeed, of what is wrong,but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.23.Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean being a plaster saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act — to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.24.A teacher must remain mentally alert. He will not get into the profession if of low intelligence, but it is all too easy, even for people of above-average intelligence, to stagnate intellectually —and that means to deteriorate intellectually. A teacher must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment‟s notice.25.On the other hand, a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I must say, is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training; we are none of us born like that. He must be pretty resilient; teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and — by far the most important — the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The two cardinal principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points —periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. 26)It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‟s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.27)Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, and leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods, where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “what happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis,and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.28)Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theories.29)Psycho historians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” expla nation of any event, which other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. 30)It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1. semblance n.类似；外表；外观2. rehabilitation n.复原3. intoxicant n.致醉药物a.使醉的4. impair vt.损害5. twitch n.猛拉，晃动vt.抽动，颤动6. perceive vt.感觉，觉察。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一二五
Don’t panic about e-cigarettes不必对电子烟恐慌Banning them all will cause far more harm than good全面禁令将会弊大于利“It’s time to stop vaping,”says Lee Norman,a health official in Kansas. Six people are dead in America,apparently from smoking e-cigarettes. More than450have contracted a serious lung disease.So Mr Norman’s advice sounds reasonable.堪萨斯州的卫生官员诺曼·李说：“是时候禁止吸食电子烟了。
”美国已有6人明显死于吸食电子烟。
超过450人因吸食电子烟而患上了严重的肺病。
因此，诺曼的建议似乎合情合理。
The Centres for Disease Control and the American Medical Association agree:the country’s11m vapers should quit.A new idea is circulating,that vaping is worse than smoking.On September11th the Trump administration said it intends to ban non-tobacco flavoured vaping fluid.Some politicians want a broader ban on all e-cigarettes.美国疾病预防控制中心和美国医学会一致认为：美国1100万电子烟民应该戒烟。
如今大家普遍认为，电子烟的危害比传统香烟更大。
9月11日，特朗普政府表示将计划禁止非烟草味的电子烟烟液。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
What are the keys to a successful life?成功的关键是什么?No matter what your goals are in life, there is one great law that you need to obey in order to be successful: No one else is going to climb the ladder of success for you. No one else is responsible for your health, wealth, happiness, or success. From the day you leave your parents’ house and start to make your own choices, you are responsible for your life and the choices you make.无论你的人生目标是什么，要想成功，你必须遵守一条伟大的法则：没有人会替你登上成功的阶梯。
没有人会对你的健康、财富、幸福或成功负责。
从你离开父母家开始做出自己的选择的那一天起，你就要对自己的生活和选择负责。
You choose the job you work in, the person you live with, and how much you exercise every day. Only you can choose how you spend your time, and the decisions you make on a consistent basis will make or break your life.你可以选择你的工作、与你一起生活的另一伴以及每天的运动量。
只有你自己可以选择如何分配你的时间，而你所做的决定将会成就或毁掉你的生活。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Anxiety does not cause bad results in exams焦虑不会导致考试成绩不好The problem is in the run-up, not the main event问题出在准备阶段，而不是考试阶段Exams are nerve-racking, especially for those already of an anxious disposition. The silence of the hall; the ticking of the clock; the beady eye of the invigilator; the smug expression of the person sitting at the neighbouring desk who has finished 15 minutes early. It therefore seems hardly surprising that those who worry about taking tests do systematically worse than those who do not.考试是一件伤脑筋的事，尤其是对那些本来就容易焦虑的人来说。
走廊里一片寂静；时钟滴答作响；监考老师目光锐利；邻桌的考试提前15分钟完成作答，露出得意的表情。
因此，那些担心考试的人会比那些不担心考试的人表现更差，这似乎并不奇怪。
What is, perhaps, surprising, according to research published recently in Psychological Scienceby Maria Theobald at the Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education and her colleagues, is that it is not the pressure of the exam hall which causes the problem. It is the pressure of revision.莱布尼茨教育研究与信息研究所的玛丽亚·西奥博尔德和她的同事们最近在《心理科学》杂志上发表了一项研究，令人惊讶的是，引发这一问题的并不是考场的压力，而是复习的压力。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Ants have the ability to sniff out cancer in humans, study reveals研究发现，蚂蚁能够嗅出人类的癌症Ants have the ability to sniff out cancerous cells in humans, a new study has discovered, suggesting they could be used for cancer diagnosis in future. Researchers from the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) discovered that ant species Formica fusca has a well developed sense of smell.一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁具有嗅出人类癌细胞的能力，这表明蚂蚁未来或可用于癌症诊断。
法国国家科学研究中心的研究人员发现，丝光褐林蚁有着非常灵敏的嗅觉。
It was able to differentiate cancerous cells from healthy cells in humans, thanks to their sense of smell, limited trials revealed. But more clinical tests must be carried out before they could be used in clinical settings like hospitals, the team said.有限的试验显示，这种蚂蚁的嗅觉超强，能够区分人类的癌细胞和健康细胞。
但该团队表示，在将其用于医院等临床环境之前，还必须进行更多的临床测试。
They suggest that in future, ants could turn out to be better at dogs when it comes to locating cancerous cells in humans. To conduct their research, the scientists performed tests with 36 ants, smelling cells under a laboratory setting.研究人员指出，未来在识别人体癌细胞方面，蚂蚁可能会比狗做得更出色。
考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020021503
Why Britain’s public conveniences are anything but为什么英国的公共厕所一点也不方便Campaigners want Britons to be able to“pee for free”in private loos 活动人士希望英国人能够在私人厕所里“免费上厕所”Antoinette,a rough sleeper in the Finsbury Park area of north London, doesn’t feel safe going to the toilet.The one public toilet nearby is often dirty,she says,and people take drugs in there.安托瓦内特是伦敦北部芬斯伯里公园里的一名露宿者，她觉得上厕所很不安全。
她说，附近有一座公共厕所，但总是很脏，并且还有人在那里吸毒。
A pub near the underground station allows non-customers in,but men use it for another kind of relief.She prefers a branch of Costa,a coffee chain,but the door requires a passcode that is handed out only to customers.So she relies on friendly baristas slipping her the code.地铁站附近一家酒吧的厕所虽然允许非顾客进去方便，但常常被一些男人作为消遣的场所。
她更喜欢去咖啡连锁店Costa的一家分店上厕所，但这家店的厕所设有密码，仅供顾客使用。
因此她只能靠着友善的咖啡师向她提供密码。
A guerrilla Twitter campaign called London Loo Codes aims to help.It collects and distributes codes for toilets across London,to allow more people to“pee for free”.It has collated a list of more than175facilities in the capital,including ones that are already unlocked.The initiative has trickled down to other cities,including Edinburgh,Sheffield and Oxford.推特上兴起了一项名为“伦敦厕所密码”的运动，旨在帮助人们解决这一问题。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
The 19th century French philosopher Auguste Comte got it wrong: demography is not destiny.19世纪法国哲学家奥古斯特•孔德错了：人口并不决定命运。
Population trends are some of the strongest forces in economics, affecting global prosperity, the growth of individual nations and the strength of public finances. But reducing the success of countries and regions to their trends in births, deaths and migration is a simplification too far.各种人口趋势是经济学中最强大的一些力量，影响着全球繁荣、单个国家的增长和公共财政的实力。
但是，将国家和区域的成功归结于其出生、死亡和人口移徙趋势是一种过于简单化的做法。
As the coronavirus pandemic has shown, the confident predictions in 2020 of a lockdown baby boom followed by the 2021 fear of a Covid baby bust demonstrate that demographic trends are far less stable than often imagined. Small changes in fertility, mortality and migration can have immense effects.正如新冠疫情所显示的那样，2020年对疫情封锁会带来一波婴儿潮的自信预测，以及接下来的2021年对疫情会造成婴儿荒的担忧，表明人口趋势远没有通常想象的那么稳定。
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Money really can buy happiness and recessions can take it away
金钱确实能够买到幸福，而经济衰退又会将幸福带走
Polls from145countries show that citizens of wealthier ones are more satisfied and secure
来自145个国家的民意调查显示，富裕国家的民众对生活更满意，也更有安全感Gross Domestic Product(GDP),the most common gauge of national prosperity,has taken a lot of flak in recent years.Critics say that counting a country’s spending on goods,services and investment misses the full value that citizens get from products such as Google and Facebook.They also note that GDP ignores other aspects of development,including personal health,leisure time and happiness.
国内生产总值（GDP）是衡量一个国家繁荣程度最常用的指标，然而近年来却饱受争议。
批评者认为，GDP仅仅衡量了一个国家在商品、服务和投资中创造的价值，而完全忽略了人们从谷歌和脸书等产品中获得的价值。
此外，他们还指出，GDP忽略了包括个人健康、闲暇时光和幸福感等在内的衡量国家发展的其他方面指标。
These criticisms probably exaggerate GDP’s failure to capture the wealth of nations.Gallup,a pollster,has asked people in145countries about various aspects of well-being.Many of these correlate strongly with GDP per person.To take an obvious example,nearly all residents in the top 10%of countries by spending say they have enough money for food, compared with just two-fifths of those in the bottom10%.
这些批评声可能夸大了GDP未能体现国家财富的问题。
民意调查机构盖洛普就幸福的有关方面对145个国家的民众进行了调查。
其中许多方面都与人均GDP密切相关。
举个显而易见的例子，在消费水平排名前10%的国家中，几乎所有被调查者都表示他们有足够
的钱去购买食物，而在排名后10%的国家中，只有40%的被调查者表示有足够的钱去购买食物。
Strikingly,many non-financial indicators also track GDP per person closely. Residents in the top10%of countries score their life situation as seven out of ten,compared with just four for those in the bottom10%.They are also more likely to feel supported by their families,safe in their neighbourhoods and be trusting of their politicians—though they complain nearly as much as people in poor countries do about a lack of rest and affordable housing.
更为显著的是，许多非财务指标也与人均GDP密切相关。
消费水平排名前10%的国家的居民给自己生活状况的打分为7分（满分为10分），而排名后10%的国家的居民只打了4分。
此外，高消费水平地区的民众也更有可能感受到家庭的温暖、社区的安全以及对政府的信任，尽管他们和贫穷国家的人们一样，也会抱怨缺乏休息和买不起房。
Scholars disagree over the extent to which national wealth itself causes contentment.Some countries’citizens have remained glum even as GDP per person has risen,a paradox noted by Richard Easterlin,an American economist.But one way of testing if money buys happiness is to analyse what happens when it goes away.
对于国家财富本身能够带来多大程度的满足感，学者们意见不一。
美国经济学家理查德·伊斯特林指出，尽管一些国家的人均GDP有所上升，但民众仍然不快乐。
但检验金钱是否能够买到幸福的一种方法就是看看金钱消失后会发生什么。
Studies of the previous global recession in2009suggest that economic hardship does indeed lead to emotional woe.Academics found dips in life satisfaction and other measures of well-being in the United States and
several European countries,though the effects were mainly limited to people who lost their jobs.
一项关于2009年全球经济衰退的研究表明，经济下行确实会导致人们情绪上的悲痛。
研究人员发现，在美国和欧洲一些国家，生活满意度以及其他一些衡量幸福感的指标都有所下降，不过这种影响主要局限于失业者。
Adam Mayer of Colorado State University found that among Europeans of similar wealth and education,those who had recently become unemployed and struggled to buy staple foods had the worst outlook on life.
科罗拉多州立大学的亚当·梅尔发现，在财富水平和教育水平相当的欧洲人中，那些最近失业且无力购买主食的人对生活前景最为悲观。
Covid-19will allow economists to probe this pattern further.The IMF’s latest forecast points to a fall in global GDP,weighted by purchasing-power parity,of4.9%this year.If past recessions are any guide,the severe shock will have long-lasting effects.
新冠肺炎将促使经济学家就这一模式进行深入探索。
国际货币基金组织的最新预测指出，今年全球GDP（以购买力平价衡量）或将同比下降4.9%。
如果以过去的经济衰退为鉴，那么这次严重的冲击将会产生持久的影响。
Economies will eventually grow larger than they were before the pandemic,but will be less rich than they would have been otherwise.The virus’s human toll is therefore vast in terms of deaths and dollars.But given the correlation between GDP per person and Gallup’s measures of well-being,it may have an enduring impact on the world’s quality of life too.
各国经济规模最终将会进一步扩大，但富裕程度会低于疫情发生前的水平。
因此，就死亡人数和经济损失而言，新冠病毒给人们造成的伤害是巨大的。
但考虑到人均GDP与盖洛普幸福指数之间的相关性，它可能也会对各国人民的生活质量产生持久的影响。
(红色标注词为重难点词汇)。