丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(段落)【圣才出品】

第四章段落

Ⅰ. 好段落的标准

1. 一致性

段落中的句子都应围绕着一个中心主题进行叙述。中心主题由一个中心句点出，即主题句。主题句可置于段首、段中或段尾。有些段落中，主题句也可不直接点出。

2. 连贯

内容连贯要求文字调理清晰，层次结构清楚，句与句之间有内在的逻辑关系。

3. 过渡

句与句之间恰当的过渡，会增加整个段落的连贯性。

加强句与句之间的连贯性的方法：

·使用平行结构；

·重复一个词或一个词组；

·在提及上一句提到的名词时使用代词；

·段落中名词和代词的人称和数应保持一致，动词时态也须保持一致；

·使用过渡词语。

Ⅱ. 段落的写作步骤

首先，要定下一个主题或一个中心意思，并用一句完整的话表达出来（即主题句）；

其次，选择有助于阐述这一中心意思的细节、例子或事实；

最后，把这些细节按逻辑顺序排好。

Ⅲ. 段落的展开方法

1. 按时间展开

即按事件发生的时间顺序来叙述，这是讲故事或追述往事时最简单、也是最清楚的表达方式。

★表示时间顺序的常用词及短语

now, nowadays

between…and…,

since…,

later, afterwards, earlier, formerly

previous, previously, prior to

to begin with

in the first/second place, etc.

thereupon, thereafter

at the turn of the century/decade, etc.

at birth, in childhood, in infancy, in adolescence, as an adult, in adulthood, in old age

when, before, after, while, during

in…(year), in the 1900’s, etc.

from then on

after an interval, soon

first, second, etc.

next, then, subsequently, (somewhat) later

in conclusion, finally, lastly, in the end

presently, eventually, afterward, at last

in the first half of the century, etc.

2. 按过程展开

为讲清楚如何做一件事情，通常按其步骤的先后顺序逐项说明。在指示、说明一类文章里常常用祈使句和以不定代词you作主语。如果文章中的指示、说明至今有效，须在文中使用现在时。

★表示过程的常用词及短语

first (ly)

next

lastly

before

after

until

as

while

when

once

as soon as

at this point

at the same time

then

3. 按空间展开

对一个地方进行描述时，要首先确定描述的顺序。为此，就要先搞清楚所要描述的地方有哪些细节，它们之间的方位关系如何，从哪一个角度开始展开描述比较清楚。如：Mr. Cook, a renowned American historian, arranges the books on his bookshelves in a unique way. In the upper fight hand comer, there are books about the development of the early colonies in New England and the War of Independence. Right under them can be found books on the slave trade, the plantation system and the growth of the southern states. The left side of the shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of the Westward Movement, Indian culture, the cowboys’ contributions to American society and the Gold Rush in California. From the description above, one can see that Mr. Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U.S. and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd, but it is convenient.

—Student 【分析】

该段文字对藏书摆法的描述简单明了，令人一目了然。描述的顺序是从书架的右上方到右下方，然后再描述书架的左边。

★表示空间关系的常用词及短语

where

in which, to which, from which, etc.

under, below, beneath, down; over, above, up, on the top of; inside, beside, etc.

along, through, as far as, etc.

north, northern, south, southern etc.

to the left, to the right, to the north, etc.

on die left, on the right etc.

at the back, in front, in the middle, etc.

here, in the distance, beyond, further, etc.

next to, close to, near to

4. 用举例和归纳方式展开

通过举例来展开段落，可以使主题句的抽象意思具体化；生动的例证可以给读者留下一个清晰、有趣、深刻且信服的印象。例证可以只举一个，也可以举一组。

★表示举例和归纳的常用词及短语

for example

for instance

for one thing

to illustrate

in one instance

in other words

as follows

let me illustrate