--国外心理学史2Hock6PPT课件

Study #2
• 144 item questionnaire measuring
collectivist characteristics
• Items from questionnaire show previous
studies deal with three collectivist-related tendencies
Method
• Three studies • Self-report questionnaires • Hypothetical vignettes
Study #1
• 300 Psych. Undergrads from U of Chicago
• 158 item questionnaire measuring
• Health • Education • Childrearing &
Parenting
Recent Applications
• This study cited in over 200 other articles
in a variety of scientific fields
• Theory applied to self-esteem studies • Theory applied in a cross-cultural
More Discussion…
• What states would you predict have more
collectivist or more individualistic tendencies?
• Do you see any possible faults with this
study? What could you do to improve it?
• Do these findings apply to you, and do
you think you can be categorized as an individualistic or collectivist?
THE ONE; THE MANY…
Individualism and collectivism: Crosscultural perspectives on self-ingroup
relationships
Triandis, et. Al
Leah Brown, Elizabeth Flockhart, Denise Rye, Celeste Smith, Amy Sturm
seen as opposites, but Triandis explains it as a continuum
Leabharlann Baidu
Collectivist-individualistic cultural continuum
Significance
• A little discussion…
– What significance do you find from Triandis’ findings?
of Puerto Rico
• Answered questions about perceived
amount of social support and perceived amount of loneliness
Findings
• Collectivism was positively correlated with
own self than for the group
Study # 2
• 91 students from U. of Chicago • 97 Puerto Rican students • 150 Japanese students • 106 older Japanese individuals
– Collectivist Cultures: individual needs, desires, etc. are secondary to those of the group (Asia)
– Individualistic Cultures: Higher value on the needs and accomplishments of the individual rather than the group (United States)
tendency toward collectivism vs. individualistic beliefs and behaviors
• Five scenarios-hypothetical social
situations
Findings
• 50% of variation in responses explained
Warnings for Study #2
“Conclusions about collectivist and individualistic cultures shouldn’t be overly sweeping and must be carefully applied to
selective, specific behaviors, situations, and cultures”(216)
approach to look at children’s reactions to people with disabilities
Important Application of Theory
Theory doesn’t only have to be applied to comparisons between countries, but can be applied within countries
– Concern for in-group – Closeness of self to in-group – Subordination of own goals to in-group goals
Findings
• Japanese students more concerned with
opinions of friends and coworkers in relation to U. of Chicago. No relation between Puerto Rican students and others
“affiliation”
In Summary…
• The studies supported the theory, but
there were changes in the definition of collectivism and individualism
• Individualism and collectivism previously
Study #3
• Attempt to restrict and sharpen research
focus
• Extending previous findings • 72 items, 100 subjects • Comparison between U. of Chicago and U.
– Used to explain large amounts of variation seen in human behavior, social interaction, and personality
– Explain differences in people and/or groups
• How?
• Japanese students found less conformity
than Chicago students because of Westernizing
– Evidence that this has changed: the 106 older Japanese individuals showed more conformity
by three factors
– Self-reliance – Competition – Distance from in-groups
• 14% explained by “concern for ingroup”
• There is more concern for an individual’s
social support
• Collectivism was negatively associated
with loneliness
• American students most variance resulted
from “self-reliance with competition”
• Puerto Ricans were influenced by
Background
• “Behavior never occurs in a vacuum”(211) • Examples
– Personal space – Friendship – Parenting styles – Family dynamics
Background
• Theory: Individualism-Collectivism Model