流行病学 7第七章 筛检

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第七章教案

课程第七章筛检试验(Screening)

授课时间周次课次学时 4

教学大纲要求(教学目的)掌握内容:掌握筛检的定义及筛检试验的评价指标;

熟悉内容:筛检方法的应用原则、设计及实施,数据分析方法、筛检常见的偏倚;

了解内容:筛检方法在临床上应用。

教材分析(重点、难点)重点:筛检试验概念、试验的评价方法、筛检效果的指标分析。难点:评价方法中的数据分析、筛检中的偏倚。

教学方法双语教学,启发式、研讨式讲授法与提问相结合

案例教学:PPD试验识别肺结核可疑患者的筛检试验

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新内容

新知识

ROC曲线

思想教育内容对学生进行道德素质教育,培养学生严谨的科学作风

双语内容筛检(screening)筛检试验(screening test)

诊断试验(diagnostic test)金标准(gold standard)

真实性(validity)灵敏度(sensitivity)

特异度(specificity)似然比(likelihood ratio, LR)可靠性(reliability)预测值(predictive value)

截断点(cut off point)收益(yield)

ROC曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve)

领先时间偏倚(lead time bias)病程长短偏倚(length bias)

病人自我选择偏倚(volunteer bias)

要求自学内容筛检的论理学问题

参考资料李立明主编《流行病学》人民卫生出版社第六版 2007

李立明主编《流行病学》人民卫生出版社第五版 2002

《Clinical Epidemiology》,Fletcher, Fletcher, Wagner, Williams and Wilkins,Baltimore Maryland,1982;

《Epidemiology》Third edition, Gordis L. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA,2004;

《Epidemiology in medical practice》Fifth edition, Barker DJP, Cooper, Cyrus. Churchill Livingstone (London), 1998

复习题或要点筛检试验概念、试验的评价方法、筛检效果的指标分析、评价方法中的数据分析、筛检中的偏倚。

二、筛检的分类(Categories of screening)

1、按筛检对象的范围

(Based on the scope of screening subjects)

整群筛检(mass screening)

选择性筛检(selective screening)。

2、根据所用的筛检方法的数量多少

(Based on the quantity of screening methods)

单项筛检(single screening)

多项筛检(multiple screening)。

三、筛检的目的(Purposes of screening)

1、一级预防(Primary prevention)

2、二级预防(Secondary prevention)

3、疾病的自然史(Natural history of disease)

4、流行病学检测(Epidemiological surveillance)

第二节筛检试验的评价(Evaluation of screening test)

一、筛检试验的评价方法(Evaluation methods)

1、确定金标准(Determine Gold Standard)

2、选择研究对象(Chose Study Subjects)

3、样本量的估计(Estimate Sample Size)

4、整理评价结果(Sort out evaluation result)

The best available test that is universally recognized by clinical medical circles is called the GOLD STANDARD.

※※二、筛检试验的评价指标(Evaluation index)

※※(一)真实性(Validity)

真实性(validity)又称效度,指测量值与实际值相符合的程度。又称准确性。

Validity of test refers to the ability of test to provide a good indication of which apparently well individuals are truly "diseased" or "not diseased". If it is a cholesterol screening test, the question is: can it give accurate enough readings so that the individual actually knows how high or low his or her 10分钟

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提问:什么是真实性?

cholesterol really is? Validity is determined by the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

※※1、灵敏度(sensitivity)和假阳性率(false negative proportion)

灵敏度又称敏感度,是指筛检方法能将实际有病的人正确地判为患者的能力;假阴性率是指筛检方法将实际有病的人错判为非患者的比例。Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those who have the disease—the percentage of those who have the disease and are proven to have the disease as demonstrated by a test. Sensitivity shows the proportion of truly diseased persons in a population who underwent screening and who are correctly identified as being diseased by the screening test.

※※2、特异度(specificity)和假阳性率(false positive proportion)

特异度是指一项筛检试验能将实际无病的人正确地判定为非患者的能力;假阳性率指全部非病人中筛检阳性者所占的比例。

Specificity is the ability of a test to correctly identify the percentage of those who do not have the disease—those who do not have the disease and are proved to not have the disease as demonstrated by a test. Specificity shows that proportion of non-diseased persons in a population who underwent screening and who are correctly identified as not being diseased by the screening test.

※※3、约登指数(Youden’s index)

※※4、似然比(likelihood ratio, LR)

阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratio, +LR)

阴性似然比 (negative likelihood ratio, -LR)

※※(二)可靠性

可靠性(reliability)又称信度,指某一筛检方法在相同条件下重复测量同一受试者时,所获结果的一致性。

Validity refers to the ability of test to give consistent results on repeat examinations of the same individual under the same conditions.

影响可靠性的因素(Determinants of reliability):

1.受试对象生物学变异(Biologi c al variations of subjects)

2.实验条件(Variations in different lab condition)

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