固体废弃物处理Solid
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
固体废弃物处理
Solid Waste Disposal
前言:在我们工作和生活的同时,随时随地都有可能产生一些固体废弃物,也就是我们俗称的“垃圾”。
这些固体废弃物有些可以回收利用、变废为宝,有些则没有利用价值,需要集中处理。
还有一些固体废弃物具有一定的危险性,需要重点关注,如果处理不当就会造成安全事故或环境污染事件。
总之,对于我们能接触到的各类固体废弃物,要明白如何对其进行分类、收集、转移,了解其最终处置的方法。
通过大家的共同努力,我们的工作和生活环境才能越来越美好。
Foreword: Solid wastes can be produced anytime anywhere, in our working and living environments. They are what we called "garbage". Some of these solid wastes can be recycled and reused, whereas others do not have the utilization value and need to be centrally disposed. Some solid wastes also have certain hazards, and require our focused attention. If not properly handled, they may cause safety accidents or environmental pollution incidents. In short, for various solid wastes that we can come into contact with, we need to know how to classify, collect, and transfer them, to understand their ultimate disposing methods. With our joint efforts, our working and living environments can become better and better.
本期宣传,我们一起来学习以下内容:
In this issue, let’s learn the following together:
·固体废弃物的定义和分类;
·Definition and classification of solid wastes
·重点关注危险废弃物;
·Focused attention to hazardous wastes
·公司固废的收集、转移流程;
·Huawei's collection and transfer process of solid wastes
·固体废弃物处理处置方法介绍。
·Introduction to the treatment and disposal methods for solid wastes.
一、固体废弃物的定义和分类
I. Definition and Classification of Solid Wastes
____________________________________________________________ 固体废弃物:是指在生产、生活和其他活动中产生的丧失原有利用价值或者虽未丧失利用价值但被抛弃或者放弃的固态、半固态和置于容器中的气态的物品、物质以及法律、行政法规规定纳入固体废物管理的物品、物质。
Solid wastes: Refer to solid, semi-solid objects, and materials and gaseous objects and materials in containers generated in production, life, and other activities that have lost their original utilization value or have not lost their utilization value but have been discarded or given up, as well as objects and materials that should be managed as solid wastes according to related laws and administrative regulations.
·工业固体废物:是指在工业生产活动中产生的固体废弃物。
·Industrial solid wastes: Refer to solid wastes generated in the industrial production activities. ·生活垃圾:是指在日常生活中或者为日常生活提供服务的活动中产生的固体废弃物以及法律、行政法规规定视为生活垃圾的固体废物。
·Domestic wastes: Refer to solid wastes generated in everyday life or in activities providing services for everyday life as well as solid wastes that should be seen as domestic wastes
according to lows and administrative regulations.
·危险废物:是指列入国家危险废物名录或者根据国家规定的危险废物鉴别标准和鉴别方法认定的具有危险特性的固体废物。
·Hazardous wastes: Refer to solid wastes included in the National Hazardous Wastes List or those with hazardous features as determined according to the identification standards and identification methods for hazardous wastes specified by the government.
固体废弃物可以从不同纬度进行分类,如从利用价值上分为可回收类、不可回收类;从特性方面可分为一般固体废弃物和危险废物;一般固体废弃物又可分为一般生产垃圾、生活垃圾、建筑垃圾等。
医疗和科研类废弃物属于特定行业的废弃物,本文附带讨论。
Solid wastes can be classified from different dimensions. For example, based on utilization value, they can be classified into recyclable solid wastes and non-recyclable solid wastes. Based on
their unique features, they can be classified into general solid wastes and hazardous solid wastes. General solid wastes can also be classified into general production wastes, domestic wastes, and construction wastes. Medical and research wastes belong to the category of wastes from special industries, which will be discussed in this article as well.
二、关注危险废弃物
II. Focused Attention to Hazardous Wastes
2008年8月1日,国家环保局联合发改委发布的新版《国家危险废弃物名录》,一共定义了49类危险废弃物(HW01-49,HW:hazardous waste)。
总体上概括为:具有腐蚀性、毒性、易燃性、反应性或者感染性的,可能对环境或者人体健康造成有害影响的废弃物。
当危废和非危废混杂时,应当做危废来处理。
下面我们来列举一下我们常见的危险废弃物。
The new edition of the National Hazardous Wastes List jointly released by the National Environmental Administration and NDRC On August 1, 2008, has defined a total of 49 categories of hazardous wastes (HW01-49,HW:hazardous waste). In general, they include: corrosive, toxic, flammable, reactive, or infectious wastes that may cause harm to the environment or human health. When hazardous wastes are mixed together with non-hazardous wastes, they should be treated as hazardous wastes. Next, we will enumerate our common hazardous wastes.
1、危废的介绍:Introduction to hazardous wastes:
从性质上来看,危废大多与有害化学品和生物有害因素有关:
In terms of nature, hazardous wastes mostly are associated with hazardous chemicals and biological hazards:
·化学类:具有腐蚀性、毒性、易燃性或反应性的(包括沾有这些物品的一般废弃物),如盛装酸碱的
容器;药瓶;沾有汽油、酒精、清洗剂的废布;以及含有重金属的废料等等。
·Chemical: Corrosive, toxic, flammable, or reactive substances (including general wastes contaminated by these substances), such as containers of acid and alkali substances, drug bottles, waste cloth contaminated by gasoline, alcohol, and cleansers, and wastes containing heavy metals. ·生物类:带传染性的固废,如各类医疗废弃物。
由医院统一收集处理,各类诊所的医疗废弃物也要统一收集至对口的医院来处理。
·Biological: Infectious solid wastes, such as various medical wastes. They should be centrally collected and handled by hospitals. Medical wastes from various clinics should also be centrally collected to corresponding hospitals for treatment.
在我们公司,危险废弃物大致被列举如下:废蓄电池、废干电池、洗板水、报废的锡膏、锡渣、废PCB板、玻璃胶瓶、万能胶瓶、报废日光灯管、502胶瓶、废乳化液、废油漆桶、废油手套、油桶、废机油、喷胶空瓶等。
Huawei roughly has the following hazardous wastes: Used accumulators, used batteries, PCB cleaner, discarded solder paste, tin dross, waste PCB boards, glass gel bottles, all-purpose adhesive bottles, discarded fluorescent lamps, "502" glue bottles, waste emulsion, waste paint barrels, waste oil protection gloves, oil barrels, waste machine oil, and empty spray glue bottles.
注:由于电池内含有铅或汞等重金属,日光灯管内也含有汞。
在它们报废时如果不采用正确的方法,就会导致这些有害物质泄漏到环境之中,污染水体或土壤,亦会造成人体健康的危害。
Note: Batteries contain heavy metals such as lead or mercury, and fluorescent lamps also contain mercury. When they are discarded without using a correct method, these hazardous substances will leak into the environment, to pollute waters or soil, and cause damage to human health.
2、危废的处理方法:Disposing methods for hazardous wastes:
·在危废产生之后,就必须通过专门的渠道对其进行收集、贮存、转移和处置。
在公司各区域,都有设立专门的危废回收桶(有危废标志,如上文图案所示),用于危废的收集,一般废弃物不得投入其中。
危废汇聚至一定量后,由清洁人员统一转移至供应链危险废弃物仓库贮存,由逆向物流负责对其进行变卖处理。
·After being generated, hazardous wastes will have to be collected, stored, transferred, and disposed through specialized channels. Special bins for the recovery of hazardous wastes are provided in various areas of Huawei (with signs of hazardous wastes, as shown in the figure above), to collect hazardous wastes. General wastes are not allowed to be put in them. After being accumulated to certain quantity, the hazardous wastes will be transferred by the cleaning personnel to the supply chain's warehouse of hazardous wastes for storage, to be sold for disposal by the reverse logistics team.
什么是“六联单”?
·在危废转移出公司前,应与接收方签订转移合同(具有国家认可危废处理资质的单位)。
整个转移过程采用“六联单”的形式来进行监控。
最终,接收单位对部分有价值的危废进行回收利用,其他则通过各类方法进行无害化处理。
·What is Six-Sheet Form?
·Before the hazardous wastes are transferred out of Huawei, a transfer contract should be signed with the receiving party (an organization with the qualification for disposing hazardous wastes as recognized by the government). The entire transfer process is monitored in the form of the
"Six-Sheet Form". Finally, the receiving organization recycles some of the hazardous wastes with values, and disposes others innocuously by using various methods.
五联单:是国家环保局对危险废弃物转移实施监督管理的一种手段,即单位在进行危废转出前,应向当地环保局申报,得到许可后填写转移联单(一共五联)。
第一联(白)由转出方填写存档;第二联(红)交转出方当地环保局存档;第三联(黄)由运输方填写存档;第四联(蓝)由危废接收方填写存档;第五联(绿)交接收方当地环保局存档。
Five-Sheet Form: This is an approach adopted by the National Environmental Administration for supervising and managing the transfer of hazardous wastes. With this approach, before transferring the hazardous wastes out, the organization should make an application to the local environmental administration, and after approved, complete the Transfer Form (five sheets in total). The first sheet (white) should be completed and kept by the transferring party. The second sheet (red) should be
submitted to the local environmental administration of the transferring party for archiving. The third sheet (yellow) should be completed and kept by the transportation party. The fourth sheet (blue) should be completed and kept by the receiving party of the hazardous wastes. The fifth sheet (green) should be archived by the local environmental administration of the receiving party.
在深圳地区,实施的是“六联单”制度,即多出第六联由危废接收方确认后填写,再返回至转出方,最终送市固废中心备案。
In Shenzhen, the system adopted is the "Six-Sheet Form" system, in which the extra sixth sheet should be confirmed and completed by the receiving party, then returned to the transferring party, and finally submitted to the city's solid wastes management center for archiving.
三、公司固体废弃物的管理
III. Management of Solid Wastes at Huawei
公司建立了《固体废物管理流程》来对固体废弃物进行管控,主管部门涉及到行政管理部、供应链和基建物业管理部等。
为了便于管理,我们把固体废弃物归为三类:危险废弃物、可回收(不包括危险废弃物)和一般固体废弃物(仅指不可回收类)。
Huawei has established the Solid Waste Management Procedure for the management and control of solid wastes. The governing bodies involved include the Administration Dept, Supply Chain Mgmt Dept, and Capital Construction & Property Mgmt Dept. To facilitate management, we put solid wastes into three categories: hazardous wastes, recyclable solid wastes (excluding hazardous wastes), and general solid wastes (referring to non-recyclable ones only).
对于可回收固体废弃物,我们选择专业回收站或供应商对其进行处理。
这些固废经过再加工后可作为其它物品的原材料,如:废纸、废纸箱、塑料管、废螺钉、废刀片、废金属工具、废五金零配件、金属边角料、碎屑、易拉罐等。
For recyclable solid wastes, we select specialized recycling stations or suppliers to process them. These solid wastes, after being re-processed, can be used as raw materials for other objects, such as: waste paper, waste carton, plastic pipes, waste screws, waste blades, waste metal tools,
waste hardware, metal scrap, debris, and cans.
对于一般固体废弃物,它又可分为三个子类:一般生产废物、生活垃圾和建筑垃圾。
General solid wastes are again divided into three sub-categories: general production wastes, domestic wastes, and construction wastes.
A、一般生产废物:General production wastes:
是指生产过程中产生的工业垃圾,如:废布质手套、文具胶纸芯、废弃焊条、废包装海棉、非金属屑、两面胶边料、铁箔边料、发泡类边料、毛毡边料、橡胶边料、废PVC板(软、硬)/PVC管、废胶指套、废离型纸、废印泥印台、废文具胶纸、电木边角料、铝箔边料、聚脂膜边料、粘吸纸边料、沙轮粉尘、废有机玻璃边角料、废塑料袋、废尼龙棒/条、废砂轮、砂布、清洁碎布、软木边料、铜箔边料、无纺布边料、塑胶定位套筒、废脱模垫等。
Refer to the industrial wastes generated in the production processes, such as: waste fabric gloves, paper core of the stationery glue, waste welding rods, waste packing sponge, non-metal scraps, double-sided adhesive's scrap, iron foil's scrap, foams' scrap, felt's scrap, rubber's scrap, waste PVC boards (soft and hard)/PVC pipes, waste rubber finger cots, waste release paper, waste ink paste and inkpad, waste gummed paper used as stationery, Bakelite's scrap, aluminum foil's scrap, polyester film's scrap, sticking & absorbing paper's scrap, sanding block's dust, waste organic glass's scrap, waste plastic bags, waste Nylon rods/strings, waste grinding wheels, waste abrasive cloth, cleaning cloth, soft wood's scrap, copper foil's scrap, non-woven fabric's scrap, rubber guiding sleeves, and waste stripping cushions.
B、生活垃圾:Domestic wastes:
指日常生活中产生的垃圾,如:面巾纸、茶叶渣、烟头、废文具、一次性纸杯、洁厕液空瓶、玻璃清洁灵空瓶、报废的保温海棉、矿泉水/蒸溜水空瓶、洗洁精空瓶等等。
Domestic wastes include Kleenex, leftover teas, cigarette ends, waste stationery, disposable paper cups, empty bottles of toilet cleaners, empty glass bottles of cleaners, waste heat insulating sponge, empty bottles of mineral water/distilled water, and empty bottles of detergents.
C、建筑垃圾:Construction wastes:
指生产建筑施工中产生的各种垃圾,如:水泥、混凝土、砖、瓦、沙子、石头、尘土、废装饰材料等。
Refer to various wastes generated in construction activities, such as cement, concrete, bricks, tiles, sands, stones, dusts, and waste decoration materials.
公司固体废弃物处理各主管部门的责权划分:
The responsibilities of Huawei's various governing bodies for handling solid wastes are defined as below:
·行政管理部(清洁绿化):Administration (cleaning and landscaping)
1. 负责制定公共区域的固体废物收集容器配置标准和要求,对公共区域的固体废物收集容器进行配
置、标识和管理。
Responsible for developing standards and requirements of the collection containers for solid wastes in public areas, and providing, marking, and managing the collection containers for solid wastes in public areas.
2. 负责办公区域、园区、食堂(由膳食监管负责)固体废物收集,生活垃圾收集存放在各中心垃圾房,
一般可回用固体废物和危险废物收集至供应链逆向物流仓库。
Responsible for the collection of solid wastes in the office areas, campuses, and canteens (the responsibility of food inspectors).
Domestic wastes are collected and stored in the trash rooms of various centers. General recyclable solid wastes and hazardous wastes are collected to the supply chain's reverse logistic warehouse.
·供应链管理部:按照固体废物分类要求进行生产性固体废物收集,一般工业垃圾收集运送至生产出货平台处垃圾车,可回收固体废物和危险废物收集送至逆向物流仓库。
·Supply Chain Mgmt Dept: Collects production solid wastes according to the classification requirements of solid wastes. General industrial wastes are collected and shipped to the trash truck at the production and shipment platform, and recyclable solid wastes and hazardous wastes are collected to the reverse logistic warehouse.
·基建物业管理部:按照合同要求督促施工单位完成建筑垃圾的清理,将建筑垃圾运输至政府指定的地方进行填埋。
·Capital Construction & Property Mgmt Dept: Urges construction organizations to clear construction wastes according to contract requirements, and ships construction wastes to places
designated by government for landfill.
固废收集后要转交给回收商处理,与回收商签订合同前应当认证其资质:
The collected solid wastes should be transferred to the recycling service provider. Before signing contract with the recycling service provider, you should certify its qualifications:
1. 报废变卖评审小组:负责对可回用固废回收商、危废回收商的资质进行评审,查其《营业执照》、《税务登记证》,危废处理商还必须具有《危险废物经营许可证》、危险废物的《道路运输许可证》,从业人员的《上岗资格证》等,在此基础上选择合适的回收商。
Scrapping Selling Evaluation Team: Responsible for reviewing the qualifications of the collectors of recyclable solid wastes and the collectors of hazardous solid wastes, and checking their Business License, Tax Registration Certificate, the Hazardous Wastes License of hazardous wastes collectors, the Road Transportation License for hazardous wastes, and the Certificate of the practitioners, and selecting suitable collectors on this basis.
2. 垃圾合作处理商认证小组:负责对生活垃圾、一般工业垃圾处理商进行资质认证,确定其持有《营
业执照》、《税务登记证》,再从中选择合适的处理商。
Waste Processing Partner Qualification Team: Responsible for certifying the qualifications of the processors of domestic wastes and general industrial wastes, confirming their Business License and Tax Registration Certificate, and then selecting suitable processors.
四、固体废弃物处理处置方法
IV. Disposing Methods for Solid Wastes
固体废物集中后,进行最终的处理处置。
主要是通过物理学、化学、生物学、机械工程等多种学科的手段,使之达到“无害化”“减量化”以及“资源化”的目的,主要处理技术简介如下:After being put together, the solid wastes will receive the final treatment. It is mainly to make them "innocuous", to reduce their quantity, and to turn them into resources through various methods involving different disciplines including physics, chemistry, biology, and mechanical engineering. Main processing technologies are described below:
1. 预处理:主要通过破碎、筛分、粉磨、压缩等工序对固废进行处理。
Pretreatment: It is mainly
to treat solid wastes through breaking, screening, grinding, and compressing.
2. 物理法处理:利用固体废物的物理和物理化学性质,从中分选或分离有用或有害物质。
可分
别采用重力分选、磁力分选、电力分选、光电分选、弹道分选、磨擦分选和浮选等分选方法。
Physical treatment: Separate or isolate useful or hazardous substances by utilizing the
physical and physic-chemical properties of solid wastes. Separation methods including
gravity separation, magnetic separation, electric separation, opto-electric separation,
ballistic separation, and friction separation and floatation can be used.
3. 化学法处理:通过化学转换回收有用物质和能源。
如:煅烧、焙烧、烧结、溶剂浸出、热分
解、焚烧、电力辐射等方法。
Chemical treatment: Use chemical conversion to recover useful substances and energy, such as calcinations, baking, sintering, leaching with solvents,
thermal decomposition, combustion, and electric radiation.
4. 生物法处理:利用微生物的生物化学作用,将复杂有机物分解为简单物质,将有毒物质转化
为无毒物质。
沼气发酵和堆肥即属于生物处理法。
Biological treatment: Use the bio-chemical reactions of microbes to break down complex organics into simple substances, and to
convert toxic substances into non-toxic substances. Bio-gas fermentation and composting are examples of biological treatment.
5. 固体废物的最终处置:没有利用价值的有害固体物质需进行最终处理。
如:焚化法、填埋法、
深海投弃法等。
固体废物在填埋和投弃海洋之前要对其进行无害化处理。
The final disposal of solid wastes: Final treatment of hazardous solid substances without utilization value, such as incineration, landfill, and deep-sea jettison method. Prior to being buried or jettisoned to the sea, innocuous treatment should be performed to solid wastes.
6. 通过这些过程,最终完成各类固体废弃物的处置。
减少污染,节约资源,综合利用,保护环
境,关爱我们的地球。
Through these processes, the final disposal of various solid wastes is completed, to reduce pollution, to save resources, to realize integrated utilization, to protect the environment, and to care for our planet.。