要点中英文对照版

Part one: English Literature
Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴
1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希
腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures
capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛
和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which
meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著
名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。

Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义
1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理
性时代。

3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的
晨光启迪整个世界。

4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to
order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。

他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品
种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele,
the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使
人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。

8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its
service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10.Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规
矩与条框。

11.Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be
strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。

12.But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13.The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this
period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14.The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance
of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。

15.Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmit h.英国
现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。

16.From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and
imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic. 从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。

17.Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18.Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary
history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。

Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which
happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。

2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无
论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4.The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their
predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。

5.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner
world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。

7.They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪
莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。

8.Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in
emotion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。

9.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新
型整体的一种超凡的官能。

10.The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something
crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。

11.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。

12.To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主
义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。

13.The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14.Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.
15.The major theme of Jane’s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and
disciplined by self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships. 简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.
16.Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first major historical novelist.
司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。

他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。

17.Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the
supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。

这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的描写。

Chapter 4 The Victorian Period(1836-1901)维多利亚时期
mon sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.道德
和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。

2.Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both notorious advocators of the theory of “art for art’s sake.”唯美主义者奥斯卡．王尔德与沃尔特．培特都极力
推崇“为了艺术而艺术”的观点。

3.Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced.实用主义大行其道。

4.The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and ways of expression.这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新，表达
立异的特点。

5.V ictorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness, the
good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.维多利亚时期文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。

Chapter 5 The Modern Period 现代时期
1.The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。

2.Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲
学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3.Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的
理论后，更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神，推崇强权与霸权。

4.Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯
格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非理性与无意识。

5.The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people’s faith in the V ictorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多
利亚道德标准的信奉。

6.The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。

7.literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后，所有的现代主义
文学潮流都产生了：表现主义（强调自我表现，反对艺术的目的性），超现实主义，未来主义，达达主义（颓废派文艺），意象主义以及意识流等等。

8.The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and V irginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡，毕加索，
庞德，韦伯恩，T.S.埃略特，乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。

9.After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and
black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后，另一种形式的现实主义，即后现代主义，比如存在主义文学，荒诞派戏剧，新小说及黑色幽默，如雨后春笋涌现出来，其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的，人生则是巨大的痛苦”。

10.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理
作为理论基础。

11.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man
and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然，人与社会，人与人，人与自我之间被扭曲的，渐渐疏远的，病态的关系。

12.As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来，现代主义作品常
被称为反小说，反诗歌与反戏剧。

13.With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代，现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。

14. wrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing. His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his
characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature. In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships. D.H.劳伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法，与乔伊斯不同，劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣，依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节，但他极力展现角色的心理发展，尖锐的批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。

在他最优秀的作品中，如《虹》，《恋爱中的女人》，劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理，人际关系，尤其是男人与女人之间的关系。

15.by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。

16.Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重要性》。

17.Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后，英国最优秀的戏
剧大师。

18.The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social injustice, but also the workers’
heroic struggles against their employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是很好的例子，其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平，还生动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。

19.The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who regarded drama as the best
medium of poetry.30年代，英国的戏剧复兴了，最早的改革试验者T.S.埃略特说，戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。

20.This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English dramatic revolution)戏剧发展
为两派：工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏剧。

21.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien,
decaying world. He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。

他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫无意义的人生。

Part two: American Literature
Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
1.From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and
ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。

（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”）
2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然
的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。

3.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国
人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。

4.Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a
host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。

5.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳
的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。

6.This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry
David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。

7.Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of
attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。

8.Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied
Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。

超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。

9.It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore
Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of
Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯的社会现实小说。

10.To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of
human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。

Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期
1.This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。

2.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔
斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。

3.In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总
之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。

4.Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people
at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

5.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic
and more pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。

自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。

Chapter 3 The Modern Period现代时期
1.The idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present ” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行，他
们不把希望寄托在将来。

2.The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American
Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美国20世纪的文学运动，也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴，就是移居国外的运动。

3.These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”. (why)---Disillusioned and
disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.
这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”（原因）--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮，贪婪的生活，于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。

4.Ezra Pound’s role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literature.庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中
是个重要的人物。

5. F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.费兹杰拉德，海明威
和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。

6.O’Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奥尼
尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。

他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。

7.J.D.Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students’ classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。

8.In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the
writer’s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。

9. A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.现代文学的典型特征是开端
任意，发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。

10.There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the
chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在现实，语气上较前有变化，其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界，从公众生活转到私生活描写，从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索，从客观描述转到主观渲染。

11.Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the
reader to the “central consciousness” or one character’s point of view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性，而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称，或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。